| Preface |
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ix | |
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1 | (10) |
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1.1 Introduction: Early Road Systems |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Terms Used and Their Derivations |
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2 | (1) |
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1.3 The Transition Period |
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3 | (1) |
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1.4 Britain in Later Years |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.7 Mid-twentieth Century Roads, Prior to 1940 |
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6 | (1) |
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1.8 Road Construction After 1940, in Great Britain |
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6 | (1) |
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1.9 Definition of Highway |
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6 | (1) |
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1.10 Classification of Highways by Use |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (4) |
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9 | (2) |
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2 Maps, drawings and surveying |
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11 | (34) |
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11 | (5) |
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16 | (3) |
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2.3 Accurate Setting Out of Curves |
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19 | (4) |
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23 | (5) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (17) |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (12) |
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3.1 Setting Out Prior to Starting Earthworks |
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45 | (1) |
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3.2 Earthmoving or Muck Shifting |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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3.4 Replacement of Topsoil and Grassing |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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3.7 Methods of Drying Out Waterlogged Ground |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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3.15 Consistency of a Soil |
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55 | (1) |
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3.16 Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (34) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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4.5 Road Drainage Systems |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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4.7 Road Surface Water Drainage |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (5) |
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4.10 Notes on Supporting Excavations |
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65 | (7) |
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4.11 Types of Pipes and Joints |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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4.13 Bedding Construction and Bedding Load Factor |
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74 | (2) |
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4.14 Rules for Good Pipelaying Practice |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (2) |
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4.18 Headwalls and Aprons |
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82 | (1) |
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4.19 Other Drainage Equipment and Techniques |
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83 | (4) |
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4.20 Water and Air Testing of Drains (Construction & Testing of Drains & Sewers BS EN 1610:2015) |
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87 | (2) |
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4.21 Clearing of Blocked Drains |
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89 | (2) |
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89 | (2) |
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5 Flexible and composite pavement |
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91 | (26) |
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5.1 The Purpose of the Road |
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91 | (1) |
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5.2 The Structure of the Pavement |
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91 | (1) |
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5.3 The Load-Carrying Requirements of a Flexible Pavement |
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92 | (1) |
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5.4 Overall Concept of Pavement Design |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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5.6 The Base(roadbase) (Figure 5.9) |
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96 | (1) |
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5.7 Sub-base and Base(roadbase) Materials |
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97 | (1) |
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5.8 Unbound Sub-base and Base(roadbase) Materials |
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97 | (1) |
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5.9 Spreading, Levelling and Compacting Unbound Materials |
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98 | (1) |
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5.10 Bituminous Bases(roadbases) |
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99 | (1) |
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5.11 Concrete and Cement-bound Materials |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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5.13 Binder Course Materials |
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102 | (1) |
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5.14 Surface Courses (Figure 5.11) |
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103 | (2) |
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5.15 Preparatory Work Before Laying |
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105 | (1) |
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5.16 Transporting Flexible Road Materials |
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106 | (1) |
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5.17 Laying the Surface Material |
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106 | (1) |
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5.18 Specification for Laying Bituminous Materials |
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106 | (2) |
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5.19 Check List to Use when Laying Road Material |
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108 | (1) |
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5.20 Laying Thicknesses and Rates of Spread |
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109 | (1) |
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5.21 Delivery Checks and Controls |
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109 | (1) |
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5.22 Surface Alignment and Regularity |
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110 | (3) |
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5.23 Colour Finishes of Bituminous Surfacings |
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113 | (1) |
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5.24 Conservation and Use of Reclaimed Materials |
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114 | (1) |
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5.25 Recycling the Existing Road Surface |
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115 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (18) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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6.7 Joints in Pavement Slabs |
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120 | (3) |
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6.8 Treatment of Manholes and Gullies |
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123 | (1) |
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6.9 Machine Laid Concrete |
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123 | (2) |
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6.10 Finishing Processes (Figure 6.9) |
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125 | (1) |
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6.11 Concreting Trains (Figure 6.10) |
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125 | (1) |
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6.12 Comparison of Slip-form and Concreting Train Methods of Laying a Rigid Pavement |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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6.14 Alternate Bay Construction Procedure |
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128 | (1) |
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6.15 Formwork or Shuttering |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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6.19 Striking of Formwork |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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6.21 Surface Finish and Texture |
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131 | (1) |
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6.22 Curing of Hand Laid Concrete |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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6.24 Sampling and Testing |
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132 | (1) |
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6.25 Fast-track Concrete Paving |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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133 | (2) |
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7 Kerbing, footways and paved areas |
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135 | (20) |
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7.1 The Purpose of Kerbing |
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135 | (1) |
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7.2 Kerbing Materials and Other Types of Edge Detail |
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135 | (5) |
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7.3 Properties of Natural Stone and Precast Concrete Kerbs |
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140 | (1) |
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7.4 Laying Precast Concrete Kerbs |
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140 | (4) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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7.7 Surfacing Materials and Laying Techniques |
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145 | (3) |
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7.8 Paved Areas (e.g. Precincts with Special Treatments) |
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148 | (7) |
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153 | (2) |
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8 Ancillary construction work |
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155 | (14) |
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155 | (1) |
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8.2 Planting Small Trees of About 2--3 m in Height |
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156 | (1) |
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8.3 Planting Semi-Mature Trees 4--5 m or More in Height |
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157 | (1) |
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8.4 Seeding of Verges, etc. |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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8.9 Arrangement of Snow Fences |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (2) |
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8.12 Shuttering for Walls |
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167 | (1) |
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8.13 Reinforcement for Walls |
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167 | (2) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (24) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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9.3 Safety on Highway Sites |
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170 | (4) |
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9.4 Temporary Signing of Roadworks |
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174 | (1) |
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9.5 Principles of Good Signing at Roadworks |
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175 | (11) |
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9.6 Spillage of Chemical Substances on the Highway |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (2) |
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9.8 General Precautions Whilst Working in Sewers |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (26) |
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Part 1 Materials: Flexible Pavements |
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193 | (1) |
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10.1 Bituminous Roadbuilding Materials |
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193 | (1) |
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10.2 Roadmaking Aggregates |
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194 | (1) |
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10.3 Rock for Roadmaking Purposes |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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10.5 Sources of Refinery Bitumen |
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196 | (1) |
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10.6 Penetration-grade Bitumen |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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10.10 Aggregates in Bituminous Materials |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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10.12 European Terminology |
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198 | (1) |
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10.13 General Description of Bituminous Materials |
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198 | (2) |
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10.14 Required Working Temperatures for Bituminous Materials |
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200 | (1) |
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Part 2 Testing of Bituminous Materials |
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200 | (1) |
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10.15 Sampling Tehchniques |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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10.17 Standard Test Sieves |
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201 | (1) |
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10.18 Penetration of Bitumen |
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202 | (1) |
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10.19 Viscosity of Bitumens and Tars |
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203 | (1) |
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10.20 Softening Point of Tar or Bitumen: Ring and Ball Test |
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204 | (1) |
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10.21 Polished Stone Value |
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204 | (1) |
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Part 3 Materials: Rigid Pavements |
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205 | (1) |
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10.22 Materials used in Rigid Pavements |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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10.25 Admixtures to Concrete |
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206 | (2) |
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10.26 Consistence of a Concrete Mix |
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208 | (1) |
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10.27 Lightweight Concrete using Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA) |
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209 | (1) |
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Part 4 Testing: Rigid Pavements |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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10.29 Taking a Sample from a Concrete Mixer (either site or truck) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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10.32 Compacting Factor Test |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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10.33 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test for Soils |
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213 | (2) |
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10.34 Optimum Moisture Content |
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215 | (4) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (22) |
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219 | (1) |
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Part 1 Heavy Plant and Equipment |
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219 | (1) |
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11.2 Excavators (Wheeled) |
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219 | (1) |
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11.3 Excavators (Tracked) |
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220 | (1) |
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11.4 Mini Excavators and Skid Steer Loaders |
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220 | (1) |
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Part 2 Small Trenching Units |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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11.10 Gully Emptiers and Jetting Equipment |
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225 | (1) |
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11.11 Winter Services Vehicle (Principle of Operation) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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11.13 Mowers and Tractor Cutting Attachments |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (2) |
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Part 3 Light Plant and Equipment |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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11.17 Hydraulic Breaker Pack |
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233 | (1) |
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11.18 Hand-Operated Power Breakers |
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233 | (1) |
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11.19 Hand-Operated Tampers and Vibrators |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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11.21 Wheeled Cutters (concrete/asphalt saws) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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11.23 Brushcutters and Strimmers |
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236 | (1) |
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11.24 Vehicle Actuated Portable Traffic Signals |
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237 | (1) |
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11.25 Remote Control Temporary `Stop/Go' Boards |
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238 | (1) |
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11.26 Cable/Pipe Detectors |
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238 | (3) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (30) |
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241 | (9) |
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250 | (6) |
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12.3 Pedestrian Guard Rails |
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256 | (2) |
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12.4 Vehicle Restraint Systems (VRS) |
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258 | (5) |
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12.5 Traffic Signals and Roundabouts |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (5) |
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269 | (2) |
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13 Bridgeworks: construction and maintenance |
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271 | (16) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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13.5 Superstructure (Figure 13.6) |
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273 | (1) |
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13.6 Composite Construction (Figure 13.9) |
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273 | (1) |
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13.7 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Figure 13.10) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (3) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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13.15 Preservation of Timber |
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283 | (1) |
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13.16 Repair of Corroded Concrete Bridge Structures |
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284 | (1) |
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13.17 High Pressure Water Concrete Repair Treatment |
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284 | (1) |
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13.18 Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) |
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284 | (3) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (26) |
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287 | (3) |
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14.2 Amenity and Aids to Movement |
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290 | (3) |
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293 | (1) |
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14.4 Brief Notes on Materials and Equipment |
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293 | (1) |
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14.5 Treatment of Snow and Ice |
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294 | (1) |
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14.6 Identification of Road Maintenance Problems |
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295 | (3) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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14.11 Design of the Specification |
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301 | (2) |
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14.12 Outline of Procedure for Surface Dressing |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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14.14 Strengthening or Widening of Carriageway by Haunching |
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306 | (1) |
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14.15 Repair of Road Haunch |
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306 | (1) |
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14.16 Mix-in-Place Recycling |
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307 | (1) |
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14.17 The Retread Process |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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14.19 Retexturing Road Surfaces |
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309 | (1) |
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14.20 Pressure Grouting: Rigid Pavements |
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309 | (2) |
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14.21 Replacement of Failed Slabs |
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311 | (2) |
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311 | (2) |
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15 New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 |
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313 | (14) |
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313 | (1) |
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15.2 The Public Utilities Street Works Act (PUSWA) 1950 |
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313 | (1) |
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15.3 Model Agreement and Specification |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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15.5 New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 |
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313 | (1) |
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15.6 Excavation and Reinstatement of Trenches |
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314 | (2) |
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15.7 Specification for the Reinstatement of Openings in the Highway. (3rd edition (England) April 2010) |
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316 | (4) |
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15.8 Reinstatement Practice |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (5) |
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325 | (2) |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (12) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (2) |
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16.5 Preparations for Starting Work |
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330 | (1) |
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16.6 Resources of Production |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (3) |
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16.8 Examples of Diagrams |
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335 | (4) |
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338 | (1) |
| Answers to revision questions |
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339 | (2) |
| Suggested reading list |
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341 | (2) |
| Index |
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343 | |