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E-raamat: Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook, Volume 1 Volume 1 [Wiley Online]

(University of Wolverhampton, UK)
  • Formaat: 656 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Sep-2018
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1119257115
  • ISBN-13: 9781119257110
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 327,71 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook, Volume 1 Volume 1Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: 656 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Sep-2018
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1119257115
  • ISBN-13: 9781119257110
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119257110

There is a renaissance that is occurring in chemical and process engineering, and it is crucial for today’s scientists, engineers, technicians, and operators to stay current.  With so many changes over the last few decades in equipment and processes, petroleum refining is almost a living document, constantly needing updating.  With no new refineries being built, companies are spending their capital re-tooling and adding on to existing plants.  Refineries are like small cities, today, as they grow bigger and bigger and more and more complex.  A huge percentage of a refinery can be changed, literally, from year to year, to account for the type of crude being refined or to integrate new equipment or processes.

This book is the most up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the most significant and recent changes to petroleum refining, presenting the state-of-the-art to the engineer, scientist, or student.  Useful as a textbook, this is also an excellent, handy go-to reference for the veteran engineer, a volume no chemical or process engineering library should be without.  Written by one of the world’s foremost authorities, this book sets the standard for the industry and is an integral part of the petroleum refining renaissance.  It is truly a must-have for any practicing engineer or student in this area. 

Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Author xxiii
1 Introduction 1(6)
References
6(1)
2 Composition of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products 7(24)
2.1 Hydrocarbons
8(6)
2.1.1 Alkynes Series
12(2)
2.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
14(1)
2.3 Heteroatomic Organic Compounds
15(3)
2.3.1 Non-Hydrocarbons
15(3)
2.3.2 Sulfur Compounds
18(1)
2.4 Thiols
18(2)
2.5 Oxygen Compounds
20(2)
2.6 Nitrogen Compounds
22(1)
2.7 Resins and Asphaltenes
23(1)
2.8 Salts
24(1)
2.9 Carbon Dioxide
24(1)
2.10 Metallic Compounds
24(1)
2.11 Products Composition
25(5)
2.11.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) (C3 and C4)
26(1)
2.11.2 Gasoline (C3 to Gil)
26(1)
2.11.3 Condensate (C4, C5 and C6 >)
27(1)
2.11.4 Gas Fuel Oils (C12 to C19)
27(1)
2.11.5 Kerosene
27(1)
2.11.6 Diesel Fuel
28(1)
2.11.7 Fuel Oils # 4, 5, and 6
28(1)
2.11.8 Residual Fuel Oil
28(1)
2.11.9 Natural Gas
29(1)
References
30(1)
3 Characterization of Petroleum and Petroleum Fractions 31(32)
3.1 Introduction
31(6)
3.1.1 Crude Oil Properties
32(1)
3.1.2 Gravity, API
32(1)
3.1.3 Boiling Point Range
33(1)
3.1.4 Characterization Factor
33(1)
3.1.5 The Universal Oil Product Characterization factor, Kuop
34(1)
3.1.6 Carbon Residue, wt%
34(2)
3.1.7 Nitrogen Content, wt%
36(1)
3.1.8 Sulfur Content, wt%
36(1)
3.1.9 Total Acid Number (TAN)
36(1)
3.1.10 Salt Content, pounds/1000 barrels
36(1)
3.1.11 Metals, parts/million (ppm) by weight
36(1)
3.1.12 Pour Point (°F or °C)
36(1)
3.2 Crude Oil Assay Data
37(1)
3.2.1 Whole crude oil average properties
37(1)
3.2.2 Fractional properties
37(1)
3.3 Crude Cutting Analysis
37(1)
3.4 Crude Oil Blending
37(9)
3.5 Laboratory Testing of Crude Oils
46(12)
3.5.1 True Boiling Point (TBP) Curve
46(1)
3.5.2 ASTM D86 Distillation
46(1)
3.5.3 Boiling Points
47(2)
3.5.4 Conversion Between ASTM and TBP Distillation
49(5)
3.5.5 Petroleum Pseudo-Components
54(1)
3.5.6 Pseudo-Component Normal Boiling Points
55(1)
3.5.7 ASTM D1160 Distillation
55(1)
3.5.8 Determination of ASTM IBP, 10%, 20-90% Points of Blend
55(1)
3.5.9 ASTM 10-90% Points
56(1)
3.5.10 Initial Boiling Point Determination
56(1)
3.5.11 ASTM End Point of Blend
56(1)
3.5.12 Flash Point
56(1)
3.5.13 Flash Point, °F, as a Function of Average Boiling Point
57(1)
3.5.14 Smoke Point of Kerosenes
57(1)
3.5.15 Luminometer Number
57(1)
3.5.16 Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)
57(1)
3.5.17 Vapor Pressure of Narrow Hydrocarbon Cuts
58(1)
3.6 Octanes
58(1)
3.7 Cetanes
58(1)
3.7.1 Cetane Index
59(1)
3.8 Diesel Index
59(1)
3.9 Determination of the Lower Heating Value of Petroleum Fractions
59(1)
3.10 Aniline Point Blending
60(1)
3.11 Correlation Index (CI)
60(1)
3.12 Chromatographically Simulated Distillations
61(1)
References
62(1)
4 Thermodynamic Properties of Petroleum and Petroleum Fractions 63(48)
4.1 K-Factor Hydrocarbon Equilibrium Charts
64(8)
4.2 Non-Ideal Systems
72(2)
4.3 Vapor Pressure
74(6)
4.3.1 Vapor Pressure Determination using the Clausius-Clapeyron and the Antoine Equations
75(5)
4.4 Viscosity
80(7)
4.4.1 Conversion to Saybolt Universal Viscosity
80(2)
4.4.2 Conversion to Saybolt Furol Viscosity
82(1)
4.4.3 Equivalents of Kinematic (cSt), Saybolt Universal (SUS), and Dynamic viscosity
82(1)
4.4.4 Viscosity of Liquid Hydrocarbons
83(1)
4.4.5 Gas Viscosity
84(3)
4.5 Refractive Index
87(2)
4.6 Liquid Density
89(1)
4.6.1 Gas Density
89(1)
4.7 Molecular Weight
90(1)
4.8 Molecular Type Composition
90(6)
4.9 Critical Temperature, Tc
96(1)
4.10 Critical Pressure, Pc
97(1)
4.11 Pseudo-Critical Constants and Acentric Factors
98(1)
4.12 Enthalpy of Petroleum Fractions
99(1)
4.13 Compressibility Z Factor of Natural Gases
100(5)
4.14 Simulation Thermodynamic Software Programs
105(5)
References
110(1)
5 Process Descriptions of Refinery Processes 111(38)
5.1 Introduction
111(4)
5.2 Refinery and Distillation Processes
115(5)
5.3 Process Description of the Crude Distillation Unit
120(12)
5.3.1 Crude Oil Desalting
121(1)
5.3.2 Types of Salts in Crude Oil
122(1)
5.3.3 Desalting Process
122(5)
5.3.4 Pumparound Heat Removal
127(3)
5.3.5 Tower Pressure Drop and Flooding
130(1)
5.3.6 Carbon Steel Trays
130(1)
5.3.7 Rectifying Section of the Main Column
130(1)
5.3.8 Side Stripping Columns
130(1)
5.3.9 Crude Column Overhead
130(1)
5.3.10 General Properties of Petroleum Fractions
130(2)
5.4 Process Variables in the Design of Crude Distillation Column
132(2)
5.4.1 Process Design of a Crude Distillation Column
133(1)
5.5 Process Simulation
134(4)
5.5.1 Overall Check of Simulation
135(1)
5.5.2 Other Aspects of Design
136(1)
5.5.3 Relationship between Actual Trays and Theoretical Trays
137(1)
5.6 Process Description of Light Arabian Crude Using UniSini Simulation Software [ 12]
138(6)
5.6.1 Column Conventions
141(1)
5.6.2 Performance Specifications Definition
142(1)
5.6.3 Cut Points
142(1)
5.6.4 Degree of Separation
142(1)
5.6.5 Overflash
142(1)
5.6.6 Column Pressure
143(1)
5.6.7 Overhead Temperature
143(1)
5.6.8 Bottom Stripping
144(1)
5.6.9 Side Stream Stripper
144(1)
5.6.10 Reflux
144(1)
5.7 Troubleshooting Actual Columns
144(1)
5.8 Health, Safety and Environment Considerations
145(3)
References
148(1)
6 Thermal Cracking Processes 149(38)
6.1 Process Description
152(1)
6.2 Steam Jet Ejector
152(2)
6.3 Pressure Survey in a Vacuum Column
154(2)
6.4 Simulation of Vacuum Distillation Unit
156(1)
6.5 Coking
157(7)
6.5.1 Delayed Coking
157(4)
6.5.2 Delayed Coker Yield Prediction
161(1)
6.5.3 Coke Formation
162(1)
6.5.4 Thermodynamics of Coking of Light Hydrocarbons
162(1)
6.5.5 Gas Composition
163(1)
6.6 Fluid Coking
164(6)
6.6.1 Flexi-Coking
165(2)
6.6.2 Contact Coking
167(1)
6.6.3 Coke Drums
168(2)
6.6.4 Heavy Coker Gas Oil (HCGO) Production
170(1)
6.6.5 Light Coker Gas Oil (LCGO) Production
170(1)
6.7 Fractionator Overhead System
170(2)
6.8 Coke Drum Operations
172(1)
6.9 Hydraulic Jet Decoking
173(1)
6.10 Uses of Petroleum Coke
174(1)
6.11 Use of Gasification
174(1)
6.12 Sponge Coke
175(1)
6.13 Safety and Environmental Considerations
175(1)
6.14 Simulation/Calculations
176(1)
6.15 Visbreaking
177(7)
6.15.1 Visbreaking Reactions
180(1)
6.15.2 Visbreaking Severity
180(1)
6.15.3 Operation and Control
180(1)
6.15.4 Typical Visbreaker Unit
181(1)
6.15.5 Typical Visbreaker Unit with Vacuum Flasher
182(1)
6.15.6 Typical Combination Visbreaker and Thermal Cracker
183(1)
6.15.7 Product Yield
183(1)
6.16 Process Simulation
184(1)
6.17 Health, Safety and Environment Considerations
185(1)
References
186(1)
7 Hydroprocessing 187(72)
7.1 Catalytic Conversion Processes
187(7)
7.1.1 Hydrocracking Chemistry
188(2)
7.1.2 Hydrocracking Reactions
190(1)
7.1.3 Typical Hydrocracking Reactions
191(3)
7.2 Feed Specifications
194(2)
7.2.1 Space Velocity
195(1)
7.2.2 Reactor Temperature
195(1)
7.2.3 Reactor Pressure
195(1)
7.2.4 Hydrogen Recycle Rate
195(1)
7.2.5 Oil Recycle Ratio
195(1)
7.2.6 Heavy Polynuclear Aromatics
196(1)
7.3 Feed Boiling Range
196(1)
7.4 Catalyst
196(4)
7.4.1 Catalyst Performance
197(1)
7.4.2 Loss of Catalyst Performance
197(1)
7.4.3 Poisoning by Impurities in Feeds or Catalysts
198(2)
7.4.4 The Apparent Catalyst Activity
200(1)
7.5 Poor Gas Distribution
200(1)
7.6 Poor Mixing of Reactants
200(1)
7.7 The Mechanism of Hydrocracking
200(1)
7.8 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrocracking
201(3)
7.9 Process Design, Rating and Performance
204(6)
7.9.1 Operating Temperature and Pressure
205(1)
7.9.2 Optimum Catalyst Size and Shape
205(1)
7.9.3 Pressure Drop (AP) in Tubular/Fixed-Bed Reactors
205(2)
7.9.4 Catalyst Particle Size
207(1)
7.9.5 Vessel Dimensions
208(2)
7.10 Increased AP
210(4)
7.11 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
214(1)
7.12 Measurement of Performance
215(1)
7.13 Catalyst-Bed Temperature Profiles
216(1)
7.14 Factors Affecting Hydrocracking Process Operation
217(1)
7.15 Hydrocracking Correlations
217(11)
7.15.1 Maximum Aviation Turbine Kerosene (ATK) Correlations
219(1)
7.15.2 Process Description
220(4)
7.15.3 Fresh Feed and Recycle Liquid System
224(1)
7.15.4 Liquid and Vapor Separators
225(1)
7.15.5 Recycle Gas Compression and Distribution
226(1)
7.15.6 Hydrogen Distribution
226(1)
7.15.7 Control of the Hydrogen System
226(1)
7.15.8 Reactor Design
227(1)
7.16 Hydrocracker Fractionating Unit
228(3)
7.16.1 Mild Vacuum Column
230(1)
7.16.2 Steam Generation
230(1)
7.17 Operating Variables
231(3)
7.18 Hydrotreating Process
234(6)
7.18.1 Process Description
237(1)
7.18.2 Process Variables
237(3)
7.18.3 Hydrotreating Catalysts
240(1)
7.19 Thermodynamics of Hydrotreating
240(3)
7.20 Reaction Kinetics
243(2)
7.21 Naphtha Hydrotreating
245(5)
7.21.1 Hydrotreating Correlations
245(3)
7.21.2 Middle Distillates Hydrotreating
248(1)
7.21.3 Middle Distillate Hydrotreating Correlations
248(2)
7.22 Atmospheric Residue Desulfurization
250(8)
7.22.1 High-Pressure Separator
252(1)
7.22.2 Low-Pressure Separator
252(1)
7.22.3 Hydrogen Sulfide Removal
252(1)
7.22.4 Recycled Gas Compressor
252(1)
7.22.5 Process Water
252(1)
7.22.6 Fractionation Column
253(1)
7.22.7 Operating Conditions of Hydrotreating Processes
253(5)
7.23 Health, Safety and Environment Considerations
258(1)
References
258(1)
8 Catalytic Cracking 259(46)
8.1 Introduction
259(3)
8.2 Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking
262(7)
8.2.1 Process Description
262(7)
8.3 Modes of Fluidization
269(1)
8.4 Cracking Reactions
270(3)
8.4.1 Secondary Reactions
272(1)
8.5 Thermodynamics of FCC
273(5)
8.5.1 Transport Phenomena, Reaction Patterns and Kinetic models
273(3)
8.5.2 Three- and Four-Lump kinetic models
276(2)
8.6 Process Design Variables
278(3)
8.6.1 Process Variables
279(1)
8.6.2 Process Operational Variables
280(1)
8.7 Material and Energy Balances
281(2)
8.7.1 Material Balance
281(1)
8.7.2 Energy Balance
282(1)
8.8 Heat Recovery
283(1)
8.9 FCC Yield Correlations
284(2)
8.10 Estimating Potential Yields of FCC Feed
286(4)
8.11 Pollution Control
290(2)
8.12 New Technology
292(4)
8.12.1 Deep Catalytic Cracking
293(1)
8.12.2 Shell's Fluid Catalytic Cracking
294(1)
8.12.3 Fluid Catalytic Cracking High Severity
295(1)
8.12.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking for Maximum Olefins
295(1)
8.13 Refining/Petrochemical Integration
296(1)
8.14 Metallurgy
296(1)
8.15 Troubleshooting for Fluidized Catalyst Cracking Units
297(1)
8.16 Health, Safety and Environment Considerations
298(1)
8.17 Licensors' Correlations
299(1)
8.18 Simulation and Modeling Strategy
300(4)
References
304(1)
9 Catalytic Reforming and Isomerization 305(34)
9.1 Introduction
305(1)
9.2 Catalytic Reforming
306(1)
9.3 Feed Characterization
306(2)
9.4 Catalytic Reforming Processes
308(4)
9.4.1 Role of Reformer in the Refinery
309(1)
9.4.2 UOP Continuous Catalytic Regeneration (CCR) Reforming Process
310(2)
9.5 Operations of the Reformer Process
312(4)
9.5.1 Effect of Major Variables in Catalytic Reforming
314(2)
9.6 Catalytic Reformer Reactors
316(1)
9.7 Material Balance in Reforming
317(3)
9.8 Reactions
320(2)
9.8.1 Naphthene Dehydrogenation to Cyclohexanes
320(1)
9.8.2 Dehydrocyclization of Paraffins to Aromatics
321(1)
9.8.3 Dehydroisomerization of Alkylcyclopentanes to Aromatics
321(1)
9.8.4 Isomerization of n-Paraffins
321(1)
9.9 Hydrocracking Reactions
322(1)
9.10 Reforming Catalyst
322(2)
9.11 Coke Deposition
324(2)
9.12 Thermodynamics
326(1)
9.13 Kinetic Models
326(1)
9.14 The Reactor Model
326(3)
9.15 Modeling of Naphtha Catalytic Reforming Process
329(1)
9.16 Isomerization
329(2)
9.16.1 Thermodynamics
330(1)
9.16.2 Isomerization Reactions
331(1)
9.17 Sulfolane Extraction Process
331(2)
9.17.1 Sulfolane Extraction Unit (SEU) Corrosion Problems
332(1)
9.17.2 Other Solvents for the Extraction Unit
333(1)
9.18 Aromatic Complex
333(3)
9.18.1 Aromatic Separation
335(1)
9.19 Hydrodealkylation Process
336(1)
9.19.1 Separation of the Reactor Effluents
337(1)
References
337(2)
10 Alkylation and Polymerization Processes 339(26)
10.1 Introduction
339(1)
10.2 Chemistry of Alkylation
340(2)
10.3 Catalysts
342(1)
10.4 Process Variables
343(2)
10.5 Alkylation Feedstocks
345(1)
10.6 Alkylation Products
346(1)
10.7 Sulfuric Acid Alkylation Process
346(1)
10.8 HF Alkylation
347(4)
10.9 Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Alkylation
351(3)
10.10 Polymerization
354(1)
10.11 HF and H2SO4 Mitigating Releases
354(2)
10.12 Corrosion Problems
356(1)
10.13 A New Technology of Alkylation Process Using Ionic Liquid
356(1)
10.14 Chevron - Honeywell UOP Ionic liquid Alkylation
357(1)
10.15 Chemical Release and Flash Fire: A Case Study of the Alkylation Unit at the Delaware City Refining Company (DCRC) Involving Equipment Maintenance Incident
358(4)
References
362(3)
11 Hydrogen Production and Purification 365(16)
11.1 Hydrogen Requirements in a Refinery
365(1)
11.2 Process Chemistry
366(2)
11.3 High-Temperature Shift Conversion
368(1)
11.4 Low-Temperature Shift Conversion
368(1)
11.5 Gas Purification
368(1)
11.6 Purification of Hydrogen Product
369(1)
11.7 Hydrogen Distribution System
370(1)
11.8 Off-Gas Hydrogen Recovery
371(1)
11.9 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Unit
371(4)
11.10 Refinery Hydrogen Management
375(2)
11.11 Hydrogen Pinch Studies
377(2)
References
379(2)
12 Gas Processing and Acid Gas Removal 381(57)
12.1 Introduction
381(2)
12.2 Diesel Hydrodesulfurization (DHDS)
383(1)
12.3 Hydrotreating Reactions
383(5)
12.4 Gas Processing
388(3)
12.4.1 Natural Gas
388(1)
12.4.2 Gas Processing Methods
389(1)
12.4.3 Reaction Gas Processes
390(1)
12.4.4 Sweetening Process
390(1)
12.4.5 MEROX Process
390(1)
12.5 Sulfur Management
391(10)
12.5.1 Sulfur Recovery Processes
393(8)
12.5.2 Tail Gas Clean Up
401(1)
12.6 Physical Solvent Gas Processes
401(1)
12.6.1 Physical and Chemical Processes
402(1)
12.6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Sulfinol® Process
402(1)
12.7 Carbonate Process
402(1)
12.8 Solution Batch Process
403(2)
12.9 Process Description of Gas Processing using UniSim® Simulation
405(5)
12.10 Gas Dryer (Dehydration) Design
410(5)
12.10.1 The Equations
412(1)
12.10.2 Pressure Drop (AP)
413(1)
12.10.3 Fouled Bed
413(2)
12.11 Kremser-Brown-Sherwood Method-No Heat of Absorption
415(6)
12.11.1 Absorption: Determine Component Absorption in Fixed Tray Tower (Adapted in part from Ref. 12)
415(2)
12.11.2 Absorption: Determine the Number of Trays for Specified Product Absorption
417(1)
12.11.3 Stripping: Determine the Number of Theoretical Trays and Stripping Steam or Gas Rate for a Component Recovery
418(2)
12.11.4 Stripping: Determine Stripping-Medium Rate for a Fixed Recovery
420(1)
12.12 Absorption: Edmister Method
421(11)
12.12.1 Absorption and Stripping Efficiency
427(5)
12.13 Gas Treating Troubleshooting
432(2)
12.13.1 High Exit Gas Dew Point
432(1)
12.13.2 High Glycol Losses
432(1)
12.13.3 Glycol Contamination
432(1)
12.13.4 Poor Glycol Reconcentration
433(1)
12.13.5 Low Glycol Circulation - Glycol Pump
433(1)
12.13.6 High Pressure Drop Across Contactor
433(1)
12.13.7 High Stripping Still Temperature
433(1)
12.13.8 High Reboiler Pressure
433(1)
12.13.9 Firetube Fouling/Hot Spots/Burn Out
433(1)
12.13.10 High Gas Dew Points
433(1)
12.13.11 Cause - Inadequate Glycol Circulation Rate
433(1)
12.13.12 Low Reboiler Temperature
433(1)
12.13.13 Flash Separator Failure
434(1)
12.13.14 Cause - Insufficient Reconcentration of Glycol
434(1)
12.13.15 Cause - Operating Conditions Different from Design
434(1)
12.13.16 Cause - Low Gas Flow Rates
434(1)
12.13.17 High Glycol Loss
434(1)
12.14 Cause - Loss of Glycol Out of Still Column
434(1)
12.15 The ADIP Process
435(1)
12.16 Sour Water Stripping Process
435(3)
References 438(3)
Glossary of Petroleum and Technical Terminology 441(92)
Appendix A Equilibrium K values 533(14)
Appendix B Analytical Techniques 547(10)
Appendix C Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Major Hydrocarbons 557(16)
Appendix D A List of Engineering Process Flow Diagrams and Process Data Sheets 573(50)
Index 623
Kayode Coker PhD, is Engineering Consultant for AKC Technology, an Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Wolverhampton, U.K., a former Engineering Coordinator at Saudi Aramco Shell Refinery Company and Chairman of the department of Chemical Engineering Technology at Jubail Industrial College, Saudi Arabia. He has been a chartered chemical engineer for more than 30 years. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, U.K. and a senior member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He holds a B.Sc. honors degree in Chemical Engineering, a Master of Science degree in Process Analysis and Development and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering, all from Aston University, Birmingham, U.K. and a Teacher's Certificate in Education at the University of London, U.K. He has directed and conducted short courses extensively throughout the world and has been a lecturer at the university level. His articles have been published in several international journals. He is an author of five books in chemical engineering, a contributor to the Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. Vol 61. He was named as one of the International Biographical Centre's Leading Engineers of the World for 2008. Also, he is a member of International Who's Who of ProfessionalsTM and Madison Who's Who in the U.S.
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