Preface |
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xxi | |
Contributors |
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xxvii | |
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The Real-Time and Study-Mode Data Environment in Modern SCADA/EMS |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (7) |
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1 | (1) |
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Anatomy of a SCADA System |
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2 | (1) |
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Real-Time vs. Study-Mode Processes |
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3 | (1) |
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Next Level of Functionality: The EMS |
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4 | (2) |
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The Impact of Wide-Area Monitoring Systems |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (5) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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Implementation Architecture |
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11 | (2) |
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Integrating Stability Applications with the SCADA/EMS |
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13 | (8) |
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Stability Assessment in the SCADA/EMS Context |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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Real-Time, Study-Mode and Planning Models |
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15 | (1) |
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Formal and De Facto Data Format Standards |
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16 | (1) |
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Data Interfaces and Quality |
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17 | (1) |
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User Interface and Interaction |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (2) |
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Overview of Key Stability Concepts Applied for Real-Time Operations |
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23 | (22) |
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23 | (3) |
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In Search of the Stability Limits |
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26 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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Are Stability Limits Quantifiable? |
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27 | (1) |
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Transient and Voltage Stability Limits |
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28 | (6) |
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Transient Stability Limits |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (3) |
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Need to Represent the Generators |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Steady-State Stability Limits |
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34 | (4) |
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34 | (2) |
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Practical Steady-State Stability Criteria |
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36 | (1) |
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Distance to Instability. Security Margin |
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37 | (1) |
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Steady-State Stability Reserve |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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Annex 1-1. Reactive Power Steady-State Stability Criterion dΔQ/dV |
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40 | (5) |
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LIPA Implementation of Real-Time Stability Monitoring in a CIM Compliant Environment |
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45 | (28) |
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45 | (10) |
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LIPA Power System at a Glance |
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45 | (2) |
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LIPA's CIM Compliant Environment |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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CIM, UIB, and GID Concepts |
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48 | (2) |
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CIM-Compliant PSS/ODMS---SCADA/EMS Integration |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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CIM-Compliant PSS/ODMS---XA/21 Integration |
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51 | (2) |
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System Planning Vision of CIM |
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53 | (2) |
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Static and Dynamic Security Assessment at LIPA |
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55 | (10) |
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55 | (1) |
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Static Security Assessment---Current Capabilities |
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55 | (1) |
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Thermal Security Analysis |
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55 | (1) |
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Voltage Security Analysis |
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55 | (1) |
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Static Security Assessment---Future Enhancements |
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56 | (1) |
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Need to Assess Voltage Stability in Real-Time |
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57 | (1) |
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Implementation of Real-Time Stability Assessment and Monitoring |
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58 | (1) |
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Key Functional Characteristics |
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58 | (3) |
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Integration of the Fast Stability Tool with PSS/ODMS |
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61 | (1) |
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User Interface and Performance |
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61 | (4) |
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Benchmarking the Real-Time Stability Application |
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65 | (5) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Benchmarking Procedure and Results |
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67 | (2) |
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Tuning the Security Margin |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Security Margin for LIPA System |
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70 | (1) |
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Practical Experience and Outlook |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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Real-Time Stability Monitoring at the Independent System Operator in Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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73 | (28) |
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73 | (4) |
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Bosnia and Herzegovina Transmission System in the Southeastern European Context |
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73 | (1) |
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Need to Monitor the Risk of Instability |
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74 | (2) |
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Overview of NOS BiH Approach to Real-Time Stability Monitoring |
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76 | (1) |
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Interim Implementation of Real-Time Stability Assessment at NOS BiH |
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77 | (5) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Experience with the Interim Implementation |
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78 | (4) |
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Real-Time Stability Assessment in the New SCADA/EMS Environment |
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82 | (7) |
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Overview of the New System |
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82 | (3) |
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Implementation of Real-Time Stability Monitoring |
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85 | (4) |
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Conclusions and Recommendations |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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Annex 4-1. TSL, TTC, and the Stability Envelope |
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91 | (3) |
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Annex 4-2. Siemens Implementation of the Continuation Power Flow |
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94 | (7) |
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Experience with Real-Time Stability Assessment at Transelectrica |
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101 | (28) |
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101 | (6) |
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Overview of the Romanian Transmission System |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (1) |
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Hierarchy and Configuration |
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104 | (1) |
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System Dispatching Support Applications |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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Security Assessment Philosophy and Criteria |
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107 | (6) |
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Steady-State Stability Assessment |
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108 | (1) |
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Power and Voltage Steady-State Stability Reserve Indicator |
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108 | (1) |
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Stability-Constrained Transmission Corridors |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Stability-Constrained Transmission Corridors in Romania |
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110 | (2) |
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Transient Stability Studies |
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112 | (1) |
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Real-Time Steady-State Stability Assessment and Monitoring |
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113 | (7) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Key Functional Characteristics |
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114 | (1) |
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Tight Integration of the Stability Tool with the SCADA/EMS |
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114 | (2) |
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User Interface, Performance, and Operational Experience |
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116 | (4) |
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Off-Line Stability Tools in Support of System Operations |
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120 | (5) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Solution Technique Overview |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Using Calculation Results Obtained with SAMI |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (3) |
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Implementation of Online Dynamic Security Assessment at Southern Company |
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129 | (26) |
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129 | (3) |
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129 | (1) |
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Need for Online Dynamic Security Assessment at Southern Company |
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130 | (2) |
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DSA Implementation Fundamentals |
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132 | (13) |
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132 | (1) |
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DSA Objectives, Requirements, and Project Steps |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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System Reliability Requirements |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Network and Dynamic Models |
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136 | (1) |
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Other Necessary Data and Information |
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137 | (1) |
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Knowledge and Experience from Off-Line Studies |
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137 | (1) |
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Knowledgeable and Dedicated Technical Staff |
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138 | (1) |
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Selection of Solution Methods |
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138 | (1) |
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Model and Data Development |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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External System Equivalencing |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Bad Data Detection and Correction |
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141 | (1) |
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Software and Hardware Architecture Specification |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Data Storage and Case Archiving |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Off-Line Study Capability |
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144 | (1) |
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Development and Implementation |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Transient Security Assessment Implementation at Southern Company |
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145 | (6) |
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145 | (1) |
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Modeling the Internal System |
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145 | (1) |
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Modeling the External System |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Preparations for Dynamic Simulation |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (2) |
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Examples and Operation Experiences |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Annex 6-1. Further Details of the DSA Software and Hardware Architecture |
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152 | (3) |
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Description of the Core DSA Software |
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152 | (1) |
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Online DSA Implementation Using DSATools |
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153 | (2) |
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Online Security Assessment for the Brazilian System---A Detailed Modeling Approach |
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155 | (28) |
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155 | (4) |
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155 | (1) |
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Need for Online Dynamic Security Assessment |
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156 | (1) |
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Brief Description of the Brazilian System |
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157 | (1) |
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Operating Reliability Concerns at ONS |
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157 | (1) |
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Transmission Security Issues |
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157 | (1) |
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Underlying SCADA/EMS Architecture |
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158 | (1) |
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Security Criteria and Functions |
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159 | (5) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Contingency Analysis at an Operating Point |
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160 | (1) |
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Import-Export Transfer Capacity |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (3) |
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Preventive and Corrective Functions |
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164 | (1) |
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Solution Methods and Architecture |
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164 | (10) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Synthetic Dynamic Power Flow |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (3) |
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169 | (1) |
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Single-Machine Equivalent Methods |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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Practical Implementation Aspects |
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174 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Quality of Real-Time Data |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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User Interface And Performance |
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176 | (4) |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Performance |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
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Dynamic Network Security Analysis in a Load Dispatch Center |
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183 | (36) |
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183 | (3) |
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Siemens Approach to Dynamic Security Assessment |
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186 | (5) |
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186 | (2) |
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DSA Tools Available on Siemens' SCADA/EMS Platform |
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188 | (3) |
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Case Studies: Challenges, Implementation Approach, and Solution Features |
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191 | (21) |
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National Control Center in Kuwait |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Kuwait Control Center Architecture and Tasks |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Data Export for Stability Calculations |
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196 | (2) |
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User Interface for Real-Time Stability Checks |
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198 | (2) |
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User Interface for Planning Calculations |
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200 | (1) |
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National Dispatching System of ONE in Morocco |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (4) |
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UCTE Study---The European Interconnected System |
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207 | (5) |
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212 | (1) |
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Annex 8-1. Further Dynamic Simulation Capabilities |
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213 | (6) |
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Time Frame for Dynamic Simulations |
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213 | (1) |
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Simulation in the Frequency Domain |
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213 | (1) |
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Eigenvalue and Modal Analysis |
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214 | (5) |
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Real-Time Transient Security Assessment in Australia at NEMMCO |
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219 | (30) |
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219 | (5) |
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Overview of the Power System under NEMMCO's Oversight |
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219 | (2) |
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Key Operational Reliability Requirements |
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221 | (1) |
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General Description of Security Analysis at NEMMCO |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Transient Security Assessment at NEMMCO |
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224 | (14) |
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SCADA/EMS Environment Overview |
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224 | (2) |
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Online DSA System Architecture |
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226 | (3) |
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SCADA/EMS Application Interface |
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229 | (3) |
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Node-to-Bus Network Model Conversion---OPDMS |
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232 | (2) |
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DSA Server Control Program |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Performance and Reliability |
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238 | (4) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Experience, Benefits, and Outlook |
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242 | (5) |
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242 | (3) |
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Relays and Special Protection System Modeling |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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Online Voltage Security Assessment in the Hellenic Interconnected System |
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249 | (30) |
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249 | (2) |
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249 | (1) |
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Voltage Security Assessment |
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250 | (1) |
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The Control Center of HTSO |
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251 | (2) |
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The Hellenic Interconnected System |
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251 | (1) |
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The Energy Management System |
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251 | (2) |
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Online VSA in the Hellenic System |
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253 | (11) |
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Application of Online VSA |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (2) |
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Description of Online VSA Results |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (3) |
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Regional and National P-V Curves |
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261 | (1) |
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Assessment of Transmission System Upgrades using VSA in Study Mode |
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262 | (2) |
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Use of Online VSA For Arming Load-Shedding Protection |
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264 | (7) |
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Security Assessment and System Protection Schemes |
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264 | (3) |
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Event-Based SPS in the Hellenic System |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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Example of SPS Design in Attica |
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267 | (2) |
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Design of SPS in the Peloponnese |
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269 | (1) |
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Arming SPS through Online VSA |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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Annex 10-1. Quasi-Steady-State Simulation |
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273 | (6) |
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Principle of the QSS Approximation |
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273 | (1) |
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Handling of Frequency in QSS Simulation |
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274 | (1) |
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QSS Model of the Synchronous Machine and its Regulations |
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275 | (1) |
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Numerical Integration of the QSS Model |
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275 | (4) |
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The Real-Time Supervision of Transmission Capacity in the Swedish Grid |
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279 | (28) |
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279 | (7) |
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Swedish Power System in the Context of the Nordel Interconnection |
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279 | (2) |
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Operational Characteristics of the Transmission Grid |
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281 | (1) |
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Physical Phenomena Caused by Topology, Pattern of MW Transfers, and Insufficient Reactive Compensation |
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281 | (1) |
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Concepts and Principles for Power System Control in Sweden |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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Primary and Secondary Voltage Control |
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283 | (1) |
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Primary and Secondary Frequency Control |
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283 | (1) |
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Tap Changing Under Load and Automatic Voltage Regulation |
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283 | (1) |
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Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition |
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284 | (1) |
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The Deregulated Nordel Electricity Market |
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285 | (1) |
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Prior and Current Application Development at SVK |
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286 | (5) |
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Earlier Methods for Computing the Transmission Capacity |
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286 | (1) |
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State Estimation and Generator Reactive Capacity |
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287 | (1) |
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Spica---The SvK Voltage Security Assessment System |
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288 | (1) |
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Operational and User Interface Requirements |
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288 | (2) |
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Integration and Performance Requirements |
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290 | (1) |
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Voltage Security Assessment with SPICA |
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291 | (11) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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Modeling the Primary Frequency Regulation |
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292 | (1) |
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External Network Equivalents |
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292 | (1) |
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Calculations Performed by Spica |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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Contingency Calculations in Spica |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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Identifying the State of Voltage Collapse |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (2) |
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Limitations Implicit in Static Calculations |
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301 | (1) |
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Benefiting from the Knowledge of the Current Transmission Capacity |
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302 | (1) |
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Additional SPICA Functionality |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (3) |
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Current and Future Enhancements |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (3) |
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Appendix A Dimo's Approach to Steady-State Stability Assessment: Methodology Overview, Numerical Example, and Algorithm Validation |
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307 | (46) |
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307 | (13) |
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Steady-State Stability Revisited |
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307 | (1) |
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Dimo's Approach to Steady-State Stability Assessment |
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308 | (1) |
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Short-Circuit Currents Transformation |
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309 | (3) |
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Zero Power Balance Network |
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312 | (2) |
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Simplified Representation of Generators |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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Generator Modeling for the Computation of SSSL |
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314 | (3) |
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Reactive Power Steady-State Stability Criterion dΔQ/dV |
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317 | (1) |
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Case-Worsening Procedure---Distance to Instability |
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318 | (1) |
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Validating the Methodology |
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319 | (1) |
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Numerical Example---Independent Testing of Algorithm Implementation |
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320 | (15) |
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Six-Bus Network Used for Numerical Testing |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (1) |
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Adding the Internal Generator Buses and the Zero Power Balance Network |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (4) |
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328 | (1) |
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Manual Calculation of dΔQ/dV with Dimo's Formula |
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329 | (1) |
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Manual Calculation of dΔQ/dV with the Exact Formula |
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330 | (1) |
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Computer Calculation of dΔQ/dV |
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331 | (1) |
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Case-Worsening---Computer Calculation of SSSL |
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331 | (1) |
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Further Analysis of the Reduced Network |
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332 | (3) |
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Benchmarking the Methodology |
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335 | (14) |
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Validating the SSSL Computed with Dimo's Method |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (4) |
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Maximum Power Transfer Limit---Stressing the System |
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340 | (4) |
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344 | (1) |
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Physical Interpretation of the Reactive Power Steady-State Stability Criterion dΔQ/dV---The ΔQ-V Curve |
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344 | (5) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (3) |
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Appendix B SIME: A Comprehensive Approach to Transient Stability |
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353 | (48) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (7) |
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354 | (3) |
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Salient Parameters and Properties |
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357 | (4) |
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361 | (21) |
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Transient Stability Analysis |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Critical Clearing Time Calculation |
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362 | (2) |
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OMIB Representations of System Dynamics |
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364 | (1) |
|
Contingency Filtering, Ranking, and Assessment (FILTRA) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Near-Optimal Transient Stability Control |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Preventive Contingency Stabilization |
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366 | (1) |
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Single-Contingency Stabilization |
|
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366 | (1) |
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Generation Rescheduling Patterns |
|
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367 | (1) |
|
Illustrations and Observations |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Multicontingency Simultaneous Stabilization |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
OPF for Near-Optimal Transient-Stability Control |
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370 | (1) |
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Transient-Stability-Constrained (TSC) OPF Techniques |
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370 | (1) |
|
SIME-Based Sequential Approach |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Integrated TSC-OPF Software |
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|
371 | (2) |
|
Open-Loop Emergency Control (OLEC) |
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|
373 | (1) |
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|
373 | (1) |
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|
374 | (1) |
|
Transient Oscillations Damping Assessment and Control |
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|
375 | (1) |
|
Oscillations Damping Assessment |
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376 | (1) |
|
Oscillations Damping Control |
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|
377 | (1) |
|
Integrated Damping Assessment and Control Function |
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377 | (1) |
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|
377 | (1) |
|
Plant Mode Oscillations Damping Assessment and Control |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
Interarea Oscillation Damping Assessment and Control |
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|
379 | (3) |
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382 | (12) |
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|
382 | (2) |
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|
384 | (1) |
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|
384 | (1) |
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|
384 | (1) |
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|
384 | (1) |
|
Predictive Transient Stability Assessment |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Predicting the OMIB Structure |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Predicting the Pa - δ Curve |
|
|
385 | (1) |
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|
386 | (1) |
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|
386 | (1) |
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|
387 | (1) |
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|
388 | (1) |
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|
388 | (4) |
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|
392 | (1) |
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|
392 | (1) |
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|
392 | (1) |
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|
392 | (2) |
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|
394 | (3) |
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|
395 | (1) |
|
Advantages Specific to T-D Programs |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Advantages Specific to the Equal-Area Criterion (EAC) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Advantages Resulting from the Hybridization of T-D Simulations with EAC |
|
|
395 | (1) |
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|
396 | (1) |
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|
397 | (2) |
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|
399 | (1) |
|
Abbreviations and Acronyms |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
Appendix C Detection and Evaluation of Stability Constrained Transmission Paths |
|
|
401 | (14) |
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|
|
401 | (1) |
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|
402 | (10) |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Steady-State Stability at a Glance |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
Stability Reserve of the Link |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (4) |
|
Topological Search of All the Links in a Network |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Detection of Stability-Constrained Links |
|
|
411 | (1) |
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|
411 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (3) |
Index |
|
415 | |