| Preface |
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xi | |
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xiii | |
| Glossary and Acronyms |
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xv | |
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1 | (16) |
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1 Introduction and Historical Perspective |
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3 | (14) |
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1.1 A Brief History of Jets |
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3 | (4) |
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1.1.1 Synchrotron Emission as the Primary Process for Continuum Radio Sources |
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4 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Occurrence/Ubiquity of Radio Jets |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Origin of the Notion that SMBHs Reside in All Galactic Nuclei |
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6 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Working Out of Relativistic Effects |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2 Jets at Optical, UV, X-Rays and γ-Rays |
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7 | (3) |
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1.2.1 HST Optical/UV Jets |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.3 The Role of Simulations |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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1.5 Some Things (We Think) We Know, and Some (We Know) We Don't |
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14 | (3) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (98) |
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2 Special Relativity of Jets |
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19 | (20) |
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2.1 Space-Time, Four-Vectors, and Lorentz Invariance |
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19 | (6) |
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2.1.1 Interaction Thresholds |
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22 | (3) |
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2.2 Lorentz Transformations |
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25 | (7) |
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2.3 Relativistic Jet Diagnostics |
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32 | (7) |
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2.3.1 Size Constraint from Variability |
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32 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Superluminal Motion |
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33 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Lorentz Factor and Viewing Angle Estimates |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (42) |
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3.1 Radiative Transfer: Definitions |
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39 | (4) |
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3.1.1 Radiative Flux, Intensity, Energy Density |
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40 | (1) |
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3.1.2 The Radiative Transfer Equation |
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41 | (2) |
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3.2 Nonthermal Emission Processes |
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43 | (32) |
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3.2.1 Synchrotron Radiation |
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44 | (5) |
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49 | (10) |
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3.2.3 γγ Absorption and Pair Production |
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59 | (6) |
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3.2.4 γ-Hadron Interactions |
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65 | (10) |
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3.3 Electromagnetic Cascades |
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75 | (6) |
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79 | (2) |
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4 Central Engines: Acceleration, Collimation and Confinement of Jets |
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81 | (34) |
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81 | (9) |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (3) |
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4.1.3 The Eddington Limit |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (13) |
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90 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Powering Magnetic Winds and Jets |
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92 | (4) |
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4.2.3 The Blandford-Znajek Mechanism |
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96 | (7) |
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4.3 Confinement, Collimation, and Acceleration of Jets |
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103 | (12) |
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4.3.1 Acceleration in Supersonic Regime |
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104 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Acceleration and Differential Collimation |
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105 | (6) |
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4.3.3 Jets and Magnetic Towers |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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115 | (130) |
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5 Observational Details: Radio |
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117 | (36) |
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5.1 Overall Structures of Radio Sources |
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117 | (4) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (14) |
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121 | (4) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (3) |
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5.2.6 Statistical Studies of Compact Jets with VLBI |
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133 | (2) |
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5.2.7 Spine-Sheath Configuration |
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135 | (1) |
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5.3 Kiloparsec-Scale Jets |
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135 | (5) |
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5.3.1 Correlations with Extended Structure and Luminosity |
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135 | (1) |
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5.3.2 The Two Jet "Flavors" |
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136 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Internal Structures of Kiloparsec-Scale Radio Jets |
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137 | (3) |
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5.3.4 Jet Bending on Kiloparsec Scales |
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140 | (1) |
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5.4 Modeling Jet Kinematics from Radio Data |
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140 | (8) |
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5.4.1 Intensity Asymmetry Modeling: Velocity-Angle Degeneracy |
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141 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Polarization Asymmetry Modeling: Resolving the Degeneracy |
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141 | (3) |
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5.4.3 Velocity Fields in Weak-Flavor Jets |
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144 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Magnetic Field Evolution in Weak-Flavor Jets |
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145 | (1) |
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5.4.5 Emissivity Evolution in Weak-Flavor Jets |
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146 | (1) |
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5.4.6 Mass, Momentum and Energy Fluxes |
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146 | (1) |
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5.4.7 Comparisons with Strong-Flavor Jets |
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147 | (1) |
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5.5 Backflow in Bilobed FRI Sources? |
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148 | (5) |
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149 | (4) |
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6 Optical, Infrared and UV Observations |
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153 | (32) |
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6.1 A Historical Perspective |
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153 | (3) |
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6.2 Studies of Sample Properties |
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156 | (3) |
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6.3 Source Morphologies, Superluminal Motion and Variability |
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159 | (7) |
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6.4 Optical and Broadband Spectra |
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166 | (7) |
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173 | (8) |
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181 | (4) |
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182 | (3) |
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7 Observational Details: X-Rays |
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185 | (30) |
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185 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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7.1.2 The Chandra X-Ray Observatory |
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186 | (1) |
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7.2 X-Ray Jets at Higher Luminosities |
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187 | (9) |
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7.2.1 The First Chandra Jet |
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187 | (3) |
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7.2.2 A "New" Model: IC on the Cosmic Microwave Background Photons |
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190 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Challenges for the IC/CMB Model |
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192 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Alternative Scenarios to the IC/CMB |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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7.3 X-Ray Jets at Lower Luminosities |
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196 | (5) |
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7.3.1 Morphologies and Emission Process |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (4) |
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7.4 X-Ray Jets at Intermediate Luminosities |
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201 | (2) |
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7.4.1 Detection of X-Ray Jets in BL Lacs |
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201 | (2) |
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7.5 X-Ray Emission Processes |
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203 | (5) |
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7.5.1 Challenges for Synchrotron Models |
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204 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Estimating Synchrotron Parameters |
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204 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Synchrotron Self-Compton Emission |
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205 | (1) |
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7.5.4 IC Emission from Photons Originating in Other Components |
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206 | (1) |
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7.5.5 IC/CMB Emission from Jets with Large Γ |
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206 | (1) |
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7.5.6 Estimating IC/CMB Parameters |
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207 | (1) |
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7.6 Summary, Conclusions, Future Work |
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208 | (7) |
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7.6.1 The Nature of Offsets and Spectral Progressions |
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209 | (1) |
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7.6.2 The Nature of Knots |
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209 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Future Possibilities |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (4) |
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8 Unresolved Emission from the Core: Observations and Models |
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215 | (30) |
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215 | (1) |
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8.2 Emission from Various Nonjet Components |
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216 | (2) |
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8.3 Emission from the Inner Jet |
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218 | (21) |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (14) |
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8.3.3 Blazar Multiwavelength Observations |
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234 | (5) |
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8.4 Conclusions and Outlook |
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239 | (6) |
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240 | (5) |
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Part Four Particle Acceleration in Turbulent Magnetohydrodynamic Shocks |
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245 | (156) |
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9 Particle Acceleration in Turbulent Magnetohydrodynamic Shocks |
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247 | (50) |
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247 | (1) |
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9.2 Electromagnetic Turbulence in Jet Shocks |
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248 | (2) |
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9.3 Structure of Relativistic Shocks |
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250 | (18) |
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9.3.1 Relativistic Thermal Gases |
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253 | (3) |
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9.3.2 Hydrodynamic Jump Conditions |
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256 | (4) |
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9.3.3 MHD Rankine-Hugoniot Conditions |
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260 | (8) |
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9.4 The Character of Diffusive Acceleration in Relativistic Shocks |
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268 | (22) |
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9.4.1 The Principle of the Fermi Mechanism |
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269 | (3) |
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9.4.2 Diffusive Acceleration in Parallel, Relativistic Shocks |
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272 | (5) |
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9.4.3 Diffusive Acceleration in Oblique, Relativistic Shocks |
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277 | (5) |
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9.4.4 Shock Drift Acceleration |
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282 | (2) |
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9.4.5 Acceleration Time Scales |
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284 | (4) |
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9.4.6 Nonlinear Acceleration Effects |
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288 | (2) |
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9.5 Acceleration by Magnetic Reconnection |
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290 | (1) |
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9.6 Outstanding Questions |
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291 | (6) |
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293 | (4) |
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10 Simulations of Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei and Gamma-Ray Bursts |
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297 | (44) |
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298 | (2) |
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10.2 Numerical Algorithms |
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300 | (3) |
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10.2.1 Specific Numerical Methods for MHD |
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301 | (2) |
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10.3 Basic Numerical Modeling |
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303 | (18) |
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304 | (4) |
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10.3.2 Nonlinear Jet Dynamics |
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308 | (9) |
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317 | (4) |
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10.4 Numerics Confront Observations: Emission from Synthetic Jets |
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321 | (10) |
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10.4.1 Radiative Processes and Relativistic Effects |
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321 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Classification of Algorithms for Computing the Jet Emission |
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322 | (3) |
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325 | (6) |
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331 | (10) |
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332 | (9) |
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11 Jet Structure, Collimation and Stability: Recent Results from Analytical Models and Simulations |
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341 | (28) |
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11.1 Exact Models for Collimated Jets |
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341 | (10) |
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11.1.1 Concepts for Curved Space-Time |
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342 | (1) |
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11.1.2 General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics |
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343 | (1) |
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11.1.3 3 + 1 for Schwarzschild Black Hole Surroundings |
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344 | (3) |
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11.1.4 Self-Similar Models: Classical to General Relativistic MHD |
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347 | (2) |
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11.1.5 Models for Jets from Rotating Black Holes |
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349 | (2) |
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11.2 Numerical Findings on Propagation, Deceleration, Collimation |
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351 | (7) |
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11.2.1 Entrainment and Deceleration |
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352 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Fanaroff-Riley I/II and HYMORS: ISM Influences |
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353 | (2) |
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11.2.3 Jet Composition and EOS |
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355 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Magnetic Field Topologies |
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356 | (2) |
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11.3 Two-Component Jets: a Recurring Paradigm |
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358 | (2) |
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11.3.1 Observational and Theoretical Arguments |
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358 | (2) |
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11.3.2 Aspects Deduced from Modern Simulations |
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360 | (1) |
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11.4 Stability Studies for Radially Structured Jets |
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360 | (4) |
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11.4.1 Spine-Sheath Models |
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360 | (2) |
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11.4.2 Two-Component Jets and FR I/II Classification |
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362 | (2) |
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11.5 Further Challenges for Modern Simulations |
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364 | (5) |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (26) |
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369 | (2) |
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12.2 Galaxy Formation and Two Classic Problems |
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371 | (8) |
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12.2.1 Cosmological Background |
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371 | (3) |
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12.2.2 The Overcooling Problem |
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374 | (2) |
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12.2.3 The Cooling Flow Problem |
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376 | (3) |
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12.3 Jet-ICM Interactions in Galaxy Clusters |
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379 | (10) |
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12.3.1 Theoretical Expectations |
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379 | (3) |
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12.3.2 Jet-Blown Cavities |
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382 | (3) |
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12.3.3 Shocks and Sound Waves |
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385 | (4) |
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12.4 Thermal Conduction, MHD Instabilities, and an Alternative View of AGN Feedback |
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389 | (6) |
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12.4.1 The Near Impossibility of a Stable Hydrostatic Equilibrium |
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391 | (1) |
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12.4.2 MHD Models of Cluster Cooling Cores and an Alternative Role for AGN |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (6) |
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13.1 The Core: Insights into the Processes of Jet Formation, Acceleration, and Collimation |
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395 | (2) |
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13.2 Large-Scale Jets: Insights into Their Structure and Make-Up and Their Impact on Their Hosts |
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397 | (1) |
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13.3 Theory and Simulations |
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398 | (3) |
| Appendix A Physical and Astrophysical Constants |
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401 | (2) |
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| Index |
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403 | |