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E-raamat: Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang 3rd edition [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(The Royal Hospital School, Ipswich,UK)
  • Formaat: 393 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Oct-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781315381367
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  • Taylor & Francis e-raamat
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Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang 3rd editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 393 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Oct-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781315381367
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Quarks, Leptons and The Big Bang, Third Edition, is a clear, readable and self-contained introduction to particle physics and related areas of cosmology. It bridges the gap between non-technical popular accounts and textbooks for advanced students. The book concentrates on presenting the subject from the modern perspective of quarks, leptons and the forces between them. This book will appeal to students, teachers and general science readers interested in fundamental ideas of modern physics. This edition brings the book completely up to date by including advances in particle physics and cosmology, such as the discovery of the Higgs boson, the LIGO gravitational wave discovery and the WMAP and PLANCK results.
Preface to the Third Edition xv
Prelude: Setting the Scene xvii
Chapter 1 The Standard Model 1(14)
1.1 The Fundamental Particles Of Matter
1(3)
1.2 The Four Fundamental Forces
4(5)
1.2.1 The Strong Force
6(1)
1.2.2 The Weak Force
7(1)
1.2.3 Exchange Particles
8(1)
1.3 The Standard Model
9(1)
1.4 The Big Bang
10(2)
1.5 Summary
12(1)
Endnotes
13(2)
Chapter 2 Relativity For Particle Physics 15(20)
2.1 Momentum
15(6)
2.2 Kinetic Energy
21(2)
2.3 Relativistic Energy
23(7)
2.3.1 Energy And Mass
24(2)
2.3.2 The Higgs Mechanism
26(1)
2.3.3 Terminology
27(1)
2.3.4 Photons
28(1)
2.3.5 Units
29(1)
2.4 Reactions And Decays
30(3)
2.4.1 Particle Reactions
31(1)
2.4.2 Particle Decays
32(1)
2.5 Summary
33(1)
Endnotes
34(1)
Chapter 3 Quantum Theory 35(40)
3.1 The Double-Slit Experiment For Electrons
36(6)
3.1.1 Results In Detail
40(2)
3.2 What Does It All Mean?
42(1)
3.3 Feynman's Picture
43(2)
3.4 Distinguishing Particles
45(4)
3.4.1 Summarizing The Rules For Combining Amplitudes
49(1)
3.5 How To Combine Amplitudes
49(3)
3.5.1 Summary Of The Rules For Combining Amplitudes
52(1)
3.6 Following Amplitudes Along Paths
52(11)
3.6.1 Building A Path Amplitude
53(1)
3.6.2 The Lagrangian In Quantum Mechanics
54(1)
3.6.3 The Lagrangian In Classical Physics
55(1)
3.6.4 Relating Classical To Quantum
56(2)
3.6.5 Summarizing
58(1)
3.6.6 Amplitudes, Energy And Momentum
58(4)
3.6.7 Energy Levels
62(1)
3.6.8 Photons And Waves
62(1)
3.7 Amplitudes, States And Uncertainties
63(5)
3.7.1 The State Vector
63(2)
3.7.2 The Collapse Of State
65(1)
3.7.3 The Uncertainty Principle
66(2)
3.8 Spin
68(3)
3.8.1 Spin And Phase
70(1)
3.8.2 Chirality
71(1)
3.9 Summary
71(1)
Endnotes
72(3)
Chapter 4 The Leptons 75(14)
4.1 A Spotter's Guide To The Leptons
75(1)
4.2 The Physical Properties Of The Leptons
76(1)
4.3 Neutrino Reactions With Matter
77(3)
4.3.1 Aspects Of The Neutrino-Neutron Reaction
79(1)
4.4 Some More Reactions Involving Neutrinos
80(1)
4.5 Weak Exchange Particles
81(6)
4.5.1 And It Was Going So Well
84(1)
4.5.2 Lepton Decays
85(2)
4.6 Summary
87(1)
Endnotes
87(2)
Chapter 5 Antimatter 89(24)
5.1 Lepton Number
89(4)
5.1.1 Lepton Number Conservation
90(1)
5.1.2 Mystery Neutrinos
91(2)
5.2 Positrons And Others
93(1)
5.3 Solar Neutrinos Again
94(11)
5.3.1 Neutrino Oscillations
96(2)
5.3.2 Neutrino Mass States
98(5)
5.3.3 States, Flavours And Generations
103(2)
5.4 Antiquarks
105(2)
5.5 The General Nature Of Antimatter
107(1)
5.6 Annihilation Reactions
108(1)
5.7 Summary
109(1)
Endnotes
110(3)
Chapter 6 Hadrons 113(12)
6.1 The Properties Of The Quarks
113(2)
6.1.1 Quantum Numbers Of Quarks
114(1)
6.2 Baryons And Mesons
115(1)
6.3 Baryon Families
116(3)
6.3.1 Higher Mass Baryons
119(1)
6.4 Meson Families
119(2)
6.5 Quantum Numbers Applied To Hadrons
121(1)
6.6 Summary
122(1)
Endnotes
123(2)
Chapter 7 Hadron Reactions 125(12)
7.1 Basic Ideas
125(1)
7.2 Basic Processes
126(5)
7.2.1 Conservation Of Energy And Momentum
127(1)
7.2.2 Conservation Of Charge
127(2)
7.2.3 Conservation Of Baryon Number
129(1)
7.2.4 Conservation Of Flavour
130(1)
7.3 Using Conservation Laws
131(1)
7.4 The Physics Of Hadron Reactions
132(3)
7.4.1 The Field Of The Strong Force
132(3)
7.5 Summary
135(1)
Endnotes
136(1)
Chapter 8 Particle Decays 137(14)
8.1 The Emission Of Light By Atoms
137(1)
8.2 Baryon Decay
137(9)
8.2.1 Electromagnetic Decays
137(2)
8.2.2 Strong Decays
139(4)
8.2.3 Weak Decays
143(1)
8.2.4 Neutron Decay
144(2)
8.3 Meson Decays
146(2)
8.4 Strangeness
148(1)
8.5 Lepton Decays
148(1)
8.6 Summary
149(1)
Endnote
149(2)
Chapter 9 The Evidence For Quarks 151(16)
9.1 The Theoretical Idea
151(1)
9.2 Two Experiments
151(4)
9.2.1 Rutherford Scattering
151(2)
9.2.2 The SLAC Experiment
153(1)
9.2.3 Deep Inelastic Scattering
153(2)
9.3 Jets
155(7)
9.3.1 Colored Quarks
158(1)
9.3.2 Colored Gluons
159(2)
9.3.3 Glueballs
161(1)
9.4 Historical Developments
162(3)
9.4.1 Decays GIM, But Not As We Know Them
162(1)
9.4.2 The November Revolution
163(1)
9.4.3 Three Generations
164(1)
9.5 Summary
165(1)
Endnotes
166(1)
Chapter 10 Experimental Techniques 167(20)
10.1 Basic Ideas
167(1)
10.2 Accelerators
168(6)
10.2.1 Lawrence's Cyclotron
168(2)
10.2.2 A Modern Synchrotron
170(2)
10.2.3 Storage Rings
172(1)
10.2.4 Linear Accelerators
172(1)
10.2.5 A List Of Significant Accelerators
173(1)
10.3 Targets
174(1)
10.3.1 Fixed Targets
174(1)
10.3.2 Colliders
174(1)
10.4 Detectors
175(6)
10.4.1 Bubble Chambers
176(1)
10.4.2 Scintillation Counters
177(1)
10.4.3 Cerenkov Detectors
177(1)
10.4.4 Multiwire Proportional Chambers
178(1)
10.4.5 Drift Chambers
179(1)
10.4.6 Silicon Detectors
180(1)
10.4.7 Calorimeters
180(1)
10.4.8 Muon Chambers
181(1)
10.5 A Case Study: Delphi
181(3)
10.6 Summary
184(1)
Endnotes
185(2)
Chapter 11 Exchange Forces 187(36)
11.1 Quantum Field Theories
187(12)
11.1.1 Amplitudes For Quantum Fields
189(2)
11.1.2 Field Theory And Lagrangians
191(2)
11.1.3 Scattering
193(1)
11.1.4 Feynman Diagrams
194(2)
11.1.5 Approximation Series
196(2)
11.1.6 The Problem Of Attraction
198(1)
11.2 Extending The Idea
199(3)
11.2.1 Quantum Chromodynamics
199(2)
11.2.2 Gauge Theory
201(1)
11.3 The Higgs Mechanism
202(4)
11.3.1 Symmetry Breaking
205(1)
11.3.2 Last Point On Electroweak Symmetry Breaking
206(1)
11.4 Mass Shell And Exchange Particles
206(2)
11.5 Perturbing Matters
208(7)
11.5.1 Getting Rid Of Λ
212(1)
11.5.2 Running Coupling Constants
212(2)
11.5.3 Be Free Quark
214(1)
11.5.4 Hadronic Mass Again
214(1)
11.6 The Vacuum
215(1)
11.7 Grand Unification
216(2)
11.7.1 Exotic Theories
217(1)
11.7.2 Final Thoughts
218(1)
11.8 Summary
218(1)
Endnotes
219(4)
Chapter 12 The Big Bang 223(26)
12.1 The Standard Model Of Cosmology
223(1)
12.2 The Evolution Of The Universe
224(1)
12.3 Observational Evidence For The Big Bang
225(8)
12.3.1 Redshift
226(2)
12.3.2 Helium Abundance
228(1)
12.3.3 The Cosmic Background Radiation
229(2)
12.3.4 Filaments And Voids
231(2)
12.4 Explaining The Evidence
233(12)
12.4.1 Redshift And The Expansion Of The Universe
234(5)
12.4.2 The Temperature Of The Universe
239(2)
12.4.3 The Early History Of The Universe
241(4)
12.5 Summary
245(1)
Endnotes
246(3)
Chapter 13 The Geometry Of Space 249(24)
13.1 General Relativity And Gravity
249(1)
13.1.1 When Is A Force Not A Force?
249(1)
13.2 Geometry
250(3)
13.2.1 Breaking The Rules
251(2)
13.3 The Geometry Of The Universe
253(9)
13.3.1 The Metric
255(2)
13.3.2 The Overall Shape Of The Universe
257(3)
13.3.3 The Energy Density Of The Universe
260(2)
13.4 The Nature Of Gravity
262(2)
13.5 Gravitational Waves
264(5)
13.5.1 The Next Steps In Gravitational Wave Research
267(2)
13.6 Quantum Gravity
269(1)
13.7 Summary
270(1)
Endnotes
271(2)
Chapter 14 Contributions To Ω 273(30)
14.1 The Recipe Fora Universe
273(1)
14.2 Baryonic Matter
273(3)
14.2.1 Helium 4
274(1)
14.2.2 Deuterium
274(1)
14.2.3 Lithium 7
274(2)
14.3 Dark Matter
276(8)
14.3.1 The Motion Of Stars In Galaxies
276(3)
14.3.2 The Motion Of Galaxies In Clusters
279(1)
14.3.3 Gravitational Lensing
280(2)
14.3.4 The Bullet Cluster
282(1)
14.3.5 The Large-Scale Structure Of The Universe
282(2)
14.3.6 Conclusions Regarding Dark Matter
284(1)
14.4 Candidates For Dark Matter
284(8)
14.4.1 Baryonic Dark Matter
284(2)
14.4.2 Exotic Forms Of Dark Matter
286(4)
14.4.3 Cold Dark Matter Candidates
290(1)
14.4.4 The Experimental Search For WIMPs
291(1)
14.5 The Return Of Λ
292(7)
14.5.1 Supernova Observations
292(1)
14.5.2 Scale And Hubble's Law
293(6)
14.6 Summary
299(1)
Endnotes
300(3)
Chapter 15 Inflation: A Cure For All Ills 303(16)
15.1 Problems With The Big Bang Theory
303(6)
15.1.1 The Flatness Problem
304(1)
15.1.2 The Horizon Problem
305(4)
15.2 Inflation
309(8)
15.2.1 When Is A Vacuum Not A Vacuum?
311(4)
15.2.2 Inflation And Λ
315(2)
15.3 Quantum Cosmology
317(1)
15.4 Summary
317(1)
Endnotes
318(1)
Chapter 16 Precision Cosmology 319(24)
16.1 Ripples In A Smooth Background
319(3)
16.2 Probing The Cosmic Background
322(8)
16.2.1 Superhorizon Fluctuations
322(2)
16.2.2 Subhorizon Fluctuations
324(1)
16.2.3 Baryon Acoustic Oscillations
325(3)
16.2.4 Galaxy Distributions
328(1)
16.2.5 Higher Order Peaks In The Power Spectrum
329(1)
16.3 The Era Of Precision Cosmology
330(1)
16.4 Galaxy Formation
331(8)
16.4.1 Dark Matter To The Rescue
333(1)
16.4.2 Making Galaxies
334(3)
16.4.3 Simulated Universes
337(2)
16.5 Mainstream Science
339(1)
16.6 Summary
340(1)
Endnotes
340(3)
Conclusion 343(4)
Appendix A 347(6)
Appendix B 353(6)
Appendix C 359(6)
Appendix D 365(2)
Index 367
Jonathan Allday has taught physics in schools for 30 years, latterly at the Royal Hospital School in the UK. After completing his Natural Sciences degree at Cambridge, he moved to Liverpool University for a PhD in particle physics, working on one of the last bubble chamber experiments at CERN. During this time, he was invited to join a group developing particle physics resources and syllabuses for examination at 16-18 level in the UK. From this work came the conviction that a book on particle physics and cosmology could be written that covered the material at a more detailed level than traditional popular accounts, yet still be accessible to those with a school-level understanding of maths and physics. Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang was the result. Dr Allday has since gone on to write a range of other books on the Apollo missions, quantum theory and textbooks for schools. He regularly contributes articles to Physics Review magazine and spent a period as co-editor of Physics Education . He lives just outside Ipswich in the UK with his wife and three children who are much sportier than he is, and one of whom is currently studying Physics at Bristol University.
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