Preface |
|
xi | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xiii | |
Authors |
|
xv | |
Chapter 1 Introduction |
|
1 | (14) |
|
|
1 | (10) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
1.1.4 Generation of Electricity for Utilities |
|
|
6 | (5) |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
14 | (1) |
Chapter 2 Energy |
|
15 | (34) |
|
|
15 | (5) |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
2.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
2.2 Definitions of Energy and Power |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
2.3 Fundamentals Concerning Energy |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
2.4 Energy Dilemma in Light of the Laws of Thermodynamics |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
|
26 | (5) |
|
|
27 | (2) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
2.8 Mathematics of Exponential Growth |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
2.8.2 Resource Consumption |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
2.9 Lifetime of a Finite Resource |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
|
35 | (7) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
2.10.3 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
2.10.4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
2.10.6 Information and Comments |
|
|
40 | (2) |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
|
42 | (2) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
44 | (2) |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
|
46 | (3) |
Chapter 3 Wind Characteristics |
|
49 | (20) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
3.2 Extractable Limits of Wind Power |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
|
53 | (4) |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
3.8 Wind Speed Histograms |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
3.10 Variations in Wind Power Potential |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
3.11 Wind Speed Distributions |
|
|
63 | (2) |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (2) |
Chapter 4 Wind Resource Assessment |
|
69 | (22) |
|
|
70 | (3) |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (3) |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
|
77 | (8) |
|
4.5.1 Cup and Propeller Anemometers |
|
|
80 | (2) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
4.5.3 Instrument Characteristics |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
4.5.5 Vegetation Indicators |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
4.7 Wind Measurement for Small Wind Turbines |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
|
88 | (3) |
Chapter 5 Wind Turbines |
|
91 | (26) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
5.3 Orientation of Rotor Axis |
|
|
92 | (3) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
|
96 | (3) |
|
|
99 | (3) |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
5.7.2 Rotor Area and Wind Map |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
5.7.3 Manufacturer's Curve |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
5.8 Calculated Annual Energy |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
5.9 Innovative Wind Power Systems |
|
|
105 | (7) |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
5.10.4 Wind Hybrid Systems |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (2) |
Chapter 6 Design of Wind Turbines |
|
117 | (30) |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
|
120 | (4) |
|
6.5.1 Maximum Theoretical Power |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
6.6 Aerodynamic Performance Prediction |
|
|
124 | (6) |
|
6.7 Measured Power and Power Coefficient |
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
|
132 | (8) |
|
|
132 | (5) |
|
6.8.2 Other Components of System |
|
|
137 | (3) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
|
145 | (2) |
Chapter 7 Electrical Issues |
|
147 | (20) |
|
|
147 | (5) |
|
7.1.1 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
7.1.2 Phase Angle and Power Factor |
|
|
150 | (2) |
|
|
152 | (6) |
|
7.2.1 Induction Generator, Constant rpm Operation |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
7.2.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generator, Variable rpm Operation |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
7.2.3 Direct-Drive Generator, Variable rpm Operation |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
7.2.4 Permanent Magnet Alternator, Variable rpm Operation |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
7.2.5 Generator Comparisons |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
|
160 | (3) |
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (2) |
Chapter 8 Performance |
|
167 | (30) |
|
8.1 Measures of Performance |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
8.2 Historical Wind Statistics |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
8.3 Wind Farm Performance |
|
|
169 | (8) |
|
8.3.1 California Wind Farms |
|
|
170 | (3) |
|
8.3.2 Wind Farms in Other States |
|
|
173 | (2) |
|
|
175 | (2) |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
|
183 | (2) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
8.7.2 Electric-to-Electric Systems |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
8.8 Wind-Diesel and Hybrid Systems |
|
|
185 | (3) |
|
|
188 | (4) |
|
|
188 | (3) |
|
8.9.2 Boundary Layer Control |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (2) |
|
|
195 | (2) |
Chapter 9 Siting |
|
197 | (22) |
|
|
197 | (5) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
9.2.1 Long-Term Reference Stations |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
9.2.2 Siting for Wind Farms |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
9.4 Geographic Information Systems |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
9.5 Wind Resource Screening |
|
|
205 | (4) |
|
9.5.1 Estimated Texas Wind Power (Pacific Northwest Laboratory) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
9.5.2 Estimated Texas Wind Power (Alternative Energy Institute) |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
9.5.3 Wind Power for the United States |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
210 | (3) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (3) |
Chapter 10 Applications and Wind Industry |
|
219 | (44) |
|
|
219 | (3) |
|
|
222 | (4) |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
|
228 | (4) |
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
10.4.1.2 Schools, Colleges, and Universities |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
10.4.1.3 Electric Cooperatives |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
10.4.1.4 Municipal and City Operations |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
10.5 Wind-Diesel Generation |
|
|
232 | (4) |
|
|
236 | (3) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
10.6.2 Case Study: Wind Village Power System |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (3) |
|
10.7.1 Design of Wind Pumping System |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
242 | (6) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
248 | (7) |
|
10.9.1 Compressed Air Energy Storage |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
252 | (2) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
10.9.3.2 Lithium (Li) Ion |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
10.9.4 Other Types of Batteries |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
10.9.5 Hydrogen Fuel Cells |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
10.10 Decommissioning and Repowering |
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (4) |
Chapter 11 Institutional Issues |
|
263 | (20) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (2) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
11.2.3 Connection to Utility |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (4) |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
270 | (6) |
|
|
271 | (3) |
|
11.6.1.1 State Incentives |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (2) |
Chapter 12 Economics |
|
283 | (22) |
|
12.1 Factors Affecting Economics |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (4) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
286 | (3) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (2) |
|
12.5 Present Worth and Levelized Costs |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
12.7 Wind Project Development |
|
|
292 | (4) |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
12.7.3 Sales of Electricity |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
12.10 Future Developments |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (2) |
Index |
|
305 | |