| Preface |
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xi | |
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1 History of Thermal Imaging from 1960 |
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1 | (8) |
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1.1 Development of Imaging Systems |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Development of Applications |
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2 | (7) |
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1.2.1 Medical Applications |
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2 | (4) |
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1.2.2 Applications in Biology |
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6 | (3) |
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2 Basic Thermal Physics: Heat Exchange and Infrared Radiation |
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9 | (36) |
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9 | (5) |
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2.1.1 Thermodynamic Temperature |
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13 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Celsius Temperature |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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2.4 Energy Conversion and Heat Transfer |
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16 | (29) |
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2.4.1 First Law of Thermodynamics |
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16 | (1) |
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2.4.1.1 Energy release in living tissues |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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19 | (2) |
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2.4.2.1 Free Enthalpy, Usable Energy |
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21 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Ways of Heat Transfer |
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22 | (1) |
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2.4.3.1 Heat transfer without change of state |
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23 | (17) |
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2.4.3.2 Heat transfer with change of state (latent heat transfer) |
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40 | (5) |
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3 Basic Thermal Physiology: What Processes Lead to the Temperature Distribution on the Skin Surface |
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45 | (118) |
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3.1 Simple Description of Human Physiology |
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48 | (4) |
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3.2 Simple Description of Temperature Regulation |
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52 | (31) |
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3.2.1 Anatomical and Physiological Systems |
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52 | (2) |
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3.2.1.1 Information line: Thermosensors |
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54 | (6) |
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3.2.1.2 Information line: Pathways |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (2) |
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3.2.1.4 Temperature regulation |
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65 | (18) |
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3.3 Heat Exchange with the Environment |
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83 | (11) |
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3.3.1 Heat Balance Equation |
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83 | (5) |
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3.3.2 Determination of Mean Skin Temperature |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (2) |
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3.3.4.1 Inhomogeneous heat distribution |
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93 | (1) |
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3.4 Common Challenges to Maintaining Core Stability |
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94 | (16) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (12) |
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3.4.1.2 Heat production by skeletal muscles |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (1) |
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3.4.2.1 External heat load |
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110 | (1) |
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3.4.2.2 External heat loss |
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110 | (1) |
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3.5 Response to Challenge |
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110 | (33) |
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3.5.1 Defence against Heat Load |
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110 | (1) |
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3.5.1.1 Increase of the area of heat dissipation |
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110 | (16) |
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126 | (2) |
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3.5.2 Defence against Heat Loss |
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128 | (1) |
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3.5.2.1 Decrease of the area of heat dissipation |
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129 | (1) |
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3.5.2.2 Increase of thermal insulation at the body surface |
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129 | (3) |
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3.5.2.3 Internal heat production |
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132 | (3) |
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135 | (8) |
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143 | (20) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (16) |
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4 Infrared Thermal Imagers |
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163 | (14) |
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164 | (4) |
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4.1.1 Focal Plane Array Detectors |
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167 | (1) |
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4.2 Lenses Used with Infrared Cameras |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Temperature Range and Level |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (6) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (3) |
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5 Quality Assurance Procedures and Infrared Equipment Operation |
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177 | (14) |
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5.1 Quality Assurance Procedures |
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177 | (8) |
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5.1.1 Calibration and External Reference Source |
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177 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Time to Reach Camera Stability |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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5.1.4 Uniformity of the Image |
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181 | (1) |
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5.1.5 Reflected Heat Test |
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182 | (1) |
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5.1.6 Temperature and Spatial Resolution |
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183 | (2) |
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5.2 Infrared Equipment Operation |
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185 | (6) |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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6 Standard Protocol and Provocation Tests |
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191 | (34) |
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6.1 Standard Protocols for Medical Thermography |
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191 | (30) |
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6.1.1 Patient Preparation |
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191 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Patient Positioning |
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192 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Temperature of the Examination Room |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (8) |
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6.1.5 Regions of interest |
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202 | (19) |
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221 | (4) |
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6.2.1 Vibration Injury Testing |
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222 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Local Cooling for Detection of Vascular Patterns |
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223 | (2) |
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7 How Should a Clinical Thermal Image Be Recorded and Evaluated? |
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225 | (26) |
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7.1 Request for Thermal Imaging |
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225 | (2) |
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7.2 Starting the Equipment |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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7.3.1 Choice of Ambient Temperature |
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228 | (1) |
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7.3.1.1 Accommodation time |
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228 | (1) |
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7.4 Preparation of the Imaging Equipment for Image Capture |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (8) |
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7.5.1 Patient's Position during Acclimation and Image Capture |
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229 | (1) |
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7.5.1.1 Indication: Headache including sinusitis |
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229 | (1) |
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7.5.1.2 Indication: Shoulder pain including arthritis, osteoarthritis and rotator cuff derangements |
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230 | (1) |
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7.5.1.3 Indication: Elbow pain including arthritis, osteoarthritis and epicondylitis |
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230 | (1) |
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7.5.1.4 Indication: Wrist pain and pain in finger joints including arthritis, osteoarthritis and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) |
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230 | (1) |
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7.5.1.5 Indication: Paraesthesia of the upper extremity including carpal tunnel syndrome and thoracic outlet syndrome |
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230 | (4) |
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7.5.1.6 Indication: Raynaud's phenomenon including vibration induced white fingers |
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234 | (1) |
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7.5.1.7 Indication: Low back pain, including iliosacral arthritis |
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235 | (1) |
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7.5.1.8 Indication: Sciatica including detection of varicose veins of the leg |
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236 | (1) |
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7.5.1.9 Indication: hip or groin pain |
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236 | (1) |
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7.5.1.10 Indication: Knee pain including arthritis and osteoarthritis of the knee, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and soft tissue trauma |
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236 | (1) |
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7.5.1.11 Indication: Ankle pain including arthritis, osteoarthritis of the ankle, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and soft tissue trauma |
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236 | (1) |
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7.5.1.12 Indication: Foot pain including arthritis, osteoarthritis of the midfoot, and toes, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), peripheral neuropathy |
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237 | (1) |
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7.5.1.13 Indication: Posterior foot pain including pain related to the Achilles tendon |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (9) |
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7.7.1 Evaluation of Thermal Images from Patients with Suspected Thoracic Outlet Syndrome |
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238 | (1) |
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7.7.2 Evaluation of Thermal Images from Patients with Suspected Carpal Tunnel Syndrome |
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239 | (1) |
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7.7.3 Evaluation of Thermal Images from Patients with Suspected Raynaud's Phenomenon |
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240 | (1) |
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7.7.3.1 Position of ROIs at the fingertip |
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240 | (1) |
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7.7.3.2 Position of ROIs at the metacarpal bones |
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240 | (3) |
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7.7.4 Calculation of Temperature Gradients |
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243 | (3) |
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7.7.4.1 Temperature gradient metacarpal bone to fingertip |
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246 | (1) |
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7.7.4.2 Combined temperature gradient |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (5) |
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7.8.1 Name of the Referring Physician |
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246 | (1) |
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7.8.2 Personal Information of the Patient Including the Health Problem That Led to the Referral |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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7.8.5 Temperature Readings |
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247 | (1) |
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7.8.6 Interpretation and Recommendations for Further Investigations |
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247 | (1) |
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7.8.7 Approve and Sign Your Report |
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247 | (4) |
| Index |
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251 | |