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E-raamat: Real-Time Stability Assessment in Modern Power System Control Centers [Wiley Online]

(Energy Consulting International, Inc)
  • Formaat: 456 pages, Charts: 100 B&W, 0 Color; Tables: 12 B&W, 0 Color; Graphs: 100 B&W, 0 Color
  • Sari: IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Mar-2009
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-IEEE Press
  • ISBN-10: 470423919
  • ISBN-13: 9780470423912
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  • Hind: 157,54 €*
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Real-Time Stability Assessment in Modern Power System Control CentersSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 456 pages, Charts: 100 B&W, 0 Color; Tables: 12 B&W, 0 Color; Graphs: 100 B&W, 0 Color
  • Sari: IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Mar-2009
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-IEEE Press
  • ISBN-10: 470423919
  • ISBN-13: 9780470423912
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470423912
Savalescu (CEO, Energy Consulting International) and 30 co-contributors provide the state-of-the-art in the quickly advancing field of using online stability assessment to determine how far a given operating state is from instability. The book begins with an SCADA/EMS introduction intended to familiarize readers with real-time and study-mode data environments in modern control centers. Topics also include: an overview of key stability concepts applied for real-time operations, LIPA implementation of real-time stability monitoring in a CIM compliant environment, implementation of online dynamic security assessment at Southern Company, dynamic network security analysis in a load dispatch center, and detection and evaluation of stability-constrained transmission paths. Numerous tables, graphs, and illustrations are included. Annotation ©2009 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

This book answers the need for a practical, hands-on guide for assessing power stability in real time, rather than in offline simulations. Since the book is primarily geared toward the practical aspects of the subject, theoretical background is reduced to the strictest minimum. For the benefit of readers who may not be quite familiar with the underlying theoretical techniques, appendices describing key algorithms and theoretical issues are included at the end of the book. It is an excellent source for researchers, professionals, and advanced undergraduate and graduate students.
Preface xxi
Contributors xxvii
The Real-Time and Study-Mode Data Environment in Modern SCADA/EMS
1(22)
Sudhir Virmani
Savu C. Savulescu
Introduction
1(7)
General Background
1(1)
Anatomy of a SCADA System
2(1)
Real-Time vs. Study-Mode Processes
3(1)
Next Level of Functionality: The EMS
4(2)
The Impact of Wide-Area Monitoring Systems
6(2)
SCADA/EMS Architectures
8(5)
Conceptual Overview
8(1)
Functional Architecture
9(2)
Implementation Architecture
11(2)
Integrating Stability Applications with the SCADA/EMS
13(8)
Stability Assessment in the SCADA/EMS Context
13(2)
Data Issues
15(1)
Real-Time, Study-Mode and Planning Models
15(1)
Formal and De Facto Data Format Standards
16(1)
Data Interfaces and Quality
17(1)
User Interface and Interaction
18(1)
Performance Issues
19(2)
References
21(2)
Overview of Key Stability Concepts Applied for Real-Time Operations
23(22)
Savu C. Savulescu
Introduction
23(3)
In Search of the Stability Limits
26(2)
Background
27(1)
Are Stability Limits Quantifiable?
27(1)
Transient and Voltage Stability Limits
28(6)
Transient Stability Limits
28(2)
Voltage Stability Limits
30(3)
Need to Represent the Generators
33(1)
Impact of the Load Model
34(1)
Steady-State Stability Limits
34(4)
General Considerations
34(2)
Practical Steady-State Stability Criteria
36(1)
Distance to Instability. Security Margin
37(1)
Steady-State Stability Reserve
37(1)
Security Margin
37(1)
Concluding Remarks
38(2)
References
40(1)
Annex 1-1. Reactive Power Steady-State Stability Criterion dΔQ/dV
40(5)
LIPA Implementation of Real-Time Stability Monitoring in a CIM Compliant Environment
45(28)
Loris Arnold
Janos Hajagos
Susan M. Manessis
Anie Philip
Introduction
45(10)
LIPA Power System at a Glance
45(2)
LIPA's CIM Compliant Environment
47(1)
SCADA/EMS Overview
47(1)
CIM, UIB, and GID Concepts
48(2)
CIM-Compliant PSS/ODMS---SCADA/EMS Integration
50(1)
Background
50(1)
CIM-Compliant PSS/ODMS---XA/21 Integration
51(2)
System Planning Vision of CIM
53(2)
Static and Dynamic Security Assessment at LIPA
55(10)
Overview
55(1)
Static Security Assessment---Current Capabilities
55(1)
Thermal Security Analysis
55(1)
Voltage Security Analysis
55(1)
Static Security Assessment---Future Enhancements
56(1)
Need to Assess Voltage Stability in Real-Time
57(1)
Implementation of Real-Time Stability Assessment and Monitoring
58(1)
Key Functional Characteristics
58(3)
Integration of the Fast Stability Tool with PSS/ODMS
61(1)
User Interface and Performance
61(4)
Benchmarking the Real-Time Stability Application
65(5)
Accuracy Testing
66(1)
Approach
66(1)
Benchmarking Procedure and Results
67(2)
Tuning the Security Margin
69(1)
Background and Approach
69(1)
Security Margin for LIPA System
70(1)
Practical Experience and Outlook
70(1)
References
71(2)
Real-Time Stability Monitoring at the Independent System Operator in Bosnia and Herzegovina
73(28)
Dusko Vickovic
Roland Eichler
Introduction
73(4)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Transmission System in the Southeastern European Context
73(1)
Need to Monitor the Risk of Instability
74(2)
Overview of NOS BiH Approach to Real-Time Stability Monitoring
76(1)
Interim Implementation of Real-Time Stability Assessment at NOS BiH
77(5)
Real-Time Stability Tool
77(1)
Implementation Overview
77(1)
Experience with the Interim Implementation
78(4)
Real-Time Stability Assessment in the New SCADA/EMS Environment
82(7)
Overview of the New System
82(3)
Implementation of Real-Time Stability Monitoring
85(4)
Conclusions and Recommendations
89(1)
References
89(2)
Annex 4-1. TSL, TTC, and the Stability Envelope
91(3)
Annex 4-2. Siemens Implementation of the Continuation Power Flow
94(7)
Experience with Real-Time Stability Assessment at Transelectrica
101(28)
Horia S. Campeanu
Cornel Erbasu
Cornel Aldea
Introduction
101(6)
Overview of the Romanian Transmission System
101(3)
The SCADA/EMS
104(1)
Hierarchy and Configuration
104(1)
System Dispatching Support Applications
105(1)
Ancillary Services
105(2)
Security Assessment Philosophy and Criteria
107(6)
Steady-State Stability Assessment
108(1)
Power and Voltage Steady-State Stability Reserve Indicator
108(1)
Stability-Constrained Transmission Corridors
109(1)
Background
109(1)
Stability-Constrained Transmission Corridors in Romania
110(2)
Transient Stability Studies
112(1)
Real-Time Steady-State Stability Assessment and Monitoring
113(7)
Implementation Overview
113(1)
Needs and Justification
113(1)
Key Functional Characteristics
114(1)
Tight Integration of the Stability Tool with the SCADA/EMS
114(2)
User Interface, Performance, and Operational Experience
116(4)
Off-Line Stability Tools in Support of System Operations
120(5)
SAMI
121(1)
Application Overview
121(1)
Solution Technique Overview
121(1)
Methodology
122(1)
Mode of Execution
123(1)
Using Calculation Results Obtained with SAMI
124(1)
Other Tools
124(1)
Conclusions and Outlook
125(1)
References
126(3)
Implementation of Online Dynamic Security Assessment at Southern Company
129(26)
Kip Morison
Lei Wang
Fred Howell
James Viikinsalo
Alan Martin
Introduction
129(3)
Problem Statement
129(1)
Need for Online Dynamic Security Assessment at Southern Company
130(2)
DSA Implementation Fundamentals
132(13)
Background
132(1)
DSA Objectives, Requirements, and Project Steps
133(1)
Target Problems
133(1)
Performance Requirements
134(1)
System Reliability Requirements
135(1)
Users of the System
135(1)
Project Preparation
136(1)
State Estimator
136(1)
Network and Dynamic Models
136(1)
Other Necessary Data and Information
137(1)
Knowledge and Experience from Off-Line Studies
137(1)
Knowledgeable and Dedicated Technical Staff
138(1)
Selection of Solution Methods
138(1)
Model and Data Development
138(1)
Data Quality
139(1)
External System Equivalencing
139(1)
Data Matching
140(1)
Data Exchange
140(1)
Bad Data Detection and Correction
141(1)
Software and Hardware Architecture Specification
141(1)
Reliability
141(1)
Portability
141(1)
Scalability
141(1)
Security
142(1)
Redundancy
142(1)
Accessibility
142(1)
Data Storage and Case Archiving
142(1)
Presentation of Results
143(1)
Off-Line Study Capability
144(1)
Development and Implementation
144(1)
Testing and Delivery
145(1)
Transient Security Assessment Implementation at Southern Company
145(6)
Model Development
145(1)
Modeling the Internal System
145(1)
Modeling the External System
146(1)
Benchmarking the Results
146(1)
Preparations for Dynamic Simulation
147(1)
System Architecture
148(2)
Examples and Operation Experiences
150(1)
Future Development Plan
150(1)
Conclusions
151(1)
References
151(1)
Annex 6-1. Further Details of the DSA Software and Hardware Architecture
152(3)
Description of the Core DSA Software
152(1)
Online DSA Implementation Using DSATools
153(2)
Online Security Assessment for the Brazilian System---A Detailed Modeling Approach
155(28)
Jorge L. Jardim
Introduction
155(4)
Problem Statement
155(1)
Need for Online Dynamic Security Assessment
156(1)
Brief Description of the Brazilian System
157(1)
Operating Reliability Concerns at ONS
157(1)
Transmission Security Issues
157(1)
Underlying SCADA/EMS Architecture
158(1)
Security Criteria and Functions
159(5)
Security Criteria
159(1)
Security Functions
160(1)
Contingency Analysis at an Operating Point
160(1)
Import-Export Transfer Capacity
161(1)
Security Regions
161(3)
Preventive and Corrective Functions
164(1)
Solution Methods and Architecture
164(10)
Analytical Methods
164(1)
Steady-State Techniques
164(1)
Newton Power Flow
164(1)
Synthetic Dynamic Power Flow
165(1)
Continuation Power Flow
165(1)
Optimal Power Flow
166(1)
Numerical Integration
166(3)
Energy Functions
169(1)
Single-Machine Equivalent Methods
170(1)
Prony Analysis
171(1)
Solution Architecture
171(1)
Parallelization
171(1)
Software Layers
172(1)
Integration to SCADA/EMS
172(2)
Practical Implementation Aspects
174(2)
Bus Numbering
174(1)
Dynamic Models
174(1)
Network Size
175(1)
Contingency Set
175(1)
Quality of Real-Time Data
175(1)
Impact on Processes
176(1)
User Interface And Performance
176(4)
User Interface
176(3)
Performance
179(1)
Factors Affecting Performance
179(1)
Performance Requirements
179(1)
Concluding Remarks
180(1)
Acknowledgments
180(1)
References
180(3)
Dynamic Network Security Analysis in a Load Dispatch Center
183(36)
Guenther Beissler
Olaf Ruhle
Roland Eichler
Introduction
183(3)
Siemens Approach to Dynamic Security Assessment
186(5)
DSA Overview
186(2)
DSA Tools Available on Siemens' SCADA/EMS Platform
188(3)
Case Studies: Challenges, Implementation Approach, and Solution Features
191(21)
National Control Center in Kuwait
191(1)
Kuwait Power System
191(1)
Kuwait Control Center Architecture and Tasks
191(1)
The SCADA/EMS
192(1)
Operational Problem
192(2)
Solution Architecture
194(1)
Implementation
195(1)
Data Export for Stability Calculations
196(2)
User Interface for Real-Time Stability Checks
198(2)
User Interface for Planning Calculations
200(1)
National Dispatching System of ONE in Morocco
200(1)
Morocco Power System
200(1)
The SCADA/EMS
201(2)
Solution Architecture
203(1)
Implementation
203(4)
UCTE Study---The European Interconnected System
207(5)
References
212(1)
Annex 8-1. Further Dynamic Simulation Capabilities
213(6)
Time Frame for Dynamic Simulations
213(1)
Simulation in the Frequency Domain
213(1)
Eigenvalue and Modal Analysis
214(5)
Real-Time Transient Security Assessment in Australia at NEMMCO
219(30)
Stephen J. Boroczky
Introduction
219(5)
Overview of the Power System under NEMMCO's Oversight
219(2)
Key Operational Reliability Requirements
221(1)
General Description of Security Analysis at NEMMCO
221(1)
Static Security
221(1)
Voltage Security
222(1)
Transient Security
222(1)
Small-Signal Security
223(1)
Frequency Security
223(1)
Transient Security Assessment at NEMMCO
224(14)
SCADA/EMS Environment Overview
224(2)
Online DSA System Architecture
226(3)
SCADA/EMS Application Interface
229(3)
Node-to-Bus Network Model Conversion---OPDMS
232(2)
DSA Server Control Program
234(1)
PSS/E Simulation Engine
235(1)
Measure of Stability
236(1)
Other Features
237(1)
Performance and Reliability
238(4)
DSA Performance Issues
238(1)
DSA Reliability Issues
239(1)
Dynamic Model Robustness
240(1)
State Estimator Solution
241(1)
Telemetry
241(1)
Network Model Conversion
241(1)
SCADA/EMS Model Issues
242(1)
Experience, Benefits, and Outlook
242(5)
Operational Experience
242(3)
Relays and Special Protection System Modeling
245(1)
Proven Benefits
246(1)
Planned Enhancements
246(1)
References
247(2)
Online Voltage Security Assessment in the Hellenic Interconnected System
249(30)
Costas Vournas
George Christoforidis
Thierry Van Cutsem
Introduction
249(2)
Voltage Stability
249(1)
Voltage Security Assessment
250(1)
The Control Center of HTSO
251(2)
The Hellenic Interconnected System
251(1)
The Energy Management System
251(2)
Online VSA in the Hellenic System
253(11)
Application of Online VSA
253(1)
Implementation Aspects
254(2)
Description of Online VSA Results
256(1)
Secure Operation Limits
257(1)
Voltage Profiles
258(1)
Voltage Evolutions
258(3)
Regional and National P-V Curves
261(1)
Assessment of Transmission System Upgrades using VSA in Study Mode
262(2)
Use of Online VSA For Arming Load-Shedding Protection
264(7)
Security Assessment and System Protection Schemes
264(3)
Event-Based SPS in the Hellenic System
267(1)
Considered Contingencies
267(1)
Example of SPS Design in Attica
267(2)
Design of SPS in the Peloponnese
269(1)
Arming SPS through Online VSA
270(1)
Conclusion
271(1)
References
271(2)
Annex 10-1. Quasi-Steady-State Simulation
273(6)
Principle of the QSS Approximation
273(1)
Handling of Frequency in QSS Simulation
274(1)
QSS Model of the Synchronous Machine and its Regulations
275(1)
Numerical Integration of the QSS Model
275(4)
The Real-Time Supervision of Transmission Capacity in the Swedish Grid
279(28)
Lars Sandberg
Klas Rouden
Introduction
279(7)
Swedish Power System in the Context of the Nordel Interconnection
279(2)
Operational Characteristics of the Transmission Grid
281(1)
Physical Phenomena Caused by Topology, Pattern of MW Transfers, and Insufficient Reactive Compensation
281(1)
Concepts and Principles for Power System Control in Sweden
281(1)
Transmission Bottlenecks
281(2)
Primary and Secondary Voltage Control
283(1)
Primary and Secondary Frequency Control
283(1)
Tap Changing Under Load and Automatic Voltage Regulation
283(1)
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
284(1)
The Deregulated Nordel Electricity Market
285(1)
Prior and Current Application Development at SVK
286(5)
Earlier Methods for Computing the Transmission Capacity
286(1)
State Estimation and Generator Reactive Capacity
287(1)
Spica---The SvK Voltage Security Assessment System
288(1)
Operational and User Interface Requirements
288(2)
Integration and Performance Requirements
290(1)
Voltage Security Assessment with SPICA
291(11)
The Load-Flow Model
291(1)
Network Modeling
292(1)
Modeling the Primary Frequency Regulation
292(1)
External Network Equivalents
292(1)
Calculations Performed by Spica
292(1)
Procedure Overview
292(1)
A Job in Spica
293(1)
Contingency Calculations in Spica
294(1)
Solution Technique
294(1)
Identifying the State of Voltage Collapse
294(2)
Network Equations
296(1)
Calculation Results
297(2)
Working with Spica
299(2)
Limitations Implicit in Static Calculations
301(1)
Benefiting from the Knowledge of the Current Transmission Capacity
302(1)
Additional SPICA Functionality
303(1)
Summary
304(3)
Current and Future Enhancements
304(1)
Conclusions
304(3)
Appendix A Dimo's Approach to Steady-State Stability Assessment: Methodology Overview, Numerical Example, and Algorithm Validation
307(46)
Roberto D. Molina Mylius
Martin Cassano
Savu C. Savulescu
Methodology Overview
307(13)
Steady-State Stability Revisited
307(1)
Dimo's Approach to Steady-State Stability Assessment
308(1)
Short-Circuit Currents Transformation
309(3)
Zero Power Balance Network
312(2)
Simplified Representation of Generators
314(1)
Background
314(1)
Generator Modeling for the Computation of SSSL
314(3)
Reactive Power Steady-State Stability Criterion dΔQ/dV
317(1)
Case-Worsening Procedure---Distance to Instability
318(1)
Validating the Methodology
319(1)
Numerical Example---Independent Testing of Algorithm Implementation
320(15)
Six-Bus Network Used for Numerical Testing
320(2)
Calculation Procedure
322(1)
Adding the Internal Generator Buses and the Zero Power Balance Network
322(2)
The REI Net
324(4)
Computation of dΔQ/dV
328(1)
Manual Calculation of dΔQ/dV with Dimo's Formula
329(1)
Manual Calculation of dΔQ/dV with the Exact Formula
330(1)
Computer Calculation of dΔQ/dV
331(1)
Case-Worsening---Computer Calculation of SSSL
331(1)
Further Analysis of the Reduced Network
332(3)
Benchmarking the Methodology
335(14)
Validating the SSSL Computed with Dimo's Method
335(1)
Approach
335(1)
Building the Model
336(4)
Maximum Power Transfer Limit---Stressing the System
340(4)
The P-V Curve
344(1)
Physical Interpretation of the Reactive Power Steady-State Stability Criterion dΔQ/dV---The ΔQ-V Curve
344(5)
Conclusions
349(1)
References
350(3)
Appendix B SIME: A Comprehensive Approach to Transient Stability
353(48)
Mania Pavella
Daniel Ruiz-Vega
Mevludin Glavic
Introduction
353(1)
Basic Formulation
354(7)
Fundamentals
354(3)
Salient Parameters and Properties
357(4)
Preventive SIME
361(21)
Transient Stability Analysis
361(1)
Critical Clearing Time Calculation
362(2)
OMIB Representations of System Dynamics
364(1)
Contingency Filtering, Ranking, and Assessment (FILTRA)
365(1)
Near-Optimal Transient Stability Control
365(1)
Preventive Contingency Stabilization
366(1)
Single-Contingency Stabilization
366(1)
Generation Rescheduling Patterns
367(1)
Illustrations and Observations
368(1)
Multicontingency Simultaneous Stabilization
369(1)
OPF for Near-Optimal Transient-Stability Control
370(1)
Transient-Stability-Constrained (TSC) OPF Techniques
370(1)
SIME-Based Sequential Approach
370(1)
Integrated TSC-OPF Software
371(2)
Open-Loop Emergency Control (OLEC)
373(1)
OLEC Scope and Principle
373(1)
Illustration
374(1)
Transient Oscillations Damping Assessment and Control
375(1)
Oscillations Damping Assessment
376(1)
Oscillations Damping Control
377(1)
Integrated Damping Assessment and Control Function
377(1)
Illustrations
377(1)
Plant Mode Oscillations Damping Assessment and Control
377(2)
Interarea Oscillation Damping Assessment and Control
379(3)
Emergency SIME
382(12)
Emergency SIME in Brief
382(2)
Objectives
384(1)
Key Predictions
384(1)
Main Tasks
384(1)
Technological Means
384(1)
Predictive Transient Stability Assessment
385(1)
Predicting the OMIB Structure
385(1)
Predicting the Pa - δ Curve
385(1)
Predicting Instability
386(1)
Validity Test
386(1)
Emergency Control
387(1)
E-SIME Framework
388(1)
Illustration
388(4)
Discussion
392(1)
Salient Features
392(1)
Still Open Questions
392(1)
Concluding Remarks
392(2)
Postface
394(3)
Preventive SIME
395(1)
Advantages Specific to T-D Programs
395(1)
Advantages Specific to the Equal-Area Criterion (EAC)
395(1)
Advantages Resulting from the Hybridization of T-D Simulations with EAC
395(1)
Emergency SIME
396(1)
References
397(2)
Notation
399(1)
Abbreviations and Acronyms
399(2)
Appendix C Detection and Evaluation of Stability Constrained Transmission Paths
401(14)
Marius Pomarleanu
Savu C. Savulescu
Introduction
401(1)
Approach
402(10)
Background
402(1)
Steady-State Stability at a Glance
403(2)
Stability Reserve of the Link
405(1)
Algorithm
406(4)
Topological Search of All the Links in a Network
410(1)
Detection of Stability-Constrained Links
411(1)
Remedial Action
411(1)
User Defined Links
412(1)
Conclusions
412(1)
References
412(3)
Index 415
Savu C. Savulescu, PhD, has more than thirty years of experience in computer engineering, utility operations, planning, and control. Currently CEO of Energy Consulting International, Inc., he has worked predominantly in the design and implementation of utility information systems, such as SCADA/EMS, and developed stability assessment software that is being used in real-time and off-line in the U.S., Europe, Latin America, and Asia. Dr. Savulescu has taught electric power systems and computer sciences at major universities in Belgium, Brazil, and the U.S.
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