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Perspectives On Supersymmetry Ii [Hardback]

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Supersymmetry is at an exciting stage of development. It extends the Standard Model of particle physics into a more powerful theory that both explains more and allows more questions to be addressed. Most importantly, it opens a window for studying and testing fundamental theories at the Planck scale. Experimentally we are finally entering the intensity and energy and sensitivity regions where superpartners and supersymmetric dark matter candidates are likely to be detected, and then studied. There has been progress in understanding the remarkable physics implications of supersymmetry, including the derivation of the Higgs mechanism, the unification of the Standard Model forces, cosmological connections such as a candidate for the cold dark matter of the universe and consequences for understanding the cosmological history of the universe, and more.

This volume begins with an excellent pedagogical introduction to the physics and methods and formalism of supersymmetry which is accessible to anyone with a basic knowledge of the Standard Model of particle physics. Next is an overview of open questions, followed by chapters on topics such as how to detect superpartners and tools for studying them, the current limits on superpartner masses as we enter the LHC era, the lightest superpartner as a dark matter candidate in thermal and non-thermal cosmological histories, and associated Z'physics. Most chapters have been extended and updated from the earlier edition and some are new.

This superb book will allow interested physicists to understand the coming experimental and theoretical progress in supersymmetry and the implications of discoveries of superpartners, and will also help students and workers to quickly learn new aspects of supersymmetry they want to pursue.

Supersymmetry is at an exciting stage of development. It extends the Standard Model of particle physics into a more powerful theory that both explains more and allows more questions to be addressed. Most importantly, it opens a window for studying and testing fundamental theories at the Planck scale. Experimentally we are finally entering the intensity and energy and sensitivity regions where superpartners and supersymmetric dark matter candidates are likely to be detected, and then studied. There has been progress in understanding the remarkable physics implications of supersymmetry, including the derivation of the Higgs mechanism, the unification of the Standard Model forces, cosmological connections such as a candidate for the cold dark matter of the universe and consequences for understanding the cosmological history of the universe, and more.This volume begins with an excellent pedagogical introduction to the physics and methods and formalism of supersymmetry which is accessible to anyone with a basic knowledge of the Standard Model of particle physics. Next is an overview of open questions, followed by chapters on topics such as how to detect superpartners and tools for studying them, the current limits on superpartner masses as we enter the LHC era, the lightest superpartner as a dark matter candidate in thermal and non-thermal cosmological histories, and associated Z' physics. Most chapters have been extended and updated from the earlier edition and some are new.This superb book will allow interested physicists to understand the coming experimental and theoretical progress in supersymmetry and the implications of discoveries of superpartners, and will also help students and workers to quickly learn new aspects of supersymmetry they want to pursue.
Introduction v
1 A Supersymmetry Primer
1(153)
S. P. Martin
1.1 Introduction
1(15)
1.2 Interlude: Notations and Conventions
16(6)
1.3 Supersymmetric Lagrangians
22(19)
1.3.1 The simplest supersymmetric model: A free chiral supernmultiplet
22(6)
1.3.2 Interactions of chiral supermultiplets
28(4)
1.3.3 Lagrangians for gauge supermultiplets
32(2)
1.3.4 Supersymmetric gauge interactions
34(3)
1.3.5 Summary: How to build a supersymmetric model
37(4)
1.4 Soft Supersymmetry Breaking Interactions
41(2)
1.5 The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
43(27)
1.5.1 The superpotential and supersymmetric interactions
43(6)
1.5.2 R-parity (also known as matter parity) and its consequences
49(4)
1.5.3 Soft supersymmetry breaking in the MSSM
53(1)
1.5.4 Hints of an organizing principle
54(7)
1.5.5 Renormalization group equations for the MSSM
61(9)
1.6 Origins of Supersymmetry Breaking
70(27)
1.6.1 General considerations for spontaneous supersymmetry breaking
70(3)
1.6.2 Fayet-Iliopoulos (D-term) supersymmetry breaking
73(1)
1.6.3 O'Raifeartaigh (F-term) supersymmetry breaking
74(3)
1.6.4 The need for a separate supersymmetry-breaking sector
77(2)
1.6.5 The goldstino and the gravitino
79(4)
1.6.6 Planck-scale-mediated supersymmetry breaking models
83(3)
1.6.7 Gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking models
86(6)
1.6.8 Extra-dimensional and anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking
92(5)
1.7 The Mass Spectrum of the MSSM
97(26)
1.7.1 Electroweak symmetry breaking and the Higgs bosons
97(9)
1.7.2 Neutralinos and charginos
106(5)
1.7.3 The gluino
111(1)
1.7.4 The squarks and sleptons
112(5)
1.7.5 Summary: The MSSM sparticle spectrum
117(6)
1.8 Sparticle Decays
123(8)
1.8.1 Decays of neutralinos and charginos
123(3)
1.8.2 Slepton decays
126(1)
1.8.3 Squark decays
126(1)
1.8.4 Gluino decays
127(1)
1.8.5 Decays to the gravitino/goldstino
128(3)
1.9 Concluding Remarks
131(1)
Appendix Non-Renormalizable Supersymmetric Lagrangians
132(22)
2 Twenty Open Questions and a Postscript: SUSY Enters the Era of the LHC
154(68)
K. R. Dienes
C. Kolda
2.1 Question #1: Why doesn't the proton decay in 10-17 years?
159(3)
2.2 Question #2: How is flavor-changing suppressed?
162(3)
2.3 Question #3: Why isn't CP violation ubiquitous?
165(1)
2.4 Question #4: Where does the μ-term come from?
166(2)
2.5 Question #5: Why does the MSSM conserve color and charge?
168(3)
2.6 Question #6: How is SUSY broken?
171(2)
2.7 Question #7: Once SUSY is broken, how do we find out?
173(5)
2.7.1 Supergravity mediation
173(2)
2.7.2 Gauge mediation
175(1)
2.7.3 Mediation via pseudo-anomalous U(1)
176(2)
2.8 Question #8: Can gauge singlets and SUSY coexist?
178(1)
2.9 Question #9: How do extra U(1)'s fit into SUSY?
179(2)
2.10 Question #10: How does SUSY shed light on dark matter?
181(1)
2.11 Question #11: Are gravitinos dangerous to cosmology?
182(2)
2.12 Question #12: Are moduli cosmologically dangerous?
184(3)
2.13 Question #13: Does the MSSM unify into a supersymmetric GUT?
187(3)
2.14 Question #14: Proton decay again: Why doesn't the proton decay in 1032 years?
190(2)
2.15 Question #15: Can SUSY GUT's explain the masses of fermions?
192(2)
2.16 Question #16: N = 1 SUSY duality: How has SUSY changed our view of gauge theory?
194(2)
2.17 Question #17: Why strings?
196(1)
2.18 Question #18: What roles does SUSY play in string theory?
197(4)
2.18.1 Worldsheet SUSY, spacetime SUSY, and the dimension of spacetime
197(2)
2.18.2 Supersymmetry, strings, and vacuum stability
199(1)
2.18.3 SUSY and pseudo-anomalous U(1)'s
199(2)
2.19 Question #19: How is SUSY broken in string theory?
201(4)
2.19.1 Within string theory itself
202(1)
2.19.2 Within the low-energy effective theory
203(1)
2.19.3 SUSY-breaking in strongly coupled strings
204(1)
2.20 Question #20: Making ends meet: How can we understand gauge coupling unification from string theory?
205(17)
2.20.1 The predictions from string theory
206(1)
2.20.2 Overview of possible solutions
207(2)
2.20.3 Current status
209(13)
3 Developments in Supergravity Unified Models
222(22)
R. Arnowitt
P. Nath
3.1 Introduction
222(3)
3.2 Soft Breaking Masses
225(2)
3.3 Radiative Breaking and the Low Energy Theory
227(2)
3.4 Supersymmetric Corrections to Electroweak Phenomena
229(1)
3.5 Dark Matter in SUGRA Unification
230(3)
3.6 Signatures at Colliders
233(2)
3.7 CP Violation
235(1)
3.8 Planck Scale Corrections and Further Tests of SUGRA GUT and Post GUT Physics
235(2)
3.9 Conclusion
237(7)
4 Soft Supersymmetry-Breaking Terms from Supergravity and Superstring Models
244(25)
A. Brignole
L. E. Ibanez
C. Munoz
4.1 Introduction
244(1)
4.2 Soft Terms from Supergravity
245(11)
4.2.1 General computation of soft terms
245(6)
4.2.2 Supergravity models
251(5)
4.3 Soft Terms from Superstring Theory
256(10)
4.3.1 General parametrization of SUSY breaking
256(5)
4.3.2 Superstring models
261(5)
4.4 Final Comments and Outlook
266(3)
5 Mass Density of Neutralino Dark Matter
269(19)
J. D. Wells
5.1 Introduction
269(2)
5.2 Solving the Boltzmann Equation
271(5)
5.3 Approximating the Relic Abundance
276(2)
5.4 Neutralino Dark Matter
278(5)
5.5 Nonthermal Sources
283(2)
5.6 Conclusion
285(3)
6 A Wino-Like LSP World: Theoretical and Phenomenological Motivations
288(17)
D. Feldman
G. Kane
6.1 Annihilating Dark Matter in the Halo
288(1)
6.2 Non-Thermal Winos from Moduli Stabilized on a G2 Manifold
289(4)
6.2.1 Soft breaking from the G2
289(2)
6.2.2 Moduli masses
291(1)
6.2.3 The right halo cross section and just about the right abundance from non-thermal winos
291(2)
6.3 Wino-Like Dark Matter in the Stueckelberg Extensions and with Kinetic Mixings
293(3)
6.3.1 The right relic abundance and just about the right halo cross section from extra U(1)x factors
293(3)
6.4 Directly Detecting Wino-Like Dark Matter
296(2)
6.5 Positron Flux from Wino-Like Dark Matter
298(1)
6.6 Dark Matter and the LHC
299(2)
6.7 Concluding Remarks
301(4)
7 Reevaluating the Cosmological Origin of Dark Matter
305(20)
S. Watson
7.1 Cosmological Evidence for Dark Matter
305(1)
7.2 Reevaluating the WIMP Miracle
306(9)
7.2.1 WIMPs as thermal relics
306(4)
7.2.2 Other dark matter
310(1)
7.2.3 Modified expansion history at freeze-out
311(2)
7.2.4 Late production of dark matter and entropy
313(2)
7.3 Non-thermal Production of WIMPs
315(5)
7.3.1 Considerations from fundamental theory
315(5)
7.4 Conclusions
320(5)
8 Z' Physics and Supersymmetry
325(26)
M. Cvetic
P. Langacker
8.1 Introduction
325(4)
8.2 Z' Physics
329(4)
8.2.1 Overview of Z'models
329(3)
8.2.2 Mass and kinetic mixing
332(1)
8.2.3 Precision electroweak and collider limits and prospects
332(1)
8.3 Z's---Theoretical Considerations
333(2)
8.3.1 Z' models in GUT's without supersymmetry
333(1)
8.3.2 Z' models in supersymmetric GUT's
334(1)
8.3.3 Supersymmetric Z'models without GUT embedding
335(1)
8.4 U(1) Symmetry Breaking Scenarios
335(8)
8.4.1 Electroweak scale breaking
337(2)
8.4.2 Intermediate scale breaking
339(4)
8.4.3 Secluded models
343(1)
8.5 Other Implications
343(2)
8.6 Conclusions
345(6)
9 Searches for Supersymmetry at High-Energy Colliders
351(69)
J. L. Feng
J.-F. Grivaz
J. Nachtman
9.1 Introduction
351(6)
9.1.1 Motivations for new phenomena
352(2)
9.1.2 Experimental context
354(3)
9.2 Supersymmetric Models and Particles
357(11)
9.2.1 Superpartners
357(3)
9.2.2 Supersymmetry parameters
360(1)
9.2.3 Unifying frameworks
361(4)
9.2.4 Supersymmetric Higgs bosons
365(1)
9.2.5 Neutralinos and charginos
366(1)
9.2.6 Sleptons
367(1)
9.2.7 Squarks
368(1)
9.3 Searches for MSSM Neutral Higgs Bosons
368(9)
9.3.1 MSSM benchmark scenarios
368(1)
9.3.2 Searches at LEP
369(5)
9.3.3 Searches at the Tevatron
374(3)
9.4 Searches for Charged Higgs Bosons
377(8)
9.4.1 Searches at LEP
380(1)
9.4.2 Searches at the Tevatron
381(4)
9.5 Searches for Supersymmetric Particles
385(21)
9.5.1 General features of SUSY models
385(1)
9.5.2 Signatures and strategies
386(2)
9.5.3 Searches in the canonical scenario
388(12)
9.5.4 Searches in non-canonical scenarios
400(6)
9.6 Summary
406(14)
10 Low-Energy Supersymmetry at Future Colliders
420(26)
J. F. Gunion
H. E. Haber
10.1 Introduction
420(2)
10.2 Classes of Supersymmetric Signals
422(6)
10.2.1 Missing energy signatures
422(3)
10.2.2 Lepton (e, μ and T) signatures
425(1)
10.2.3 b-quark signatures
426(1)
10.2.4 Signatures involving photons
427(1)
10.2.5 Kinks and long-lived heavy particles
427(1)
10.3 Supersymmetry Searches at Future Colliders
428(10)
10.3.1 SUGRA-based models
429(3)
10.3.2 GMSB-based models
432(4)
10.3.3 R-parity violating (RPV) models
436(2)
10.4 Supersymmetry at Future Colliders: An Update
438(2)
10.5 Summary and Conclusions
440(6)
11 Computational Tools for Supersymmetry Calculations
446(23)
H. Baer
11.1 Introduction
446(3)
11.2 SUSY Spectrum Calculators
449(3)
11.2.1 Isasusy, Isasugra and Isajet
449(1)
11.2.2 Suspect
450(1)
11.2.3 SoftSUSY
451(1)
11.2.4 Spheno
451(1)
11.2.5 Les Houches Accord (LHA) files
451(1)
11.2.6 Comparison of spectra generator codes
451(1)
11.3 Sparticle Production and Decay Codes
452(1)
11.3.1 Production cross sections
452(1)
11.3.2 Decay widths and branching fractions
453(1)
11.4 Event Generators
453(11)
11.4.1 Hard scattering
455(2)
11.4.2 Parton showers
457(1)
11.4.3 Cascade decays
458(1)
11.4.4 Models of hadronization
459(1)
11.4.5 Beam remnants
460(1)
11.4.6 Multi-purpose event generators
461(1)
11.4.7 Matrix element generators
462(1)
11.4.8 Les Houches Event (LHE) files
463(1)
11.5 Dark Matter Codes
464(1)
11.5.1 DarkSUSY
464(1)
11.5.2 Micromegas
464(1)
11.5.3 Isatools
464(1)
11.6 Parameter Fitting Codes
465(1)
11.7 SPA Convention
465(1)
11.8 Summary
465(4)
12 Charge and Color Breaking
469(25)
J. A. Casas
12.1 Introduction
469(3)
12.2 The Role of the Radiative Corrections
472(2)
12.3 The Higgs Potential and the Realistic Minimum
474(2)
12.4 Unbounded from Below (UFB) Constraints
476(3)
12.5 Charge and Color Breaking (CCB) Constraints
479(5)
12.6 Constraints on the SUSY Parameter Space
484(4)
12.7 CCB Constraints on Flavor-Mixing Couplings
488(2)
12.8 Cosmological Considerations and Final Comments
490(4)
13 Regularisation of Supersymmetric Theories
494(20)
I. Jack
D. R. T. Jones
13.1 Beyond the Tree Approximation
494(3)
13.2 Introduction to DRED
497(3)
13.3 DRED Ambiguities
500(2)
13.4 The Supersymmetry Ward Identity
502(2)
13.5 N = 2 and N = 4 Supersymmetry
504(1)
13.6 The Supersymmetric β-Functions
505(2)
13.7 Soft supersymmetry Breaking
507(3)
13.8 Large-Nf Supersymmetric Gauge Theories
510(4)
14 Probing Physics at Short Distances with Supersymmetry
514(20)
H. Murayama
14.1 Introduction
514(1)
14.2 Grand Unification
515(7)
14.2.1 Gauge coupling constants
516(1)
14.2.2 Gaugino masses
517(3)
14.2.3 Scalar masses
520(2)
14.3 Proton Decay
522(6)
14.3.1 D = 5 operators
523(1)
14.3.2 Minimal SUSY SU(5)
524(1)
14.3.3 Non-minimal SUSY-GUT
525(2)
14.3.4 Planck-scale operators
527(1)
14.4 Flavor Physics
528(2)
14.4.1 Neutrino physics
528(1)
14.4.2 Flavor-changing neutral currents
529(1)
14.5 Conclusion
530(4)
15 Supersymmetry and String Theory
534(11)
M. Dine
15.1 Introduction
534(2)
15.2 Supersymmetry in String Theory
536(2)
15.3 String Phenomenology
538(2)
15.3.1 Vacuum selection and supersymmetry breaking
539(1)
15.4 Recent Progress and Insights
540(5)
15.4.1 Supersymmetry as a tool for understanding string theory
541(1)
15.4.2 Supersymmetry and the structure of space-time
542(1)
15.4.3 Outlook
543(2)
16 Supersymmetry and Inflation
545(20)
L. Randall
16.1 Introduction
545(3)
16.2 Hybrid Inflation and Supersymmetry
548(3)
16.3 Hybrid Inflation and High Scale Models
551(5)
16.4 Low-Scale Models
556(5)
16.5 Single Field Models
561(4)
17 An Introduction to Explicit R-Parity Violation
565
H. Dreiner
17.1 Introduction
565(1)
17.2 What is R-parity?
565(2)
17.3 Proton Decay and Discrete Symmetries
567(1)
17.4 Motivation
568(2)
17.5 Indirect Bounds
570(3)
17.6 Changes to Rp-MSSM
573(2)
17.7 Collider Phenomenology
575(2)
17.7.1 Squark pair production at the Tevatron
575(1)
17.7.2 Resonant squark production at HERA
576(1)
17.8 Cosmology
577(2)
17.8.1 Bounds from GUT-scale baryogenesis
577(1)
17.8.2 Long-lived LSP
578(1)
17.9 Outlook
579