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List of boxes, figures and tables |
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vi | |
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List of abbreviations and acronyms |
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viii | |
| Acknowledgements |
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x | |
| About the authors |
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xi | |
| About the book |
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xii | |
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The compelling case for school health and nutrition |
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1 | (10) |
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Challenges in achieving Education for All |
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1 | (2) |
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School health and nutrition: a ``quick win'' |
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3 | (1) |
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Levelling the playing field |
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4 | (2) |
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The Double Jeopardy of disease among the poor |
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4 | (1) |
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School health and nutrition programmes develop capabilities |
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4 | (2) |
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Developing the case for school health and nutrition |
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6 | (5) |
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Challenges for child health and nutrition |
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11 | (21) |
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Health and nutrition of infants and preschool children |
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11 | (10) |
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Health and nutrition in infancy and early childhood |
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12 | (1) |
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Pneumonia causes 2 million deaths annually |
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12 | (1) |
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Diarrhoea causes 21 per cent of deaths in children under 5 years |
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13 | (1) |
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Malaria kills a child in Africa every 30 seconds |
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13 | (3) |
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Measles results in more than 700,000 child deaths annually |
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16 | (1) |
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More than 1,500 children are infected with HIV every day |
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17 | (1) |
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Malnutrition and other perinatal conditions cause 20 per cent of child deaths |
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17 | (3) |
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Diseases of early childhood are preventable and treatable |
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20 | (1) |
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Summary: Health and nutrition in infancy and early childhood |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (7) |
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22 | (1) |
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Children harbour greater worm loads as they reach school-age |
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22 | (2) |
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Malaria continues to affect children in school-age |
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24 | (1) |
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HIV&AIDS leaves millions of school-age children without parents |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Stunting and underweight increase throughout the school-age years |
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25 | (2) |
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Anaemia affects 40 per cent of African schoolchildren |
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27 | (1) |
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Iodine deficiency is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation |
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28 | (1) |
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Vitamin A deficiency affects 85 million school-age children |
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28 | (1) |
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Increasing numbers of schoolchildren are overweight |
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29 | (1) |
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Summary: School-age children |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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Health, nutrition and access to education |
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32 | (16) |
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School enrolment, absenteeism and drop-out in poor countries |
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33 | (1) |
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Health, nutrition and school enrolment |
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34 | (7) |
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The impact of nutrition on primary school enrolment |
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34 | (1) |
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Iodine and folate deficiencies can lead to severe mental and physical disability |
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34 | (1) |
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Early childhood stunting has long-term effects on primary school enrolment |
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35 | (1) |
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The impact of infection on primary school enrolment |
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35 | (1) |
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Infection before birth can lead to disability |
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35 | (1) |
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Early childhood malaria prevention increases school enrolment |
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36 | (1) |
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Polio infection causes severe disability |
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37 | (1) |
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Meningitis leads to severe cognitive impairment |
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37 | (1) |
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The impact of school-age health and nutrition on enrolment |
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38 | (1) |
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Enrolment is delayed for children of short stature |
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38 | (2) |
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Child health affects parental enrolment decisions |
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40 | (1) |
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Summary: Health, nutrition and school enrolment |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (4) |
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Malaria prevention improves school attendance |
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41 | (1) |
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Deworming improves school attendance |
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42 | (1) |
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Improved nutrition increases attendance at preschools |
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43 | (1) |
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School feeding programmes improve primary school attendance |
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44 | (1) |
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Parental infection with HIV&AIDS leads to absenteeism |
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44 | (1) |
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Summary: Health, nutrition and school attendance |
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45 | (1) |
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Interventions: What works? |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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Long-term effects of preschool health and nutrition on educational achievement |
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48 | (32) |
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Mechanisms for the effects of health and nutrition on learning |
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49 | (2) |
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Direct effects of health and nutrition on behaviour |
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49 | (1) |
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Indirect effects of health and nutrition on behaviour |
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49 | (2) |
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Nutritional deficiencies and child development |
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51 | (13) |
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51 | (1) |
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Undernutrition affects many aspects of brain development |
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52 | (1) |
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Behavioural development is delayed in undernourished children |
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53 | (2) |
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Preventing nutritional deficiency promotes cognitive development |
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55 | (1) |
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Nutritional supplements and psychosocial stimulation help reverse cognitive delays |
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56 | (2) |
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Undernutrition affects cognitive abilities in the long term |
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58 | (1) |
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The long-term effects of severe malnutrition |
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58 | (1) |
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The long-term effects of mild and moderate malnutrition |
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58 | (2) |
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Education and nutrition reinforce one another |
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60 | (1) |
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Nutrition affects cognitive development throughout childhood |
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61 | (1) |
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Mothers behave differently towards undernourished children |
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62 | (1) |
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Children with low birth weight have poor cognitive development |
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63 | (1) |
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Children who are breast-fed have better cognitive abilities |
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63 | (1) |
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Summary: Undernutrition and child development |
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64 | (1) |
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Micronutrient deficiencies |
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64 | (5) |
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64 | (1) |
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Iron plays many different roles in the brain |
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65 | (1) |
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Iron deficiency has a large impact on the mental development of children under 2 years |
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65 | (2) |
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Iron deficiency also affects mental development in children aged 2 to 6 years |
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67 | (1) |
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Iron deficient infants have poor cognitive abilities in adolescence |
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67 | (2) |
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Other nutritional deficiencies |
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69 | (1) |
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Iodine deficiency during pregnancy causes long-term cognitive impairment |
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69 | (1) |
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Zinc supplementation can improve cognitive abilities |
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69 | (1) |
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Summary: Micronutrient deficiencies and child development |
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70 | (1) |
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Infectious disease and child development |
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71 | (3) |
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Malaria infection has long-term effects on education |
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71 | (1) |
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Worm infections may affect the cognitive abilities of preschoolers |
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72 | (1) |
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Infants with Giardia infection have lower IQ at age 9 |
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73 | (1) |
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Otitis media (Glue Ear) affects language development of poor children |
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73 | (1) |
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Survivors of meningitis perform poorly at school |
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73 | (1) |
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Summary: Infectious disease and child development |
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74 | (1) |
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Interventions: What works? |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (5) |
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Health, nutrition and educational achievement of school-age children |
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80 | (17) |
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Nutritional deficiencies in school-age children |
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81 | (5) |
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Hungry children have poor cognitive abilities |
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81 | (1) |
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Undernourished children perform poorly at school |
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82 | (1) |
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School feeding programmes have modest effects on educational achievement |
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83 | (1) |
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Iron supplementation improves cognitive function of school-age children |
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84 | (1) |
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Cognitive development is delayed in iodine deficient areas |
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85 | (1) |
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Multiple micronutrients improve cognitive abilities |
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85 | (1) |
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Summary: Nutrition in school-age children |
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86 | (1) |
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Infectious disease in school-age children |
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86 | (5) |
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Deworming improves the potential to learn |
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87 | (2) |
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School-based malaria prevention improves educational achievement |
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89 | (1) |
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Colds delay reactions; flu impairs attention |
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89 | (1) |
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Children with HIV infection perform poorly at school |
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90 | (1) |
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Orphanhood leads to psychosocial problems in school-age children |
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91 | (1) |
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Summary: Infection in school-age children |
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91 | (1) |
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Interventions: What works? |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (5) |
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Costs and benefits of school health and nutrition interventions |
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97 | (13) |
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Intervention costs and cost-effectiveness |
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98 | (1) |
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Delivery costs of school health and nutrition programmes are low |
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98 | (1) |
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Cost-effectiveness of school health and nutrition programmes for improving children's health |
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99 | (1) |
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Cost-effectiveness of school health and nutrition programmes for improving education |
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100 | (5) |
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Economic benefits of increased school participation |
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100 | (2) |
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Economic benefits of long-term improvements in cognitive abilities |
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102 | (1) |
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Improved cognition leads to improved educational attainment |
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102 | (3) |
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The global impact of school health and nutrition programmes |
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105 | (4) |
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Comparative cost-effectiveness of school health and nutrition programmes |
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106 | (1) |
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From cost-effectiveness to programme design |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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School health and nutrition programmes |
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110 | (12) |
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Policy and economic issues in designing interventions |
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111 | (1) |
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International efforts to support school health and nutrition programmes |
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112 | (2) |
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Programmatic approaches in practice |
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114 | (3) |
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Lessons learned from programmatic experience |
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117 | (2) |
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Key issues in designing an effective school health and nutrition programme |
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119 | (1) |
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School health and nutrition programmes: a policy priority |
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120 | (2) |
| References |
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122 | (19) |
| Index |
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141 | |