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Thermal Human Body: A Practical Guide to Thermal Imaging [Kõva köide]

, (European Association of Thermology, Vienna, Austria)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 260 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 560 g, 21 Tables, black and white; 19 Illustrations, color; 38 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-May-2019
  • Kirjastus: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 9814745820
  • ISBN-13: 9789814745826
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 260 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 560 g, 21 Tables, black and white; 19 Illustrations, color; 38 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-May-2019
  • Kirjastus: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 9814745820
  • ISBN-13: 9789814745826
Teised raamatud teemal:

This book is a guide for the constantly growing community of the users of medical thermal imaging. It describes where and how an infrared equipment can be used in a strictly standardised way and how one can ultimately comprehensively report the findings. Due to their insight into the complex mechanisms behind the distribution of surface temperature, future users of medical thermal imaging should be able to provide careful, and cautious, interpretations of infrared thermograms, thus avoiding the pitfalls of the past. The authors are well-known pioneers of the technique of infrared imaging in medicine who have combined strict standard-based evaluation of medical thermal images with their expertise in clinical medicine and related fields of health management.

Arvustused

"This is a thoroughly enjoyable book for scientists, engineers, and novice users interested in the why and how of thermal imaging. The text begins with the history of thermal imaging of the human body, emphasizing drawbacks faced at different points. Chapter 2 provides a thorough review of the related physics concepts, with equations and units that will satisfy readers with STEM backgrounds. In Chapter 3, the authors present how the body works, including how heat is generated and distributed within the body. The bodys feedback loop model to regulate body temperature through thermoreceptors and thermoeffectors, both autonomically and behaviorally, is clearly explained and illustrated by various temperature measurements from different parts of the body. Chapter 4 reviews existing technologies for detecting and displaying infrared images. Chapter 5 summarizes equipment operation for accurate measurements, including calibration and stability, with relevant equipment specifications. Sample images of different human body parts are provided in Chapter 6, illustrating procedures for quality image acquisition from patients, image analysis, and interpretation. The final chapter summarizes equipment and patient preparation for thermal imaging involving various conditions. Many useful definitions are provided throughout to support readers in learning the introduced concepts. A valuable reference for anyone in biomedical sciences, engineering, and other medical fields." CHOICE"There is no way to study thermal imaging and not learn from the writings of Francis Ring and Kurt Ammer. Pioneers of the application of infrared thermography in medicine, the authors unveil the direction for a sensible use of the method. Luck for usstudents, professionals and enthusiastsbecause we can be grateful to receive a differentiated material that shortens the learning path. No doubt a remarkable book." Prof. Danilo Gomes Moreira, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Minas Gerais, Brazil

"The Thermal Human Body is by two of the most eminent leaders in the field of clinical thermal imaging. It begins with a historical review, followed by extensive descriptions of the physical principles of thermometry and thermal physiology, and ends with the protocols and techniques required to ensure reliable thermal imaging. This book is set to become essential reading for anyone who wants to perform reliable thermal imaging of the human body, whether it be in medicine, clinical practice, sports science or research."Prof. Graham Machin, National Physical Laboratory, UK

"It is relatively simple to take clear thermal images of the skin surface of the human body in a clinical setting using modern infrared thermal cameras. However, considering all that one is doing is measuring skin surface temperature, the correct clinical interpretation of what one sees depends on a basic knowledge of many related factors. This book is a wonderful practical guide that takes the reader through all the main stages required and will be of special interest for those interested in entering the fascinating field of clinical thermal imaging." Professor Emeritus James B. Mercer, UiTThe Arctic University of Norway, Norway

Preface xi
1 History of Thermal Imaging from 1960
1(8)
1.1 Development of Imaging Systems
1(1)
1.2 Development of Applications
2(7)
1.2.1 Medical Applications
2(4)
1.2.2 Applications in Biology
6(3)
2 Basic Thermal Physics: Heat Exchange and Infrared Radiation
9(36)
2.1 What Is Temperature?
9(5)
2.1.1 Thermodynamic Temperature
13(1)
2.1.2 Celsius Temperature
14(1)
2.2 What Is Energy?
14(1)
2.3 What Is Power?
15(1)
2.4 Energy Conversion and Heat Transfer
16(29)
2.4.1 First Law of Thermodynamics
16(1)
2.4.1.1 Energy release in living tissues
16(1)
2.4.1.2 Enthalpy
17(2)
2.4.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics
19(2)
2.4.2.1 Free Enthalpy, Usable Energy
21(1)
2.4.3 Ways of Heat Transfer
22(1)
2.4.3.1 Heat transfer without change of state
23(17)
2.4.3.2 Heat transfer with change of state (latent heat transfer)
40(5)
3 Basic Thermal Physiology: What Processes Lead to the Temperature Distribution on the Skin Surface
45(118)
3.1 Simple Description of Human Physiology
48(4)
3.2 Simple Description of Temperature Regulation
52(31)
3.2.1 Anatomical and Physiological Systems
52(2)
3.2.1.1 Information line: Thermosensors
54(6)
3.2.1.2 Information line: Pathways
60(3)
3.2.1.3 Effectors
63(2)
3.2.1.4 Temperature regulation
65(18)
3.3 Heat Exchange with the Environment
83(11)
3.3.1 Heat Balance Equation
83(5)
3.3.2 Determination of Mean Skin Temperature
88(1)
3.3.3 Clothing
89(2)
3.3.4 Ambient Conditions
91(2)
3.3.4.1 Inhomogeneous heat distribution
93(1)
3.4 Common Challenges to Maintaining Core Stability
94(16)
3.4.1 Internal Challenge
94(1)
3.4.1.1 Metabolism
94(12)
3.4.1.2 Heat production by skeletal muscles
106(3)
3.4.2 External Challenge
109(1)
3.4.2.1 External heat load
110(1)
3.4.2.2 External heat loss
110(1)
3.5 Response to Challenge
110(33)
3.5.1 Defence against Heat Load
110(1)
3.5.1.1 Increase of the area of heat dissipation
110(16)
3.5.1.2 Hyperthermia
126(2)
3.5.2 Defence against Heat Loss
128(1)
3.5.2.1 Decrease of the area of heat dissipation
129(1)
3.5.2.2 Increase of thermal insulation at the body surface
129(3)
3.5.2.3 Internal heat production
132(3)
3.5.2.4 Hypothermia
135(8)
3.6 Adaptation
143(20)
3.6.1 Adaptation to Heat
145(2)
3.6.2 Adaptation to Cold
147(16)
4 Infrared Thermal Imagers
163(14)
4.1 Detectors
164(4)
4.1.1 Focal Plane Array Detectors
167(1)
4.2 Lenses Used with Infrared Cameras
168(1)
4.3 Image Acquisition
169(1)
4.3.1 Emissivity
169(1)
4.3.2 Temperature Range and Level
169(1)
4.3.3 Focus
170(1)
4.4 The Image Display
170(1)
4.5 The Thermal Image
171(6)
4.5.1 Definitions
171(1)
4.5.2 Image Content
172(2)
4.5.3 Image Analysis
174(3)
5 Quality Assurance Procedures and Infrared Equipment Operation
177(14)
5.1 Quality Assurance Procedures
177(8)
5.1.1 Calibration and External Reference Source
177(2)
5.1.2 Time to Reach Camera Stability
179(1)
5.1.3 Offset Drift
179(2)
5.1.4 Uniformity of the Image
181(1)
5.1.5 Reflected Heat Test
182(1)
5.1.6 Temperature and Spatial Resolution
183(2)
5.2 Infrared Equipment Operation
185(6)
5.2.1 Camera Position
185(3)
5.2.2 Image Composition
188(1)
5.2.3 Colour Scale
189(2)
6 Standard Protocol and Provocation Tests
191(34)
6.1 Standard Protocols for Medical Thermography
191(30)
6.1.1 Patient Preparation
191(1)
6.1.2 Patient Positioning
192(1)
6.1.3 Temperature of the Examination Room
193(1)
6.1.4 Standard Views
194(8)
6.1.5 Regions of interest
202(19)
6.2 Provocation Tests
221(4)
6.2.1 Vibration Injury Testing
222(1)
6.2.2 Local Cooling for Detection of Vascular Patterns
223(2)
7 How Should a Clinical Thermal Image Be Recorded and Evaluated?
225(26)
7.1 Request for Thermal Imaging
225(2)
7.2 Starting the Equipment
227(1)
7.3 Room Temperature
228(1)
7.3.1 Choice of Ambient Temperature
228(1)
7.3.1.1 Accommodation time
228(1)
7.4 Preparation of the Imaging Equipment for Image Capture
229(1)
7.5 Patient Preparation
229(8)
7.5.1 Patient's Position during Acclimation and Image Capture
229(1)
7.5.1.1 Indication: Headache including sinusitis
229(1)
7.5.1.2 Indication: Shoulder pain including arthritis, osteoarthritis and rotator cuff derangements
230(1)
7.5.1.3 Indication: Elbow pain including arthritis, osteoarthritis and epicondylitis
230(1)
7.5.1.4 Indication: Wrist pain and pain in finger joints including arthritis, osteoarthritis and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
230(1)
7.5.1.5 Indication: Paraesthesia of the upper extremity including carpal tunnel syndrome and thoracic outlet syndrome
230(4)
7.5.1.6 Indication: Raynaud's phenomenon including vibration induced white fingers
234(1)
7.5.1.7 Indication: Low back pain, including iliosacral arthritis
235(1)
7.5.1.8 Indication: Sciatica including detection of varicose veins of the leg
236(1)
7.5.1.9 Indication: hip or groin pain
236(1)
7.5.1.10 Indication: Knee pain including arthritis and osteoarthritis of the knee, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and soft tissue trauma
236(1)
7.5.1.11 Indication: Ankle pain including arthritis, osteoarthritis of the ankle, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and soft tissue trauma
236(1)
7.5.1.12 Indication: Foot pain including arthritis, osteoarthritis of the midfoot, and toes, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), peripheral neuropathy
237(1)
7.5.1.13 Indication: Posterior foot pain including pain related to the Achilles tendon
237(1)
7.6 Image Capture
237(1)
7.7 Image Evaluation
237(9)
7.7.1 Evaluation of Thermal Images from Patients with Suspected Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
238(1)
7.7.2 Evaluation of Thermal Images from Patients with Suspected Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
239(1)
7.7.3 Evaluation of Thermal Images from Patients with Suspected Raynaud's Phenomenon
240(1)
7.7.3.1 Position of ROIs at the fingertip
240(1)
7.7.3.2 Position of ROIs at the metacarpal bones
240(3)
7.7.4 Calculation of Temperature Gradients
243(3)
7.7.4.1 Temperature gradient metacarpal bone to fingertip
246(1)
7.7.4.2 Combined temperature gradient
246(1)
7.8 Edit a Report
246(5)
7.8.1 Name of the Referring Physician
246(1)
7.8.2 Personal Information of the Patient Including the Health Problem That Led to the Referral
246(1)
7.8.3 Imaging Conditions
246(1)
7.8.4 Captured Images
247(1)
7.8.5 Temperature Readings
247(1)
7.8.6 Interpretation and Recommendations for Further Investigations
247(1)
7.8.7 Approve and Sign Your Report
247(4)
Index 251
Kurt Ammer was senior researcher at the Ludwig Boltzmann Research Unit for Physical Diagnostics, Austria, between 1988 and 2004. Between 1985 and his retirement in early 2013, he was vice director of the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at the Hanusch hospital in Vienna.

Francis Ring took up the post of director of Medical Imaging Research at the University of Glamorgan from which he formally retired in 2017. He is an active member of the Royal Photographic Society (RPS) of Great Britain, being on the Science Council, Awards Council, and the Imaging Science Group.