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E-raamat: Thermal Human Body: A Practical Guide to Thermal Imaging [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(European Association of Thermology, Vienna, Austria),
  • Formaat: 260 pages, 21 Tables, black and white; 19 Illustrations, color; 38 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-May-2019
  • Kirjastus: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-13: 9780429019982
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  • Taylor & Francis e-raamat
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Thermal Human Body: A Practical Guide to Thermal ImagingSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 260 pages, 21 Tables, black and white; 19 Illustrations, color; 38 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-May-2019
  • Kirjastus: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-13: 9780429019982
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429019982

This book is a guide for the constantly growing community of the users of medical thermal imaging. It describes where and how an infrared equipment can be used in a strictly standardised way and how one can ultimately comprehensively report the findings. Due to their insight into the complex mechanisms behind the distribution of surface temperature, future users of medical thermal imaging should be able to provide careful, and cautious, interpretations of infrared thermograms, thus avoiding the pitfalls of the past. The authors are well-known pioneers of the technique of infrared imaging in medicine who have combined strict standard-based evaluation of medical thermal images with their expertise in clinical medicine and related fields of health management.

Preface xi
1 History of Thermal Imaging from 1960
1(8)
1.1 Development of Imaging Systems
1(1)
1.2 Development of Applications
2(7)
1.2.1 Medical Applications
2(4)
1.2.2 Applications in Biology
6(3)
2 Basic Thermal Physics: Heat Exchange and Infrared Radiation
9(36)
2.1 What Is Temperature?
9(5)
2.1.1 Thermodynamic Temperature
13(1)
2.1.2 Celsius Temperature
14(1)
2.2 What Is Energy?
14(1)
2.3 What Is Power?
15(1)
2.4 Energy Conversion and Heat Transfer
16(29)
2.4.1 First Law of Thermodynamics
16(1)
2.4.1.1 Energy release in living tissues
16(1)
2.4.1.2 Enthalpy
17(2)
2.4.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics
19(2)
2.4.2.1 Free Enthalpy, Usable Energy
21(1)
2.4.3 Ways of Heat Transfer
22(1)
2.4.3.1 Heat transfer without change of state
23(17)
2.4.3.2 Heat transfer with change of state (latent heat transfer)
40(5)
3 Basic Thermal Physiology: What Processes Lead to the Temperature Distribution on the Skin Surface
45(118)
3.1 Simple Description of Human Physiology
48(4)
3.2 Simple Description of Temperature Regulation
52(31)
3.2.1 Anatomical and Physiological Systems
52(2)
3.2.1.1 Information line: Thermosensors
54(6)
3.2.1.2 Information line: Pathways
60(3)
3.2.1.3 Effectors
63(2)
3.2.1.4 Temperature regulation
65(18)
3.3 Heat Exchange with the Environment
83(11)
3.3.1 Heat Balance Equation
83(5)
3.3.2 Determination of Mean Skin Temperature
88(1)
3.3.3 Clothing
89(2)
3.3.4 Ambient Conditions
91(2)
3.3.4.1 Inhomogeneous heat distribution
93(1)
3.4 Common Challenges to Maintaining Core Stability
94(16)
3.4.1 Internal Challenge
94(1)
3.4.1.1 Metabolism
94(12)
3.4.1.2 Heat production by skeletal muscles
106(3)
3.4.2 External Challenge
109(1)
3.4.2.1 External heat load
110(1)
3.4.2.2 External heat loss
110(1)
3.5 Response to Challenge
110(33)
3.5.1 Defence against Heat Load
110(1)
3.5.1.1 Increase of the area of heat dissipation
110(16)
3.5.1.2 Hyperthermia
126(2)
3.5.2 Defence against Heat Loss
128(1)
3.5.2.1 Decrease of the area of heat dissipation
129(1)
3.5.2.2 Increase of thermal insulation at the body surface
129(3)
3.5.2.3 Internal heat production
132(3)
3.5.2.4 Hypothermia
135(8)
3.6 Adaptation
143(20)
3.6.1 Adaptation to Heat
145(2)
3.6.2 Adaptation to Cold
147(16)
4 Infrared Thermal Imagers
163(14)
4.1 Detectors
164(4)
4.1.1 Focal Plane Array Detectors
167(1)
4.2 Lenses Used with Infrared Cameras
168(1)
4.3 Image Acquisition
169(1)
4.3.1 Emissivity
169(1)
4.3.2 Temperature Range and Level
169(1)
4.3.3 Focus
170(1)
4.4 The Image Display
170(1)
4.5 The Thermal Image
171(6)
4.5.1 Definitions
171(1)
4.5.2 Image Content
172(2)
4.5.3 Image Analysis
174(3)
5 Quality Assurance Procedures and Infrared Equipment Operation
177(14)
5.1 Quality Assurance Procedures
177(8)
5.1.1 Calibration and External Reference Source
177(2)
5.1.2 Time to Reach Camera Stability
179(1)
5.1.3 Offset Drift
179(2)
5.1.4 Uniformity of the Image
181(1)
5.1.5 Reflected Heat Test
182(1)
5.1.6 Temperature and Spatial Resolution
183(2)
5.2 Infrared Equipment Operation
185(6)
5.2.1 Camera Position
185(3)
5.2.2 Image Composition
188(1)
5.2.3 Colour Scale
189(2)
6 Standard Protocol and Provocation Tests
191(34)
6.1 Standard Protocols for Medical Thermography
191(30)
6.1.1 Patient Preparation
191(1)
6.1.2 Patient Positioning
192(1)
6.1.3 Temperature of the Examination Room
193(1)
6.1.4 Standard Views
194(8)
6.1.5 Regions of interest
202(19)
6.2 Provocation Tests
221(4)
6.2.1 Vibration Injury Testing
222(1)
6.2.2 Local Cooling for Detection of Vascular Patterns
223(2)
7 How Should a Clinical Thermal Image Be Recorded and Evaluated?
225(26)
7.1 Request for Thermal Imaging
225(2)
7.2 Starting the Equipment
227(1)
7.3 Room Temperature
228(1)
7.3.1 Choice of Ambient Temperature
228(1)
7.3.1.1 Accommodation time
228(1)
7.4 Preparation of the Imaging Equipment for Image Capture
229(1)
7.5 Patient Preparation
229(8)
7.5.1 Patient's Position during Acclimation and Image Capture
229(1)
7.5.1.1 Indication: Headache including sinusitis
229(1)
7.5.1.2 Indication: Shoulder pain including arthritis, osteoarthritis and rotator cuff derangements
230(1)
7.5.1.3 Indication: Elbow pain including arthritis, osteoarthritis and epicondylitis
230(1)
7.5.1.4 Indication: Wrist pain and pain in finger joints including arthritis, osteoarthritis and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
230(1)
7.5.1.5 Indication: Paraesthesia of the upper extremity including carpal tunnel syndrome and thoracic outlet syndrome
230(4)
7.5.1.6 Indication: Raynaud's phenomenon including vibration induced white fingers
234(1)
7.5.1.7 Indication: Low back pain, including iliosacral arthritis
235(1)
7.5.1.8 Indication: Sciatica including detection of varicose veins of the leg
236(1)
7.5.1.9 Indication: hip or groin pain
236(1)
7.5.1.10 Indication: Knee pain including arthritis and osteoarthritis of the knee, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and soft tissue trauma
236(1)
7.5.1.11 Indication: Ankle pain including arthritis, osteoarthritis of the ankle, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and soft tissue trauma
236(1)
7.5.1.12 Indication: Foot pain including arthritis, osteoarthritis of the midfoot, and toes, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), peripheral neuropathy
237(1)
7.5.1.13 Indication: Posterior foot pain including pain related to the Achilles tendon
237(1)
7.6 Image Capture
237(1)
7.7 Image Evaluation
237(9)
7.7.1 Evaluation of Thermal Images from Patients with Suspected Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
238(1)
7.7.2 Evaluation of Thermal Images from Patients with Suspected Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
239(1)
7.7.3 Evaluation of Thermal Images from Patients with Suspected Raynaud's Phenomenon
240(1)
7.7.3.1 Position of ROIs at the fingertip
240(1)
7.7.3.2 Position of ROIs at the metacarpal bones
240(3)
7.7.4 Calculation of Temperature Gradients
243(3)
7.7.4.1 Temperature gradient metacarpal bone to fingertip
246(1)
7.7.4.2 Combined temperature gradient
246(1)
7.8 Edit a Report
246(5)
7.8.1 Name of the Referring Physician
246(1)
7.8.2 Personal Information of the Patient Including the Health Problem That Led to the Referral
246(1)
7.8.3 Imaging Conditions
246(1)
7.8.4 Captured Images
247(1)
7.8.5 Temperature Readings
247(1)
7.8.6 Interpretation and Recommendations for Further Investigations
247(1)
7.8.7 Approve and Sign Your Report
247(4)
Index 251
Kurt Ammer was senior researcher at the Ludwig Boltzmann Research Unit for Physical Diagnostics, Austria, between 1988 and 2004. Between 1985 and his retirement in early 2013, he was vice director of the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at the Hanusch hospital in Vienna.

Francis Ring took up the post of director of Medical Imaging Research at the University of Glamorgan from which he formally retired in 2017. He is an active member of the Royal Photographic Society (RPS) of Great Britain, being on the Science Council, Awards Council, and the Imaging Science Group.
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