| Preface |
|
xxi | |
|
|
|
xxv | |
|
Definitions and Experimental Approach |
|
|
1 | (28) |
|
Thermal transformations of solids |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Classification of transformations |
|
|
2 | (4) |
|
Transformation without formation of a new solid phase |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
Transformation with formation of a new solid phase |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
Speed and rate of reaction |
|
|
6 | (4) |
|
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
Fractional extent and rate of a reaction |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
Volumes of the phases and coefficient of expansion of the reaction |
|
|
8 | (2) |
|
Reaction zones of a transformation |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Chemical characterizations |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
Analyses of the gas phases |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Elementary analyses of the solids |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Structural characterizations of the solids |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Textural characterizations of the solids |
|
|
14 | (3) |
|
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
Characterization of the evolution of the systems |
|
|
17 | (9) |
|
Curves of evolution: definitions |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
Curves of evolution: experimental obtaining |
|
|
17 | (6) |
|
Curves of evolution: obtained laws |
|
|
23 | (3) |
|
Influence of various variables on speed |
|
|
26 | (3) |
|
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Influence of partial pressures of gases |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
Influence of the shapes and sizes of solid particles |
|
|
27 | (2) |
|
The Real Solid: Structure Elements and Quasi-Chemical Reactions |
|
|
29 | (30) |
|
Structure elements of a solid |
|
|
30 | (5) |
|
Definition of a structure element |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
Symbolic notation of structure elements |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
Description and composition of a solid |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
Structure elements of a stoichiometric binary solid |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
Structure elements of a non-stoichiometric binary solid |
|
|
36 | (8) |
|
Distance from stoichiometry and structure element |
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
The approximation of Wagner of the prevalent defect for ionic solids |
|
|
39 | (5) |
|
More complex binary compounds |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Extension to non-binary compounds |
|
|
44 | (2) |
|
The pseudo-binary approximation |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Generalization of the approximation of the prevalent defect |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
|
46 | (7) |
|
Definition and characteristics of quasi-chemical reactions |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
Homogenous quasi-chemical reactions in the solid |
|
|
47 | (3) |
|
|
|
50 | (2) |
|
Reactions of solid destruction |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Introduction of foreign elements into a solid |
|
|
53 | (6) |
|
Concepts of impurity and doping agent |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
The controlled atomic imperfection in stoichiometric solids |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
The controlled electronic imperfection in non-stoichiometric solids |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Concept of induced valence |
|
|
56 | (3) |
|
Thermodynamics of Heterogenous Systems |
|
|
59 | (46) |
|
Introduction: aims of thermodynamics |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
General survey of thermodynamics of equilibrium |
|
|
60 | (9) |
|
Chemical potential of a component in a phase |
|
|
60 | (4) |
|
Variance of a system at equilibrium |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Associated extensive properties of a transformation, partial molar properties |
|
|
64 | (2) |
|
Chemical potential of an ion or a structure element |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
Feasibility of chemical reactions: De Donder inequality |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Law of mass action for equilibriums |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
Phenomena leading to solid-gas equilibriums |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
Systems with variance p - 1 |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
Systems with variance p + 1 |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Thermodynamic approach of solid-gas systems |
|
|
71 | (5) |
|
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
|
72 | (2) |
|
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
Thermodynamics of systems containing solid phases only |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
Specific study of quasi-chemical equilibriums |
|
|
77 | (8) |
|
Equilibrium between an oxide and oxygen: the Wagner prevalent defect approximation |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
General equilibrium of an oxide with oxygen in the Brouwer approximation of majority defects |
|
|
79 | (3) |
|
Doping a solid with foreign elements: quantitative aspect |
|
|
82 | (3) |
|
Thermodynamics of systems: water vapor-hydrated salts |
|
|
85 | (8) |
|
Experimental approach of equilibriums between water vapor and hydrated salts |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
Study of the equilibriums with variance 1 |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Study of hydrates with variance 2 |
|
|
88 | (5) |
|
Sequence of transformations, juxtaposition of stability area |
|
|
93 | (3) |
|
Equilibrium of the formation of a solid from a solution |
|
|
96 | (4) |
|
Solubility product and supersaturation |
|
|
96 | (3) |
|
Extension to formation of a real solid |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
Extension to the transformation of a solid into another solid |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
Variations in the equilibrium conditions with sizes of solid phases |
|
|
100 | (5) |
|
Variation in equilibrium constant with curvature radii |
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
Influence of curvature radii on tension of vapor |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
Influence of curvature radii on point defect concentrations |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
Elementary Steps in Heterogenous Reactions |
|
|
105 | (26) |
|
Nature of elementary steps |
|
|
107 | (7) |
|
The postulate of the activated jump |
|
|
107 | (3) |
|
Voluminal speed of an elementary jump |
|
|
110 | (4) |
|
Total voluminal speed of an elementary step |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
Elementary reactions at solid-solid interfaces |
|
|
114 | (8) |
|
The phenomenon of epitaxy |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Creation of an M interstitial cation in MG |
|
|
115 | (2) |
|
Creation of a G vacancy anion in MG |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
Consumption of a G interstitial anion of MG |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Consumption of an M vacancy cation of MG |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
Creation of the point defects created in the initial solid |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Elementary reactions at gas-solid interfaces |
|
|
122 | (8) |
|
Consumption of an M interstitial cation of MG |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
Consumption of a G vacancy anion of MG |
|
|
124 | (2) |
|
Creation of a G interstitial anion in MG |
|
|
126 | (2) |
|
Creation of and M vacancy cation in MG |
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
The apparent energies of activation of interface reactions |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
The areal speed of an interface reaction |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
|
131 | (38) |
|
Introduction: nature of diffusing particles in a solid |
|
|
131 | (4) |
|
Origin of the diffusion in a solid |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of diffusion in a solid |
|
|
132 | (3) |
|
Flux of diffusion and velocity of diffusing particles |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
|
136 | (14) |
|
|
|
136 | (4) |
|
|
|
140 | (2) |
|
Expression of the laws of Fick in various axes systems |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
Solutions of the laws of Fick |
|
|
144 | (4) |
|
Self-diffusion and diffusion of the associated defect |
|
|
148 | (2) |
|
Steady state obstructed diffusion |
|
|
150 | (3) |
|
Diffusion under electric field |
|
|
153 | (8) |
|
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
Electric conductivity and diffusion |
|
|
155 | (2) |
|
Diffusion in a semiconductor with electronic conduction under null current and without accumulation |
|
|
157 | (4) |
|
Diffusion in two mediums separated by a mobile interface |
|
|
161 | (8) |
|
|
|
161 | (4) |
|
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
Wagner pseudo-steady state approximation |
|
|
166 | (3) |
|
|
|
169 | (26) |
|
Defintions: physical adsorption and chemical adsorption |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
Adsorption thermodynamics and chemisorption equilibrium |
|
|
170 | (8) |
|
Experimental results on adsorption equilibrium |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
The Langmuir model of chemisorption equilibrium |
|
|
171 | (2) |
|
Dissociative adsorption and the Langmuir model |
|
|
173 | (2) |
|
Chemisorption of gas mixtures in the Langmuir model |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Adsorption isotherms that do not follow the Langmuir model |
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
Kinetics of chemisorption |
|
|
178 | (3) |
|
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
Role of temperature on the kinetics of adsorption |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
Chemisorption and structure elements |
|
|
181 | (14) |
|
Ways of chemisorption modeling |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
The concepts used in the quasi-chemical description of adsorption |
|
|
183 | (3) |
|
|
|
186 | (5) |
|
Modifications of the properties of adsorption of a solid |
|
|
191 | (4) |
|
Mechanisms and Kinetics of a Process |
|
|
195 | (62) |
|
Speeds and reactivities of reactions taking place in only a single zone |
|
|
195 | (6) |
|
Voluminal speed in a zone |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
Reactivity of a transformation in a given zone |
|
|
197 | (4) |
|
Transformations with several zones |
|
|
201 | (9) |
|
Postulate of the decomposition of a reaction in elementary steps |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
Material balance in a reaction zone |
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
Setting in the equation of mechanism-example |
|
|
205 | (5) |
|
Linear reaction mechanisms |
|
|
210 | (3) |
|
Definition and classification of the linear mechanisms |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Multiplying coefficients of a linear mechanism |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
Linear mechanisms in pseudo-steady state modes |
|
|
213 | (7) |
|
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Theorem of "the equality of rates" of a linear mechanism in pseudo-steady state modes |
|
|
214 | (3) |
|
Relations between various forms of the rates (speed) of reactions with a linear mechanism in pseudo-steady state modes |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
Volumes of the phases and coefficient of expansion of a reaction with a linear mechanism in pseudo-steady state modes |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Setting in equation of a linear mechanism in pseudo-steady state modes |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Pure modes or modes with a rate-determining step |
|
|
220 | (14) |
|
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Theorem of the concentrations in pure mode |
|
|
221 | (4) |
|
Reactivity of the rate-determining step in pure mode |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
Application of the method of the pure modes |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Rate of the reaction in pure modes |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Examples of resolutions of pure modes |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
Pure modes far from equilibrium |
|
|
230 | (4) |
|
|
|
234 | (7) |
|
Definition: pseudo-steady state mixed modes |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
Solving a pseudo-steady state mixed mode |
|
|
234 | (7) |
|
Generalization, rate of a linear mechanism in pseudo-steady state mode |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
Mixed non-pseudo-steady state modes |
|
|
242 | (3) |
|
Equivalent reaction of a linear subset in local pseudo-steady state modes |
|
|
245 | (3) |
|
Local pseudo-steady state modes |
|
|
245 | (3) |
|
Application to the "elementary" steps |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Reactions with separable rates |
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
Influence of intensive variables on the kinetic laws |
|
|
250 | (2) |
|
The first kind of changes of laws |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
The second kind changes of laws |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
The third kind changes of laws |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Distance from equilibrium for a reaction |
|
|
252 | (3) |
|
Distance of an elementary step from equilibrium |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Pseudo-steady state mode with a rate-determining step |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
Processes concerned in a heterogenous reaction |
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
Nucleation of a New Solid Phase |
|
|
257 | (52) |
|
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Examples of nucleation diagram |
|
|
258 | (2) |
|
|
|
260 | (12) |
|
Definition of interfacial energy |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Microscopic interpretation |
|
|
261 | (7) |
|
Effective interfacial energy |
|
|
268 | (3) |
|
Relation between energy and the interfacial area |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Formation molar Gibbs energy of clusters |
|
|
272 | (13) |
|
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
Homogenous nucleation within a liquid phase: Volmer approach |
|
|
274 | (3) |
|
Homogenous nucleation within a solid phase |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Heterogenous primary nucleation starting from a fluid phase |
|
|
277 | (5) |
|
Heterogenous primary nucleation starting from a solid phase |
|
|
282 | (3) |
|
|
|
285 | (24) |
|
Reaction pathway and localization of the phenomena |
|
|
285 | (4) |
|
Rate and frequency of nucleation |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Kinetics of pseudo-steady state modes of condensation |
|
|
291 | (10) |
|
Kinetics of pseudo-steady state modes of condensation on potential nuclei |
|
|
301 | (5) |
|
Intervention of diffusion in the process of nucleation |
|
|
306 | (3) |
|
|
|
309 | (28) |
|
Description of the zones of growth |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
The initial solid is a single reactant |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
The initial solid reacts with another phase |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Direction of the development of phase B during the growth |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
The initial solid is a single reactant |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
The initial solid reacts with another phase |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Modes and models for growth |
|
|
312 | (3) |
|
Modes of the growth of a crystal of B on support A |
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Relationship between the motion velocities of the interfaces and the chemical growth rate |
|
|
315 | (3) |
|
Inward development of formed solid |
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
Outward development of the formed solid |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Methodology to model growth |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
Modeling the space function of growth |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Modeling the reactivity of growth |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Expressions of the space functions for the growth of a grain |
|
|
320 | (17) |
|
Space functions in isotropic growth |
|
|
320 | (10) |
|
Space functions in radial anisotropic growth |
|
|
330 | (5) |
|
Introduction of a dimensionless time |
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
Transformation by Surface Nucleation and Growth |
|
|
337 | (42) |
|
Nucleation, growth, and experimental rate |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
One-process model with instantaneous nucleation and slow growth |
|
|
339 | (8) |
|
Reaction of a single grain (or massive material) |
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
Case of a monodispersed powder |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
Shapes of kinetic and rate curves |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
One-process model with slow nucleation and instantaneous growth |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Reaction of a single grain |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Two-process models: nucleation and growth |
|
|
347 | (4) |
|
General expression for the rate |
|
|
347 | (3) |
|
Influence of the past on the transformation rate |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Two-process model with surface nucleation-radial anisotropic growth |
|
|
351 | (10) |
|
Reaction of a single grain |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Construction of the model of evolution of a powder |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
Calculation of the free area (space function) for nucleation |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Calculation of the rates and the fractional extents according to time |
|
|
354 | (3) |
|
|
|
357 | (4) |
|
Conclusion on the surface nucleation and radial anisotropic growth model |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Two-process model with surface nucleation and isotropic growth |
|
|
361 | (9) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
Modeling the evolution of a grain |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Modeling the evolution of a collection of grains |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Application to the spherical grains: model of Johnson-Mehl and Mampel |
|
|
367 | (3) |
|
Non-isobaric and/or non-isothermal kinetics |
|
|
370 | (5) |
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
|
372 | (3) |
|
Powders with granular distributions |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Return to the first and second kind of changes of laws |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
First kind of changes of laws |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Second kind of changes of laws |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
|
|
379 | (28) |
|
The adequacy between the experimental conditions and modeling |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
Expressions of experimental speeds |
|
|
381 | (7) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Measurement of the amounts of solids A with X-ray diffraction |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Measurement of the amounts of the formed solid B |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Thickness of the layer of a planar sample of B |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Relationships between experimental speeds |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Derivation of the kinetic curves |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
The experimental verification of the assumptions |
|
|
388 | (7) |
|
The pseudo-steady state mode test |
|
|
388 | (3) |
|
The test of the separable rate or the øE test |
|
|
391 | (4) |
|
Determination of the morphological model for growth |
|
|
395 | (3) |
|
Choice of the category of models: one-process or two-process model? |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Determination of the model and its parameters |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
Calculations of the reactivity of growth and the specific frequency of nucleation |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Variations of the kinetic properties with the intensive variables |
|
|
399 | (3) |
|
Determination of the variation in the reactivity of growth starting from the morphological model |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Direct determination of the variation in the reactivity of growth starting from the experiment |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
Comparison of the two obtained variations: new verification of the morphological model |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
402 | (5) |
|
Identification of the reaction |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
The separation of the models |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
Methodical approach of a study |
|
|
404 | (3) |
|
|
|
407 | (42) |
|
Qualitative description of the model |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (4) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
Relation between the fractional extent and the radius x of the bridge |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Structure of the coalescence mechanism |
|
|
413 | (3) |
|
Transport phenomenon and groups of elementary steps |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Various kinetic modes with rate-determining steps |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Definition of the reactivity of coalescence |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Determination of the space functions |
|
|
416 | (4) |
|
Mode with an interface reaction as the rate-determining step |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Modes with diffusion as rate-determining step |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
Recapitulation of the space functions |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Rate constants and radius of curvature |
|
|
420 | (3) |
|
Reactivity of coalescence of a solid with a single component |
|
|
423 | (13) |
|
Case of vacancies diffusion in the solid |
|
|
423 | (7) |
|
|
|
430 | (5) |
|
Summary of the reactivities |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Extensions to the coalescence of solids with several components |
|
|
436 | (7) |
|
Coalescence of anatase in the presence of water vapor |
|
|
437 | (4) |
|
Coalescence of anatase in the presence of oxygen and hydrogen chloride with or without water vapor |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Coalescence of ceria in presence of oxygen and water vapor |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Relations between experiments and modeling |
|
|
443 | (5) |
|
Experimental measurement of coalescence |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Determination of the variations of the reactivity with intensive quantities |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Relation between experiment and space function in the model of tangential spheres |
|
|
445 | (3) |
|
Oswald ripening and reduction in porosity |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Decomposition Reactions of Solids |
|
|
449 | (40) |
|
Classifications of decomposition reactions |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Classification according to the sign of the enthalpy |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Classification according to the origin of the gas molecule |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Extent measurement with the change of the mass |
|
|
451 | (5) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
The produced solid is not stoichiometric |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
The initial solid is not stoichiometric |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
Observed experimental results |
|
|
456 | (6) |
|
Rate-time and extent-time curves |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Influences of the gas pressures |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Non-isothermal decomposition reactions |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
Kinetics of growth in decomposition reactions of solids |
|
|
462 | (16) |
|
Qualitative analysis of the growth |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Basic growth mechanism with gaseous diffusion |
|
|
464 | (9) |
|
Basic mechanism of growth with diffusions of defects |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
|
|
475 | (3) |
|
Nucleation in decomposition reactions of solids |
|
|
478 | (6) |
|
Experimental approach of nucleation |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
Example of the dehydration of kaolinite |
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
Nucleation and Smith-Topley's effect |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Influence of the granular distribution |
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
Normal and abnormal growth |
|
|
486 | (3) |
|
|
|
489 | (54) |
|
Classification of the reactions between solids |
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
Simple addition reactions |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Addition reactions involving decomposition |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Addition reactions involving a redox reaction |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Exchange reactions or double decompositions |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
The experimental measure of the extent of the reactions |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Reactivities of reactions between solids |
|
|
494 | (14) |
|
Position of the problem and experimental approach |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
Structures of the reaction mechanism of growth |
|
|
495 | (10) |
|
Expression of the reactivities, reaction of titanium dioxide with barium carbonate |
|
|
505 | (3) |
|
Rates of the reactions between powders |
|
|
508 | (33) |
|
|
|
508 | (7) |
|
Rates of a two-grain level |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (16) |
|
Rates on the scale of the powder |
|
|
532 | (9) |
|
|
|
541 | (2) |
|
|
|
543 | (60) |
|
Classification of gas-solid reactions |
|
|
544 | (2) |
|
Class 1: synthesis reactions |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Class 2: double-decomposition reactions |
|
|
544 | (2) |
|
|
|
546 | (39) |
|
Experimental data of oxidation of metals |
|
|
546 | (8) |
|
Reaction zones and elementary reactions |
|
|
554 | (12) |
|
Pure modes with interface rate determining step |
|
|
566 | (3) |
|
|
|
569 | (9) |
|
|
|
578 | (7) |
|
Growth process in the reduction of metallic oxides by hydrogen |
|
|
585 | (11) |
|
Mechanism with diffusion of gases through the pores |
|
|
586 | (5) |
|
Mechanisms with diffusion of defect in the formed solid phase |
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
Conclusion about the reduction of oxides by hydrogen |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Example of the reduction of a uranium oxide |
|
|
594 | (2) |
|
Growth process of oxidation of metals by water vapor |
|
|
596 | (7) |
|
General approach of mechanism |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
n-type formed oxide with interstitial cations |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
n-type formed oxide with anion vacancies |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
p-type formed oxide with cation vacancies |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
p-type formed oxide with interstitial anions |
|
|
600 | (3) |
|
Transformations of Solid Solutions |
|
|
603 | (48) |
|
General information on transformations of solid solutions |
|
|
603 | (3) |
|
Various types of transformations of solid solutions |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
Variations of concentrations in solid solution |
|
|
604 | (2) |
|
Oxidation of metal alloys |
|
|
606 | (34) |
|
Selective oxidation of single-phase binary metal alloys |
|
|
607 | (13) |
|
Internal oxidation of single-phase binary alloys |
|
|
620 | (10) |
|
Oxidation of single-phase binary alloys with miscibility of formed oxides |
|
|
630 | (7) |
|
Oxidation of single-phase binary alloys with formation of two superimposed oxide layers |
|
|
637 | (3) |
|
Variations of the composition of a solid solution with gas formation |
|
|
640 | (8) |
|
Fractional extent and rate |
|
|
640 | (2) |
|
Spatial structure of the model |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
Example: variation of stoichiometry of an oxide by reaction with hydrogen |
|
|
644 | (4) |
|
Superposition of a variation of stoichiometry and decomposition |
|
|
648 | (3) |
|
|
|
651 | (58) |
|
Non-stoichiometry of iron oxide |
|
|
651 | (7) |
|
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
|
652 | (6) |
|
Stability of calcium carbonate |
|
|
658 | (7) |
|
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (6) |
|
Thermodynamics of a solid-solid reactions |
|
|
665 | (4) |
|
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
|
666 | (3) |
|
|
|
669 | (10) |
|
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
|
|
671 | (8) |
|
Point defects in a metal sulfide |
|
|
679 | (10) |
|
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
|
681 | (8) |
|
Point defects of an alkaline bromide |
|
|
689 | (5) |
|
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
|
689 | (5) |
|
Diffusion of a metal into another metal |
|
|
694 | (7) |
|
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
|
|
695 | (6) |
|
Generation of atmospheres with very low pressures |
|
|
701 | (8) |
|
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
|
702 | (7) |
|
Mechanisms and Kinetic Laws |
|
|
709 | (70) |
|
Coalescence of anatase grains |
|
|
709 | (4) |
|
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
|
710 | (3) |
|
Reaction of a cubic sample |
|
|
713 | (10) |
|
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
|
|
715 | (8) |
|
|
|
723 | (9) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
|
724 | (8) |
|
Gas-solid reaction with one-process model |
|
|
732 | (6) |
|
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
|
|
734 | (4) |
|
The direction of the development of a layer |
|
|
738 | (9) |
|
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
|
740 | (7) |
|
Mampel modeling by way of the point of inflection |
|
|
747 | (6) |
|
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
|
748 | (5) |
|
Nucleation in a reaction of dehydration |
|
|
753 | (6) |
|
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
|
|
754 | (5) |
|
Influence of particle size in nucleation-growth approach |
|
|
759 | (8) |
|
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
|
|
760 | (7) |
|
Decomposition with slow nucleation and slow anisotropic growth determined by diffusion |
|
|
767 | (12) |
|
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
|
767 | (2) |
|
|
|
769 | (2) |
|
|
|
771 | (8) |
|
Mechanisms and Reactivity |
|
|
779 | (66) |
|
Competition oxidation-volatilization by TGA |
|
|
779 | (4) |
|
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
|
|
781 | (2) |
|
Controlled rate thermal analysis (CRTA) |
|
|
783 | (6) |
|
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
|
|
783 | (2) |
|
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
|
|
785 | (4) |
|
|
|
789 | (5) |
|
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
|
791 | (3) |
|
Oxidation of a metal and some of its alloys |
|
|
794 | (10) |
|
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
|
|
794 | (2) |
|
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
|
|
797 | (7) |
|
Reduction of octo-oxide of triuranium by dihydrogen |
|
|
804 | (9) |
|
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
|
|
806 | (7) |
|
|
|
813 | (10) |
|
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
|
815 | (8) |
|
Decomposition of a carbonate of a metal |
|
|
823 | (14) |
|
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
|
|
824 | (13) |
|
Reaction between two solids |
|
|
837 | (8) |
|
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
|
839 | (6) |
| Appendix 1 |
|
845 | (2) |
| Appendix 2 |
|
847 | (2) |
| Appendix 3 |
|
849 | (4) |
| Appendix 4 |
|
853 | (8) |
| Appendix 5 |
|
861 | (6) |
| Appendix 6 |
|
867 | (6) |
| Appendix 7 |
|
873 | (2) |
| Appendix 8 |
|
875 | (6) |
| Appendix 9 |
|
881 | (18) |
| Appendix 10 |
|
899 | (12) |
| Appendix 11 |
|
911 | (2) |
| Bibliography |
|
913 | (6) |
| Index |
|
919 | |
Rohkem infot Wiley Online kohta