| Preface |
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xi | |
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xiii | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xvii | |
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1 Jurassic-Cretaceous Non-Marine Stratigraphy and Entomofaunas in Northern China |
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1 | (16) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Insect Fossil-Bearing Lithostratigraphic Division and Correlation in Northern China |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2.1 Yumen-Jiuquan Basin in Gansu Province |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Intermountain Volcanic Basins in Beijing-Northern Hebei-Western Liaoning-Southeastern Inner Mongolia |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Entomofaunas in Northern China |
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4 | (6) |
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1.3.1 Yanliao Entomofauna |
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5 | (3) |
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1.3.2 Jehol Entomofauna in the Yanliao Area |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4 Geological Ages of Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Strata and Entomofaunas in Northern China |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (5) |
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2 Coexisting Animals and Plants in the Ecosystems |
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17 | (14) |
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17 | (1) |
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2.2 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Animals |
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17 | (7) |
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2.3 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Plants |
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24 | (4) |
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28 | (3) |
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3 Insects-In the Spotlight |
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31 | (10) |
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3.1 Introduction to Insects |
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31 | (1) |
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3.2 How to Identify an Insect |
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31 | (4) |
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3.3 Origin and Evolution of Insects |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (3) |
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4 A History of Paleoentomology in China |
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41 | (10) |
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41 | (1) |
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4.2 Early Foundational Studies (1923-1935) |
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41 | (1) |
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4.3 Early Taxonomic Studies (1965-1985) |
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42 | (1) |
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4.4 Major Taxonomic Studies (1985-Present) |
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43 | (1) |
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4.5 Phylogenetic and Paleobiological Studies (1991 -Present) |
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44 | (1) |
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4.6 International Cooperative Studies (2000-Present) |
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45 | (3) |
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48 | (3) |
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5 Ephemeroptera - Mayflies |
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51 | (12) |
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5.1 Introduction to Ephemeroptera |
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51 | (2) |
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5.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Ephemeroptera |
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53 | (1) |
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5.3 Representative Fossils of Ephemeroptera from Northern China |
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53 | (6) |
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59 | (4) |
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6 Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies |
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63 | (28) |
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6.1 Introduction to Odonata |
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63 | (3) |
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6.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Odonata |
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66 | (1) |
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6.3 Representative Fossils of Odonata from Northern China |
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66 | (20) |
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86 | (5) |
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7 Blattaria - Cockroaches |
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91 | (22) |
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7.1 Introduction to Blattaria |
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91 | (1) |
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7.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Blattodea |
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92 | (1) |
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7.3 Representative Fossils of Blattaria from Northern China |
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93 | (16) |
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109 | (4) |
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113 | (8) |
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8.1 Introduction to Termitoidae |
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113 | (2) |
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8.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Termites |
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115 | (1) |
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8.3 Representative Fossils of Termites from Northern China |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (4) |
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9 Orthoptera - Grasshoppers and Katydids |
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121 | (16) |
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9.1 Introduction to Orthoptera |
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121 | (1) |
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9.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Orthoptera |
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122 | (2) |
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9.3 Representative Fossils of Orthoptera from Northern China |
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124 | (10) |
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134 | (3) |
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10 Notoptera - Rock Crawlers and Ice Crawlers |
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137 | (12) |
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10.1 Introduction to Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) |
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137 | (1) |
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10.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) |
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138 | (1) |
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10.3 Representative Fossils of Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) from Northern China |
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139 | (6) |
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145 | (4) |
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149 | (8) |
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11.1 Introduction to Dermaptera |
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149 | (1) |
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11.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Dermaptera |
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150 | (1) |
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11.3 Representative Fossils of Dermaptera from Northern China |
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150 | (5) |
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155 | (2) |
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12 Chresmodidae - Water-Walking Insects |
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157 | (8) |
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12.1 Introduction to Chresmodidae |
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157 | (1) |
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12.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Chresmodidae |
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158 | (1) |
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12.3 Representative Fossils of Chresmodidae from Northern China |
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159 | (3) |
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162 | (3) |
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13 Phasmatodea - Stick Insects and Leaf Insects |
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165 | (10) |
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13.1 Introduction to Phasmatodea |
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165 | (1) |
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13.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Phasmatodea |
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166 | (2) |
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13.3 Representative Fossils of Phasmatodea from Northern China |
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168 | (4) |
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172 | (3) |
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14 Plecoptera - Stoneflies |
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175 | (10) |
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14.1 Introduction to Plecoptera |
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175 | (1) |
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14.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Plecoptera |
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176 | (1) |
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14.3 Representative Fossils of Plecoptera from Northern China |
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176 | (7) |
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183 | (2) |
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15 Psocoptera - Barklice and Booklice |
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185 | (4) |
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15.1 Introduction to Psocoptera |
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185 | (1) |
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15.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Psocoptera |
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185 | (1) |
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15.3 Representative Fossils of Psocoptera from Northern China |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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16 Homoptera - Cicadas and Hoppers |
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189 | (36) |
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16.1 Introduction to Homoptera |
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189 | (1) |
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16.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Homoptera |
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190 | (2) |
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16.3 Representative Fossils of Homoptera from Northern China |
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192 | (26) |
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218 | (7) |
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17 Heteroptera - True Bugs |
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225 | (44) |
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17.1 Introduction to Heteroptera |
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225 | (2) |
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17.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Heteroptera and Fossil Coleorrhyncha |
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227 | (1) |
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17.3 Representative Fossils of Heteroptera from Northern China |
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228 | (34) |
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262 | (7) |
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18 Megaloptera - Dobsonflies, Fishflies, and Alderflies |
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269 | (6) |
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18.1 Introduction to Megaloptera |
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269 | (1) |
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18.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Megaloptera |
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269 | (2) |
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18.3 Representative Fossils of Megaloptera from Northern China |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (2) |
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19 Raphidioptera - Snakeflies |
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275 | (10) |
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19.1 Introduction to Raphidioptera |
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275 | (1) |
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19.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Raphidioptera |
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275 | (1) |
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19.3 Representative Fossils of Raphidioptera from Northern China |
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276 | (6) |
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282 | (3) |
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20 Neuroptera - Lacewings |
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285 | (52) |
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20.1 Introduction to Neuroptera |
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285 | (2) |
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20.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Neuroptera |
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287 | (3) |
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20.3 Representative Fossils of Neuroptera from Northern China |
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290 | (39) |
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329 | (8) |
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337 | (92) |
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21.1 Introduction to Coleoptera |
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337 | (5) |
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21.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Coleoptera |
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342 | (2) |
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21.3 Representative Fossils of Coleoptera from Northern China |
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344 | (70) |
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414 | (15) |
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22 Hymenoptera - Sawflies and Wasps |
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429 | (68) |
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22.1 Introduction to Hymenoptera |
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429 | (6) |
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22.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Hymenoptera |
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435 | (1) |
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22.3 Representative Fossils of Hymenoptera from Northern China |
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436 | (54) |
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490 | (7) |
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23 Diptera - True Flies with Two Wings |
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497 | (58) |
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23.1 Introduction to Diptera |
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497 | (3) |
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23.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Diptera |
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500 | (1) |
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23.3 Representative Fossils of Diptera from Northern China |
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501 | (45) |
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546 | (9) |
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24 Mecoptera - Scorpionflies and Hangingflies |
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555 | (42) |
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24.1 Introduction to Mecoptera |
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555 | (3) |
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24.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Mecoptera |
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558 | (1) |
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24.3 Representative Fossils of Mecoptera from Northern China |
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559 | (30) |
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589 | (8) |
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597 | (10) |
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25.1 Introduction to Siphonaptera |
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597 | (1) |
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25.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Fleas |
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598 | (2) |
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25.3 Representative Fossils of Siphonaptera from Northern China |
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600 | (5) |
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605 | (2) |
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26 Trichoptera - Caddisflies |
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607 | (12) |
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26.1 Introduction to Trichoptera |
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607 | (1) |
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26.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Trichoptera |
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607 | (1) |
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26.3 Representative Fossils of Trichoptera from Northern China |
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608 | (8) |
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616 | (3) |
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27 Lepidoptera-Butterflies and Moths |
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619 | (12) |
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27.1 Introduction to Lepidoptera |
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619 | (1) |
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27.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Lepidoptera |
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620 | (2) |
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27.3 Representative Fossils of Lepidoptera from Northern China |
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622 | (7) |
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629 | (2) |
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631 | (20) |
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631 | (1) |
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28.2 Pollination Mutualism - Feeding on Pollination Drops Before Angiosperms |
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631 | (4) |
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28.2.1 Scorpionflies with Elongate Siphonate Mouthparts |
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631 | (1) |
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28.2.2 Kalligrammatid Lacewings with Elongate Siphonate Mouthparts |
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632 | (3) |
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28.3 Predation - Preying on Other Insects |
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635 | (1) |
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28.3.1 Mantispid Lacewings with Raptorial Forelegs |
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635 | (1) |
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28.3.2 Dipteromantispidae with Raptorial Forelegs |
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636 | (1) |
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28.3.3 Hangingflies - Bittacidae and Cimbrophlebiidae |
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636 | (1) |
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28.4 Blood Feeding by Ectoparasite Fleas |
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636 | (3) |
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28.5 Blood Feeding by True Bugs |
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639 | (4) |
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28.6 Herbivores: Feeding on Plant Matter as Evidenced by Insect Damage Types |
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643 | (3) |
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646 | (5) |
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29 Camouflage, Mimicry or Eyespot Warning |
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651 | (1) |
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651 | (1) |
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29.2 Camouflage by Fossil Insects |
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651 | (1) |
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29.2.1 Irregular Light and Dark Patches Covering the Entire Wing |
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651 | (2) |
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29.2.2 Irregular Dark or Light Markings on Part of the Margin and/or Center of Wing |
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653 | (1) |
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29.2.3 Dispersed Dark Spots Large or Small |
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654 | (1) |
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29.2.4 Dispersed Small Light Spots or Large Light Spots Surrounded by Small Dark Spots |
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654 | (1) |
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29.2.5 Regular Transverse (from Anterior to Posterior Margin) Stripes of Light and Dark Bands |
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654 | (1) |
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29.2.6 Regular Longitudinal (from Base to the Apex) Stripes of Light and Dark Bands |
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655 | (1) |
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29.3 Mimicry by Fossil Insects |
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655 | (4) |
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29.3.1 Ancient Pinnate Leaf Mimicry among Lacewings |
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656 | (1) |
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29.3.2 Mimicry and Mutualism among Hangingflies and Ginkgo Plants |
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657 | (2) |
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29.4 Eyespot Warning for Fossil Insects |
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659 | (1) |
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29.4.1 Eyespots and Spots on the Forewings of Kalligrammatids |
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659 | (1) |
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29.5 Summary and Prospects |
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660 | (2) |
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662 | (5) |
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30 Gene Propagation - Courtship, Mating, and Next Generation |
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667 | (16) |
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667 | (1) |
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30.2 Extreme Sexual Display |
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667 | (1) |
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30.3 Serenade with Love Songs |
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668 | (2) |
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30.4 Sensing and Locating Potential Mates with Ramified Antennae |
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670 | (1) |
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30.5 Forever Love - The Hitherto Earliest Record of Copulating Insects |
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670 | (3) |
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30.6 Long Ovipositors Used for Laying Eggs into Hosts |
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673 | (2) |
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30.7 Breeding - Oviposition, Gall and Leaf Mining |
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675 | (4) |
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679 | (4) |
| Index |
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683 | |