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E-raamat: Petroleum Biodegradation and Oil Spill Bioremediation [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(CD & W Inc., USA),
  • Formaat: 466 pages, 15 Line drawings, black and white; 15 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2022
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003042631
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Petroleum Biodegradation and Oil Spill BioremediationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 466 pages, 15 Line drawings, black and white; 15 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2022
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003042631
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003042631

The prime focus of the book is to determine the mechanism, extent, and efficiency of biodegradation processes, as it is necessary to know the composition of the original crude oil or crude oil product.



The prime focus of the book is to determine the mechanism, extent, and efficiency of biodegradation processes, as it is necessary to know the composition of the original crude oil or crude oil product. The technology of bioremediation and the concerns of whether or not bioremediation technologies can accelerate this natural process enough to be considered practical, and, if so, whether they might find a niche as replacements for, or adjuncts to, other crude oil-spill response technologies. This book also introduces the reader to the science of the composition of crude oil and crude oil products is at the core of understanding the chemistry of biodegradation and bioremediation processes.
Preface iii
Glossary xiii
PART I Crude Oil and Crude Oil Products
1 Crude Oil Composition and Properties
3(34)
1.1 Types of Crude Oil
7(8)
1.1.1 Conventional Crude Oil
9(2)
1.1.2 Heavy Crude Oil
11(1)
1.1.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil
12(1)
1.1.4 Tar Sand Bitumen
12(3)
1.2 Crude Oil Composition
15(9)
1.2.1 Elemental Composition
18(1)
1.2.2 Chemical Composition
18(3)
1.2.3 Composition by Volatility
21(1)
1.2.4 Composition by Fractionation
22(1)
1.2.5 Composition by Spectroscopy
23(1)
1.2.5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
23(1)
1.2.5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
24(1)
1.2.5.3 Mass Spectrometry
24(1)
1.2.5.4 Other Techniques
24(1)
1.3 Crude Oil Properties
24(10)
1.3.1 Density and Specific Gravity
28(1)
1.3.2 Elemental Analysis
28(1)
1.3.3 Chromatographic Fractionation
29(1)
1.3.4 Liquefaction and Solidification
30(1)
1.3.5 Metals Content
31(1)
1.3.6 Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension
31(1)
1.3.7 Viscosity
32(1)
1.3.8 Volatility
33(1)
1.4 Summary
34(3)
References
35(2)
2 Crude Oil Products
37(65)
2.1 Refinery Products
40(2)
2.2 Bulk Products
42(19)
2.2.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas
43(1)
2.2.2 Naphtha, Gasoline, and Solvents
44(4)
2.2.3 Kerosene and Diesel Fuel
48(1)
2.2.4 Fuel Oil
49(2)
2.2.5 Lubricating Oil
51(1)
2.2.6 White Oil, Insulating Oil, Insecticides
52(2)
2.2.7 Grease
54(1)
2.2.8 Wax
54(1)
2.2.9 Asphalt
55(5)
2.2.10 Coke
60(1)
2.3 Petrochemical Products
61(2)
2.4 Occurrence and Uses of Common Hydrocarbon Derivatives
63(4)
2.5 Refinery Waste
67(29)
2.5.1 Acid Sludge
71(1)
2.5.2 Spent Acid
72(1)
2.5.3 Spent Catalyst
73(1)
2.5.4 Spent Caustic
74(1)
2.5.5 Sulfonic Acids
74(1)
2.5.6 Product Blending
75(1)
2.5.7 Waste by Process
76(2)
2.5.7.1 Dewatering and Desalting
78(2)
2.5.7.2 Gas Processing
80(1)
2.5.7.3 Distillation
80(2)
2.5.7.4 Visbreaking and Thermal Cracking
82(1)
2.5.7.5 Coking Processes
82(1)
2.5.7.6 Fluid Catalytic Cracking
83(1)
2.5.7.7 Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating
84(2)
2.5.7.8 Catalytic Reforming
86(1)
2.5.7.9 Alkylation
86(1)
2.5.7.10 Isomerization and Polymerization
87(1)
2.5.7.11 Deasphalting
88(1)
2.5.7.12 Dewaxing
89(1)
2.5.8 Types of Waste
89(7)
2.5.9 Waste Toxicity
96(1)
2.6 Entry into the Environment
96(6)
2.6.1 Storage and Handling of Crude Oil and Crude Oil Products
97(1)
2.6.2 Release into the Environment
98(1)
2.6.2.1 Dispersion
98(1)
2.6.2.2 Dissolution
99(1)
2.6.2.3 Emulsification
99(1)
2.6.2.4 Evaporation
99(1)
2.6.2.5 Leaching
100(1)
2.6.2.6 Sedimentation or Adsorption
100(1)
2.6.2.7 Spreading
100(1)
2.6.2.8 Wind
100(1)
References
100(2)
3 Test Methods for Crude Oil and Crude Oil Products
102(39)
3.1 The Need for Test Methods
104(3)
3.2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Crude Oil and Crude Oil Products
107(15)
3.2.1 Adhesion
108(1)
3.2.2 Biological Oxygen Demand
109(1)
3.2.3 Boiling Point Distribution
109(1)
3.2.4 Chemical Dispensability
110(1)
3.2.5 Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity
111(1)
3.2.6 Emulsion Formation
112(1)
3.2.7 Evaporation
113(1)
3.2.8 Flash Point and Fire Point
114(1)
3.2.9 Fractionation
115(1)
3.2.10 Leachability and Toxicity
116(1)
3.2.11 Metals Content
116(1)
3.2.12 Pour Point and Cloud Point
117(1)
3.2.13 Solubility in Aqueous Media
117(1)
3.2.14 Sulfur Content
117(1)
3.2.15 Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension
118(1)
3.2.16 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
118(1)
3.2.17 Viscosity
119(1)
3.2.18 Volatility
120(1)
3.2.19 Water Content
120(1)
3.2.20 Weathering Processes
121(1)
3.3 Petroleum Group Analysis
122(7)
3.3.1 Thin Layer Chromatography
123(1)
3.3.2 Immunoassay
124(1)
3.3.3 Gas Chromatography
124(3)
3.3.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography
127(1)
3.3.5 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
128(1)
3.4 Other Analytical Methods
129(2)
3.4.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
129(1)
3.4.2 Gravimetry
130(1)
3.5 Properties and Analysis of Crude Oil Products
131(10)
3.5.1 Gaseous Products
131(2)
3.5.2 Liquid Products
133(1)
3.5.3 Solid Products
133(4)
References
137(4)
4 The Nature of Oil Spills
141(40)
4.1 Environmental Effects of Crude Oil Refining
141(9)
4.1.1 Gases
142(3)
4.1.2 Liquids
145(3)
4.1.3 Solids
148(2)
4.2 Understanding Spills of Crude Oil and Crude Oil Products
150(8)
4.2.1 Types of Spills
154(1)
4.2.2 Composition of a Spill
154(1)
4.2.3 Dangers of a Spill in the Workplace
155(1)
4.2.4 Causes of Crude Oil Spills
156(1)
4.2.4.1 Transportation
156(1)
4.2.4.2 Errors by Personnel
156(1)
4.2.4.3 Equipment Breakdown
157(1)
4.2.4.4 Natural Disasters
157(1)
4.2.4.5 Acts of Terrorism, War, Vandalism, or Illegal Dumping
157(1)
4.3 Entry into the Environment and Toxicity
158(9)
4.3.1 Entry into the Environment
160(1)
4.3.1.1 Dispersion
160(1)
4.3.1.2 Dissolution
160(1)
4.3.1.3 Emulsification
161(1)
4.3.1.4 Evaporation
161(1)
4.3.1.5 Leaching
161(1)
4.3.1.6 Sedimentation or Adsorption
161(1)
4.3.1.7 Spreading
162(1)
4.3.1.8 Wind
162(1)
4.3.2 Toxicity
162(1)
4.3.2.1 Lower Boiling Constituents
163(2)
4.3.2.2 Higher Boiling Constituents
165(1)
4.3.2.3 Wastewater
166(1)
4.4 General Methods for Soil and Groundwater Remediation
167(11)
4.4.1 Bioremediation
168(2)
4.4.2 Containment
170(1)
4.4.3 Dredging or Excavation
170(1)
4.4.4 In situ Oxidation
171(1)
4.4.5 Metals Removal
172(1)
4.4.6 Nanoremediation
173(1)
4.4.7 Pump and Treat
174(1)
4.4.8 Soil Vapor Extraction
174(1)
4.4.9 Solidification and Stabilization
175(1)
4.4.10 Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation
176(1)
4.4.11 Thermal Desorption
176(2)
4.5 Remediation Management
178(3)
References
179(2)
5 Overview of Oil Spill Clean Up Methods
181(50)
5.1 Types of Effluents
184(7)
5.1.1 Gaseous Effluents
185(2)
5.1.1.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas
187(1)
5.1.1.2 Natural Gas
188(1)
5.1.1.3 Refinery Gas
189(2)
5.1.1.4 Sulfur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbon Dioxide
191(1)
5.2 Environmental Effects
191(18)
5.2.1 Gaseous Effluents
191(1)
5.2.2 Liquid Effluents
192(1)
5.2.2.1 Naphtha
193(8)
5.2.2.2 Wastewater
201(1)
5.2.3 Solid Effluents
202(2)
5.2.3.1 Residua and Asphalt
204(3)
5.2.3.2 Coke
207(2)
5.2.3.3 Particulate Matter
209(1)
5.3 Oil Spill Cleanup at Sea
209(6)
5.3.1 Oil Booms
209(1)
5.3.2 Skimmers
210(1)
5.3.3 Sorbents
211(1)
5.3.4 Burning In situ
212(2)
5.3.5 Dispersants
214(1)
5.3.6 Hot Water and High-Pressure Washing
214(1)
5.3.7 Chemical Stabilization
215(1)
5.4 Methods for Oil Spill Cleanup on Land
215(2)
5.4.1 Physical Methods
216(1)
5.4.2 Chemical Methods
216(1)
5.5 Bioremediation
217(2)
5.5.1 Importance of Bioremediation
218(1)
5.6 Issues Related to Use of Bioremediation Technologies
219(12)
5.6.1 Environmental
219(1)
5.6.2 Health
220(1)
5.6.3 Process Evaluation
220(1)
5.6.3.1 Feasibility Assessment
221(1)
5.6.3.2 Bioremediation Services
222(2)
5.6.3.3 Barriers to Commercialization
224(1)
5.6.3.4 Supporting Research and Development
224(1)
5.6.3.5 Technical Regulations
225(1)
5.6.3.6 Economic Assessment
225(1)
5.6.3.7 Potential for Future Implementation
226(1)
References
227(4)
PART II Bioremediation, Biodegradation, and Site Cleanup
6 Bioremediation and Biodegradation
231(51)
6.1 The Origin of Bioremediation
238(2)
6.2 The Mechanism of Bioremediation
240(8)
6.3 Types of Bioremediation
248(4)
6.3.1 Natural Bioremediation
248(1)
6.3.2 Traditional Bioremediation
249(1)
6.3.3 Enhanced Bioremediation
250(1)
6.3.4 Monitored Natural Attenuation
251(1)
6.4 Factors that Affect Bioremediation
252(9)
6.4.1 Chemistry
253(1)
6.4.2 Types of Microbes
254(2)
6.4.3 Types of Contaminants
256(1)
6.4.3.1 Physical Properties
257(1)
6.4.3.2 Chemical Properties
258(1)
6.4.3.3 Site Specific Issues
259(1)
6.4.3.3.1 Geology of the Site
260(1)
6.4.3.3.2 Chemistry of the Site
260(1)
6.5 Site Remediation
261(6)
6.5.1 Method Parameters
261(1)
6.5.2 In situ and ex situ Bioremediation
261(3)
6.5.3 Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation
264(1)
6.5.4 Miscellaneous Processes
265(1)
6.5.4.1 Bioslurping
265(1)
6.5.4.2 Biosparging
265(1)
6.5.4.3 Biosurfactant Treatment
266(1)
6.5.4.4 Bioventing
266(1)
6.5.4.5 Rhizosphere Bioremediation
266(1)
6.6 Bioremediation of Land Ecosystems
267(6)
6.7 Bioremediation of Water Ecosystems
273(9)
References
276(6)
7 Site Evaluation and the Impact of an Oil Spill
282(41)
7.1 Site Evaluation
285(18)
7.1.1 Land Ecosystems
286(2)
7.1.1.1 Soil Evaluation
288(1)
7.1.1.2 Physical Properties
289(1)
7.1.1.3 Chemical Properties
290(1)
7.1.1.4 Biological Properties
291(1)
7.1.1.5 Temperature
292(1)
7.1.1.6 Acidity and Alkalinity
293(1)
7.1.1.7 Salinity
293(1)
7.1.2 Water Ecosystems
294(2)
7.1.2.1 Biodegradation
296(1)
7.1.2.2 Bioremediation
297(1)
7.1.2.3 Temperature
298(1)
7.1.2.4 Effect of Oxygen
299(1)
7.1.2.5 Effect of Nutrients
299(1)
7.1.2.5.1 Marine Environments
300(1)
7.1.2.5.2 Freshwater Environments
300(1)
7.1.2.5.3 Soil Environments
300(1)
7.1.2.6 Effect of Spill Characteristics
301(1)
7.1.2.7 Effect of Prior Exposure
301(1)
7.1.2.8 Effect of Dispersants
301(1)
7.1.2.9 Effect of Flowing Water
302(1)
7.1.2.10 Effect of a Deep-Sea Environment
302(1)
7.2 Effects on Flora and Fauna
303(6)
7.2.1 Effect on the Biosphere
303(1)
7.2.2 Effect on Micro-organisms
304(1)
7.2.3 Effect on Plants
305(1)
7.2.4 Effect on Animals
306(1)
7.2.5 Effect on Humans
307(1)
7.2.6 Effect on the Economy
308(1)
7.3 Risk Analysis
309(6)
7.3.1 Oil Spill Risk Assessment
309(3)
7.3.2 Guidelines for Oil Spill Risk Assessment
312(2)
7.3.3 Oil Spill Risk Analysis Model
314(1)
7.4 The Characteristics of a Spill Response
315(8)
References
316(7)
8 Biodegradation of the Constituents of Crude Oil and Crude Oil Products
323(48)
8.1 Biodegradability
324(8)
8.1.1 Conditions for Biodegradation
326(2)
8.1.2 Effect of Nutrients
328(1)
8.1.3 Effect of Temperature
329(1)
8.1.4 Effect of Dispersants
330(1)
8.1.5 Effect of Weathering
331(1)
8.2 Biodegradation of Specific Constituents
332(8)
8.2.1 Alkanes
332(1)
8.2.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
333(1)
8.2.3 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
334(4)
8.2.4 Phenolic Compounds
338(1)
8.2.5 Chlorinated Compounds
339(1)
8.3 Biodegradation of Extra Heavy Crude Oil
340(9)
8.3.1 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
341(1)
8.3.2 Biotransformation
342(2)
8.3.3 Biodegradation and Bioconversion
344(1)
8.3.3.1 Biodesulfurization
344(2)
8.3.3.2 Biodenitrogenation
346(3)
8.4 Biodegradation of Other Products
349(2)
8.4.1 Acid Sludge
349(1)
8.4.2 Spent Acid
350(1)
8.4.3 Spent Catalyst
350(1)
8.4.4 Spent Caustic
350(1)
8.4.5 Wastewater
351(1)
8.5 Rates of Biodegradation
351(2)
8.6 Application to Spills
353(18)
References
356(15)
9 Methods Used to Determine the Progress of Bioremediation
371(52)
9.1 The Spilled Material
375(2)
9.2 Sample Collection and Preparation
377(19)
9.2.1 Crude Oil and Crude Oil Products
378(1)
9.2.2 Sample Collection and Preparation
379(1)
9.2.2.1 Sample Collection
380(1)
9.2.2.1.1 Volatile Compounds
381(1)
9.2.2.1.2 Condensate Releases
382(1)
9.2.2.1.3 Semi-Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds
383(3)
9.2.2.1.4 Solids
386(1)
9.2.2.2 Extract Concentration
387(2)
9.2.2.3 Sample Cleanup
389(1)
9.2.2.4 Measurement
389(1)
9.2.2.4.1 Accuracy
390(1)
9.2.2.4.2 Precision
391(1)
9.2.2.4.3 Method Validation
392(2)
9.2.2.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
394(1)
9.2.2.5.1 Quality Control
394(1)
9.2.2.5.2 Quality Assurance
395(1)
9.2.2.5.3 Method Detection Limit
396(1)
9.3 Sampling in the Field
396(3)
9.3.1 Sampling Strategies
398(1)
9.3.2 Acquiring a Representative Sample
399(1)
9.4 Group Analyses
399(6)
9.4.1 Gas Chromatography
400(3)
9.4.2 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
403(1)
9.4.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography
403(1)
9.4.4 Immunoassay
404(1)
9.4.5 Infrared Spectroscopy
404(1)
9.4.6 Thin Layer Chromatography
405(1)
9.5 Gravimetric Analysis
405(1)
9.6 Microbiological Analysis
406(4)
9.6.1 Chemical Analysis of Nutrients
407(1)
9.6.2 Chemical Analysis of Crude Oil and Oil Constituents
408(2)
9.7 Biomarkers
410(1)
9.7.1 Types
410(1)
9.7.2 Commonly Used Biomarkers
411(1)
9.8 Fractionation of the Spilled Material
411(1)
9.9 Leachability and Toxicity
411(2)
9.10 Monitoring General Site Background Conditions
413(1)
9.10.1 Oxygen
413(1)
9.10.2 Acidity-Alkalinity
413(1)
9.10.3 Temperature
414(1)
9.10.4 Salinity
414(1)
9.11 Assessment of the Methods
414(9)
References
417(6)
10 Recommendations for Oil Spill Prevention and Control
423(29)
10.1 Refinery Products
424(2)
10.1.1 Bulk Products
424(1)
10.1.2 Petrochemicals
424(1)
10.1.3 Refinery Waste
424(2)
10.2 Environmental Impact of Crude Oil and Crude Oil Products
426(5)
10.2.1 Air Pollution
427(2)
10.2.2 Water Pollution
429(1)
10.2.3 Soil Pollution
430(1)
10.3 Pollution Prevention
431(6)
10.3.1 Options
433(1)
10.3.1.1 Operating Practices
433(1)
10.3.1.2 Process Modifications
434(2)
10.3.1.3 Material Substitution Options
436(1)
10.4 Adoption of Pollution Reduction Options
437(2)
10.5 The Future of Bioremediation
439(6)
10.5.1 Conventional Bioremediation
440(1)
10.5.2 Enhanced Bioremediation
441(2)
10.5.3 Bioremediation in Extreme Environments
443(2)
10.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioremediation
445(1)
10.7 Conclusion
446(6)
References
447(5)
Appendix: The Chemistry of Crude Oil and Crude Oil Products
452(5)
A1 Abstract
452(1)
A2 Introduction
452(1)
A3 Crude Oil and Crude Oil Products
452(3)
A3.1 Chemical Composition
453(2)
A3.2 Physical Properties
455(1)
A4 Analytical Techniques for Oil Spill Sample Analysis
455(1)
A5 Challenges
456(1)
Further Reading 457(1)
Conversion Factors 458(3)
Index 461(4)
About the Authors 465
Karuna K. Arjoon possesses a Master of Philosophy degree from the University of Trinidad and Tobago where she served in various academic positions.

She is also the co-author of the book Bioremediation of Petroleum and Petroleum Products and the article The Effects of the Application of Random Sampling on the Analysis of the Biodegradation of Oil Spills in Soil (a Petroleum and Chemical Industry International Journal publication). Karuna has also provided consultant services for several international companies, has certifications in various areas of safety, and is presently part of the education system in the field of chemistry.

Dr. James G. Speight has doctorate degrees in Chemistry, Geological Sciences, and Petroleum Engineering. He is the author of more than 80 books in crude oil science, fossil fuel science, petroleum engineering, environmental sciences, and ethics.

He has more than fifty years of experience in areas associated with (i) the properties, recovery, and refining of reservoir fluids, conventional crude oil, heavy crude oil, extra heavy oil, tar sand bitumen, and oil shale, (ii) the properties and refining of natural gas, gaseous fuels, (iii) the production and properties of chemicals from crude oil, coal, and other sources, (iv) the properties and refining of biomass, biofuels, biogas, and the generation of bioenergy, and (v) the environmental and toxicological effects of energy production and fuels use. His work has also focused on safety issues, environmental effects, environmental remediation, and safety issues as well as reactors associated with the production and use of fuels and biofuels.
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