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E-raamat: Relativistic Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei

Edited by (Harward Smithsonian CfA, USA), Edited by (Ohio University, USA), Edited by (Washington University, USA)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Feb-2012
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783527641758
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
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  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783527641758
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Written by a carefully selected consortium of researchers working in the field, this book fills the gap for an up-to-date summary of the observational and theoretical status. As such, this monograph includes all used wavelengths, from radio to gamma, the FERMI telescope, a history and theory refresher, and jets from gamma ray bursts.
For astronomers, nuclear physicists, and plasmaphysicists.
Preface xi
List of Contributors
xiii
Glossary and Acronyms xv
Part One Introduction
1(16)
1 Introduction and Historical Perspective
3(14)
Markus Bottcher
Daniel E. Harris
Henric Krawczynski
1.1 A Brief History of Jets
3(4)
1.1.1 Synchrotron Emission as the Primary Process for Continuum Radio Sources
4(1)
1.1.2 Occurrence/Ubiquity of Radio Jets
5(1)
1.1.3 Origin of the Notion that SMBHs Reside in All Galactic Nuclei
6(1)
1.1.4 Working Out of Relativistic Effects
6(1)
1.1.5 Microquasars
6(1)
1.2 Jets at Optical, UV, X-Rays and γ-Rays
7(3)
1.2.1 HST Optical/UV Jets
7(1)
1.2.2 X-Ray Jets
8(1)
1.2.3 Jets in γ-Rays
9(1)
1.2.4 Gamma-Ray Bursts
10(1)
1.3 The Role of Simulations
10(2)
1.4 Jet Composition
12(2)
1.4.1 Options
13(1)
1.4.2 Constraints
13(1)
1.5 Some Things (We Think) We Know, and Some (We Know) We Don't
14(3)
References
15(2)
Part Two Theory Basics
17(98)
2 Special Relativity of Jets
19(20)
Markus Bottcher
2.1 Space-Time, Four-Vectors, and Lorentz Invariance
19(6)
2.1.1 Interaction Thresholds
22(3)
2.2 Lorentz Transformations
25(7)
2.3 Relativistic Jet Diagnostics
32(7)
2.3.1 Size Constraint from Variability
32(1)
2.3.2 Superluminal Motion
33(2)
2.3.3 Lorentz Factor and Viewing Angle Estimates
35(3)
References
38(1)
3 Radiation Processes
39(42)
Markus Bottcher
Anita Reimer
3.1 Radiative Transfer: Definitions
39(4)
3.1.1 Radiative Flux, Intensity, Energy Density
40(1)
3.1.2 The Radiative Transfer Equation
41(2)
3.2 Nonthermal Emission Processes
43(32)
3.2.1 Synchrotron Radiation
44(5)
3.2.2 Compton Scattering
49(10)
3.2.3 γγ Absorption and Pair Production
59(6)
3.2.4 γ-Hadron Interactions
65(10)
3.3 Electromagnetic Cascades
75(6)
References
79(2)
4 Central Engines: Acceleration, Collimation and Confinement of Jets
81(34)
Serguei Komissarov
4.1 Central Engine
81(9)
4.1.1 Bondi Flow
81(2)
4.1.2 Disk Accretion
83(3)
4.1.3 The Eddington Limit
86(2)
4.1.4 Fuel Supply
88(2)
4.2 Magnetic Fields
90(13)
4.2.1 Basics
90(2)
4.2.2 Powering Magnetic Winds and Jets
92(4)
4.2.3 The Blandford-Znajek Mechanism
96(7)
4.3 Confinement, Collimation, and Acceleration of Jets
103(12)
4.3.1 Acceleration in Supersonic Regime
104(1)
4.3.2 Acceleration and Differential Collimation
105(6)
4.3.3 Jets and Magnetic Towers
111(1)
References
112(3)
Part Three Phenomenology
115(130)
5 Observational Details: Radio
117(36)
A.H. Bridle
M.H. Cohen
5.1 Overall Structures of Radio Sources
117(4)
5.1.1 Terminology
120(1)
5.2 Parsec-Scale Jets
121(14)
5.2.1 One-Sided Jets
121(4)
5.2.2 Two-Sided Jets
125(1)
5.2.3 VLBI Surveys
126(2)
5.2.4 Motions in the Jet
128(2)
5.2.5 Relativistic Beams
130(3)
5.2.6 Statistical Studies of Compact Jets with VLBI
133(2)
5.2.7 Spine-Sheath Configuration
135(1)
5.3 Kiloparsec-Scale Jets
135(5)
5.3.1 Correlations with Extended Structure and Luminosity
135(1)
5.3.2 The Two Jet "Flavors"
136(1)
5.3.3 Internal Structures of Kiloparsec-Scale Radio Jets
137(3)
5.3.4 Jet Bending on Kiloparsec Scales
140(1)
5.4 Modeling Jet Kinematics from Radio Data
140(8)
5.4.1 Intensity Asymmetry Modeling: Velocity-Angle Degeneracy
141(1)
5.4.2 Polarization Asymmetry Modeling: Resolving the Degeneracy
141(3)
5.4.3 Velocity Fields in Weak-Flavor Jets
144(1)
5.4.4 Magnetic Field Evolution in Weak-Flavor Jets
145(1)
5.4.5 Emissivity Evolution in Weak-Flavor Jets
146(1)
5.4.6 Mass, Momentum and Energy Fluxes
146(1)
5.4.7 Comparisons with Strong-Flavor Jets
147(1)
5.5 Backflow in Bilobed FRI Sources?
148(5)
References
149(4)
6 Optical, Infrared and UV Observations
153(32)
Eric Perlman
6.1 A Historical Perspective
153(3)
6.2 Studies of Sample Properties
156(3)
6.3 Source Morphologies, Superluminal Motion and Variability
159(7)
6.4 Optical and Broadband Spectra
166(7)
6.5 Polarimetry
173(8)
6.6 Conclusion
181(4)
References
182(3)
7 Observational Details: X-Rays
185(30)
Rita Sambruna
Daniel E. Harris
7.1 Introduction
185(2)
7.1.1 The Dawn
185(1)
7.1.2 The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
186(1)
7.2 X-Ray Jets at Higher Luminosities
187(9)
7.2.1 The First Chandra Jet
187(3)
7.2.2 A "New" Model: IC on the Cosmic Microwave Background Photons
190(2)
7.2.3 Challenges for the IC/CMB Model
192(1)
7.2.4 Alternative Scenarios to the IC/CMB
193(1)
7.2.5 Jets at High-z
194(2)
7.3 X-Ray Jets at Lower Luminosities
196(5)
7.3.1 Morphologies and Emission Process
196(1)
7.3.2 A Case Study: M 87
197(4)
7.4 X-Ray Jets at Intermediate Luminosities
201(2)
7.4.1 Detection of X-Ray Jets in BL Lacs
201(2)
7.5 X-Ray Emission Processes
203(5)
7.5.1 Challenges for Synchrotron Models
204(1)
7.5.2 Estimating Synchrotron Parameters
204(1)
7.5.3 Synchrotron Self-Compton Emission
205(1)
7.5.4 IC Emission from Photons Originating in Other Components
206(1)
7.5.5 IC/CMB Emission from Jets with Large Γ
206(1)
7.5.6 Estimating IC/CMB Parameters
207(1)
7.6 Summary, Conclusions, Future Work
208(7)
7.6.1 The Nature of Offsets and Spectral Progressions
209(1)
7.6.2 The Nature of Knots
209(1)
7.6.3 Future Possibilities
210(1)
References
211(4)
8 Unresolved Emission from the Core: Observations and Models
215(30)
Henric Krawczynski
Markus Bottcher
Anita Reimer
8.1 Introduction
215(1)
8.2 Emission from Various Nonjet Components
216(2)
8.3 Emission from the Inner Jet
218(21)
8.3.1 Blazars
218(2)
8.3.2 Blazar Models
220(14)
8.3.3 Blazar Multiwavelength Observations
234(5)
8.4 Conclusions and Outlook
239(6)
References
240(5)
Part Four Particle Acceleration in Turbulent Magnetohydrodynamic Shocks
245(156)
9 Particle Acceleration in Turbulent Magnetohydrodynamic Shocks
247(50)
Matthew G. Baring
9.1 Introduction
247(1)
9.2 Electromagnetic Turbulence in Jet Shocks
248(2)
9.3 Structure of Relativistic Shocks
250(18)
9.3.1 Relativistic Thermal Gases
253(3)
9.3.2 Hydrodynamic Jump Conditions
256(4)
9.3.3 MHD Rankine-Hugoniot Conditions
260(8)
9.4 The Character of Diffusive Acceleration in Relativistic Shocks
268(22)
9.4.1 The Principle of the Fermi Mechanism
269(3)
9.4.2 Diffusive Acceleration in Parallel, Relativistic Shocks
272(5)
9.4.3 Diffusive Acceleration in Oblique, Relativistic Shocks
277(5)
9.4.4 Shock Drift Acceleration
282(2)
9.4.5 Acceleration Time Scales
284(4)
9.4.6 Nonlinear Acceleration Effects
288(2)
9.5 Acceleration by Magnetic Reconnection
290(1)
9.6 Outstanding Questions
291(6)
References
293(4)
10 Simulations of Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei and Gamma-Ray Bursts
297(44)
Miguel A. Aloy
Petar Mimica
10.1 Governing Equations
298(2)
10.2 Numerical Algorithms
300(3)
10.2.1 Specific Numerical Methods for MHD
301(2)
10.3 Basic Numerical Modeling
303(18)
10.3.1 Jet Stability
304(4)
10.3.2 Nonlinear Jet Dynamics
308(9)
10.3.3 GRB Jets
317(4)
10.4 Numerics Confront Observations: Emission from Synthetic Jets
321(10)
10.4.1 Radiative Processes and Relativistic Effects
321(1)
10.4.2 Classification of Algorithms for Computing the Jet Emission
322(3)
10.4.3 Applications
325(6)
10.5 Summary and Outlook
331(10)
References
332(9)
11 Jet Structure, Collimation and Stability: Recent Results from Analytical Models and Simulations
341(28)
Rony Keppens
Zakaria Meliani
11.1 Exact Models for Collimated Jets
341(10)
11.1.1 Concepts for Curved Space-Time
342(1)
11.1.2 General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics
343(1)
11.1.3 3 + 1 for Schwarzschild Black Hole Surroundings
344(3)
11.1.4 Self-Similar Models: Classical to General Relativistic MHD
347(2)
11.1.5 Models for Jets from Rotating Black Holes
349(2)
11.2 Numerical Findings on Propagation, Deceleration, Collimation
351(7)
11.2.1 Entrainment and Deceleration
352(1)
11.2.2 Fanaroff-Riley I/II and HYMORS: ISM Influences
353(2)
11.2.3 Jet Composition and EOS
355(1)
11.2.4 Magnetic Field Topologies
356(2)
11.3 Two-Component Jets: a Recurring Paradigm
358(2)
11.3.1 Observational and Theoretical Arguments
358(2)
11.3.2 Aspects Deduced from Modern Simulations
360(1)
11.4 Stability Studies for Radially Structured Jets
360(4)
11.4.1 Spine-Sheath Models
360(2)
11.4.2 Two-Component Jets and FR I/II Classification
362(2)
11.5 Further Challenges for Modern Simulations
364(5)
References
366(3)
12 Jets and AGN Feedback
369(26)
Christopher S. Reynolds
12.1 Introduction
369(2)
12.2 Galaxy Formation and Two Classic Problems
371(8)
12.2.1 Cosmological Background
371(3)
12.2.2 The Overcooling Problem
374(2)
12.2.3 The Cooling Flow Problem
376(3)
12.3 Jet-ICM Interactions in Galaxy Clusters
379(10)
12.3.1 Theoretical Expectations
379(3)
12.3.2 Jet-Blown Cavities
382(3)
12.3.3 Shocks and Sound Waves
385(4)
12.4 Thermal Conduction, MHD Instabilities, and an Alternative View of AGN Feedback
389(6)
12.4.1 The Near Impossibility of a Stable Hydrostatic Equilibrium
391(1)
12.4.2 MHD Models of Cluster Cooling Cores and an Alternative Role for AGN
392(1)
References
393(2)
13 Summary and Outlook
395(6)
Markus Bottcher
Daniel E. Harris
Henric Krawczynski
13.1 The Core: Insights into the Processes of Jet Formation, Acceleration, and Collimation
395(2)
13.2 Large-Scale Jets: Insights into Their Structure and Make-Up and Their Impact on Their Hosts
397(1)
13.3 Theory and Simulations
398(3)
Appendix A Physical and Astrophysical Constants 401(2)
Markus Bottcher
Daniel E. Harris
Henric Krawczynski
Index 403
Henric Krawczynski is professor at Washington University. Prior to that, he has performed research at University of Hamburg, the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, and at Yale University. An outstanding Faculty Mentor Award of the Graduate Student Senate attests to his teaching skills. His research focuses on observations of high energy emission regions in distant galaxies and quasars.

Markus Boettcher obtained his PhD at the University and the Max-Planck-Institute for radio astronomy in Bonn, Germany. Postdoctoral positions included stays at Rice University, TX, and with the U.S. Naval Research Lab. in Washington, DC. Since 2007 he is holding a professorship at Ohio University. His Research interests are active galactic nuclei, galactic black-hole candidates and gamma-ray bursts.

Daniel E. Harris, after earning his PhD at California Institute of Technology, has held various research positions, for example at Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico, Harvard College Observatory, USA, and the Center for Astrophysics of the Smithsonian Institution. He headed the ROSAT project from '95-'00 and was member of the Chandra User Support Group. His field of investigation are non-thermal processes in extragalactic sources, involving radio and X-ray analyses of galaxies and quasars, and of emission processes responsible for X-rays from radio jets.