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3-D Global Spatial Data Model: Foundation of the Spatial Data Infrastructure [Kõva köide]

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Earl F. Burkholder

Formaat: Hardback, 392 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x156 mm, kaal: 680 g, 88 Illustrations, black and white
Ilmumisaeg: 01-Jan-2008
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
ISBN-10: 1420063014
ISBN-13: 9781420063011

Teised raamatud teemal:

Geographical information systems (GIS) & remote sensing

Kõva köide
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Formaat: Hardback, 392 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x156 mm, kaal: 680 g, 88 Illustrations, black and white
Ilmumisaeg: 01-Jan-2008
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
ISBN-10: 1420063014
ISBN-13: 9781420063011

Teised raamatud teemal:

Geographical information systems (GIS) & remote sensing

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781420063011.html

Märksõnad:

Traditional methods for handling spatial data are encumbered by the assumption of separate origins for horizontal and vertical measurements. Modern measurement systems operate in a 3-D spatial environment. The 3-D Global Spatial Data Model: Foundation of the Spatial Data Infrastructure offers a new model for handling digital spatial data, the global spatial data model or GSDM. The GSDM preserves the integrity of three-dimensional spatial data while also providing additional benefits such as simpler equations, worldwide standardization, and the ability to track spatial data accuracy with greater specificity and convenience. This groundbreaking spatial model incorporates both a functional model and a stochastic model to connect the physical world to the ECEF rectangular system.

Combining horizontal and vertical data into a single, three-dimensional database, this authoritative monograph provides a logical development of theoretical concepts and practical tools that can be used to handle spatial data more efficiently. The book clearly describes procedures that can be used to handle both ECEF and flat-Earth rectangular components in the context of a rigorous global environment.

Arvustused

presents a new model for collecting, handling, manipulating, storing; and-using 3-D digital spatial data with associated concepts, theories, and equations offers quick and well-organized information just like a recipe for the surveyor and geodesist, while it provides future development of spatial data structures for GIS specialists.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING, July 2009

Foreword

Preface

xix

Acknowledgments

xxi

List of Abbreviations

xxiii

The Global Spatial Data Model (GSDM) Defined

(18)

Introduction

(1)

The GSDM

(15)

The Functional Model Component

(3)

Computational Designations

(3)

Algorithm for Functional Model

(5)

The Stochastic Model Component

(1)

The GSDM Covariance Matrices

(2)

The GSDM 3-D Inverse

(1)

BURKORD™: Software and Database

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(1)

Spatial Data and the Science of Measurement

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Spatial Data Defined

(1)

Coordinate Systems Give Meaning to Spatial Data

(4)

Spatial Data Types

(2)

Spatial Data Visualization Is Well Defined

(1)

Direct and Indirect Measurements Contain Uncertainty

(1)

Fundamental Physical Constants Are Held Exact

(1)

Measurements Contain Errors

(1)

Measurements Used to Create Spatial Data Include

(4)

Taping

(1)

Leveling

(1)

Electronic Distance Measurement

(1)

Angles

(1)

GPS

(1)

Photogrammetric Mapping

(1)

Remote Sensing

(1)

Errorless Spatial Data Must Also Be Accommodated

(1)

Primary Spatial Data Are Based Upon Measurements and Errorless Quantities

(2)

Observations and Measurements

(1)

Derived Spatial Data Are Computed from Primary Spatial Data

(1)

Establishing and Preserving the Value of Spatial Data

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(2)

Summary of Mathematical Concepts

(44)

Introduction

(1)

Conventions

(6)

Numbers

(1)

Fractions

(1)

Decimal

(1)

Sexagesimal System

(1)

Binary System

(1)

Conversions

(1)

Coordinate Systems

(1)

Significant Figures

(1)

Addition and Subtraction

(1)

Multiplication and Division

(2)

Logic

(1)

Arithmetic

(1)

Algebra

(1)

Axioms of Equality (for real numbers A, B, and C)

(1)

Axioms of Addition (for real numbers A, B, and C)

(1)

Axioms of Multiplication (for real numbers A, B, and C)

(1)

Boolean Algebra

(1)

Geometry

(3)

Point

(1)

Distance

(1)

Dimension

(1)

Line

(1)

Plane

(1)

Angle

(1)

Circle

(1)

Ellipse

(1)

Radian

(1)

Triangle

(1)

Quadrilateral

(1)

Rectangle

(1)

Square

(1)

Trapezoid

(1)

Polygon

(1)

Pythagorean Theorem

(1)

Solid Geometry

(3)

Sphere

(1)

Ellipsoid

(1)

Polyhedron

(1)

Tetrahedron

(1)

Pyramid

(1)

Cube

(1)

Equation of a Plane in Space

(1)

Equation of a Sphere in Space

(1)

Equation of an Ellipsoid Centered on the Origin

(1)

Conic Sections

(1)

Vectors

(1)

Trigonometry

(2)

Trigonometric Identities

(1)

Law of Sines

(1)

Law of Cosines

(1)

Spherical Trigonometry

(3)

Calculus

(2)

Example

(2)

Differential Calculus Equations

(1)

Integral Calculus Equations

(1)

Probability and Statistics

(9)

Introduction

(1)

Standard Deviation

(1)

Measurement

(1)

Errors

(1)

Blunders

(1)

Systematic Errors

(1)

Random Errors

(1)

Error Sources

(1)

Personal

(1)

Environmental

(1)

Instrumental

(1)

Accuracy and Precision

(2)

Computing Standard Deviations

(1)

Standard Deviation of the Mean

(1)

Confidence Intervals

(1)

Hypothesis Testing

(1)

Matrix Algebra

(1)

Models

(1)

Functional Models

(1)

Stochastic Models

(1)

Error Propagation

(6)

Error Ellipses

(1)

Least Squares

(3)

Linearization

(1)

Applications to the Global Spatial Data Model (GSDM)

(1)

References

(3)

Geometrical Models for Spatial Data Computations

(38)

Introduction

(1)

Conventions

(3)

Two-Dimensional Cartesian Models

(2)

Math/Science Reference System

(1)

Engineering/Surveying Reference System

(1)

Coordinate Geometry

(6)

Forward

(1)

Inverse

(1)

Intersections

(2)

Line-Line: One Solution or No Solution if Lines Are Parallel

(1)

Line-Circle: May Have Two Solutions, One Solution, or No Solution

(1)

Circle-Circle: May Have Two Solutions, One Solution, or No Solution

(1)

Perpendicular Offset

(1)

Area by Coordinates

(1)

Circular Curves

(7)

Definitions

(1)

Degree of Curve

(1)

Elements and Equations

(2)

Stationing

(1)

Metric Considerations

(1)

Area Formed by Curves

(1)

Area of Unit Circle

(1)

Spiral Curves

(6)

Spiral Geometry

(3)

Intersecting a Line with a Spiral

101

(1)

Computing Area Adjacent to a Spiral

102

(2)

Radial Surveying

104

(2)

Vertical Curves

106

(3)

Three-Dimensional Models for Spatial Data

109

(5)

Volume of Rectangular Solid

109

(1)

Volume of a Sphere

109

(1)

Volume of a Cone

110

(1)

Prismoidal Formula

111

(2)

Traditional 3-D Spatial Data Models

113

(1)

The 3-D GSDM

114

(1)

References

114

(3)

Overview of Geodesy

117

(16)

Introduction

117

(1)

Fields of Geodesy

117

(1)

Goals of Geodesy

118

(4)

Historical Perspective

122

(6)

Religion, Science, and Geodesy

123

(1)

Religion

123

(1)

Science

123

(1)

Degree Measurement

124

(1)

Eratosthenes

124

(1)

Poseidonius

125

(1)

Caliph Abdullah al Mamun

125

(1)

Gerardus Mercator

125

(1)

Willebrord Snellius

126

(1)

Jean Picard

126

(1)

Isaac Newton

126

(1)

Jean-Dominique and Jacques Cassini

127

(1)

French Academy of Science

127

(1)

Meter

128

(1)

Developments during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

128

(2)

Forecast for the Twenty-first Century

130

(1)

References

131

(2)

Geometrical Geodesy

133

(50)

Introduction

133

(1)

The Two-dimensional Ellipse

134

(6)

The Three-Dimensional Ellipsoid

140

(2)

Ellipsoid Radii of Curvature

140

(1)

Normal Section Radius of Curvature

141

(1)

Geometrical Mean Radius

141

(1)

Rotational Ellipsoid

142

(1)

Equation of Ellipsoid

142

(1)

Geocentric and Geodetic Coordinates

142

(1)

BK1 Transformation

143

(1)

BK2 Transformation

144

(2)

Iteration

144

(1)

Once-Through Vincenty Method

145

(1)

Example of BK1 Transformation

146

(1)

Example of BK2 Transformation---Iteration

147

(1)

Example of BK2 Transformation---Vincenty's Method (same point)

148

(7)

Meridian Arc Length

149

(3)

Length of a Parallel

152

(1)

Surface Area of a Sphere

152

(2)

Ellipsoid Surface Area

154

(1)

The Geodetic Line

155

(7)

Description

155

(2)

Clairaut's Constant

157

(1)

Geodetic Azimuths

158

(3)

Target Height Correction

161

(1)

Geodesic Correction

161

(1)

Geodetic Position Computation: Forward and Inverse

162

(18)

Puissant Forward (BK18)

162

(2)

Puissant Inverse (BK19)

164

(1)

Numerical Integration

165

(1)

BK18 by Integration

165

(3)

BK19: Numerical Integration

168

(4)

Geodetic Position Computations Using State Plane Coordinates

172

(1)

GSDM 3-D Geodetic Position Computations

173

(1)

Forward (BK3)

173

(1)

Inverse (BK4)

174

(1)

GSDM Inverse Example: New Orleans to Chicago

175

(5)

References

180

(3)

Geodetic Datums

183

(16)

Introduction

183

(1)

Horizontal Datums

184

(8)

Brief History

184

(1)

North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27)

185

(1)

North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83)

186

(1)

World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84)

187

(1)

International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF)

188

(2)

High Accuracy Reference Network (HARN)

190

(1)

Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS)

191

(1)

Vertical Datums

192

(2)

Mean Sea Level Datum of 1929 (now NGVD29)

193

(1)

International Great Lakes Datum

193

(1)

North American Vertical Datum of 1988

194

(1)

3-D Datums

194

(1)

Datum Transformations

195

(2)

NAD27 to NAD83(86)

195

(1)

NAD83(86) to HPGN

195

(1)

NGVD29 to NAVD88

196

(1)

HTDP196

Software Sources

196

(1)

Seven- (or Fourteen-) Parameter Transformation

196

(1)

References

197

(2)

Physical Geodesy

199

(22)

Introduction

199

(1)

Gravity

200

(1)

Definitions

201

(3)

Elevation (Generic)

202

(1)

Equipotential Surface

202

(1)

Level Surface

202

(1)

Geoid

202

(1)

Geopotential Number

202

(1)

Dynamic Height

203

(1)

Orthometric Height

203

(1)

Ellipsoid Height

203

(1)

Geoid Height

203

(1)

Gravity and the Shape of the Geoid

204

(1)

Laplace Correction

204

(2)

Measurements and Computations

206

(5)

Interpolation and Extrapolation

207

(1)

Gravity

208

(1)

Tide Readings

209

(1)

Differential Levels

209

(1)

Ellipsoid Heights

209

(2)

Time

211

(1)

Use of Ellipsoid Heights in Place of Orthometric Heights

211

(2)

The Need for Geoid Modeling

213

(3)

Geoid Modeling and the GSDM

216

(2)

Using a Geoid Model

218

(2)

References

220

(1)

Satellite Geodesy and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

221

(28)

Introduction

221

(3)

Brief History of Satellite Positioning

224

(3)

Modes of Positioning

227

(3)

Elapsed Time

227

(1)

Doppler Shift

228

(1)

Interferometry

229

(1)

Satellite Signals

230

(4)

C/A Code

232

(1)

Carrier Phase

233

(1)

Differencing

234

(1)

Single Differencing

235

(1)

Double Differencing

235

(1)

Triple Differencing

235

(1)

RINEX

235

(1)

Processing GPS Data

236

(9)

Spatial Data Types

237

(1)

Autonomous Processing

238

(1)

Datum

239

(1)

Units

239

(1)

Display

239

(1)

Time

239

(1)

Vector Processing

239

(1)

Multiple Vectors

240

(1)

Traditional Networks

241

(1)

Advanced Processing

242

(3)

The Future of Survey Control Networks

245

(2)

References

247

(2)

Map Projections and State Plane Coordinates

249

(42)

Introduction: Round Earth---Flat Map

249

(1)

Projection Criteria

250

(2)

Projection Figures

252

(3)

Permissible Distortion and Area Covered

255

(1)

The U.S. State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS)

256

(6)

History

257

(1)

Features

257

(1)

NAD27 and NAD83

258

(3)

Current Status: NAD83 State Plane Coordinate Systems

261

(1)

Advantages

261

(1)

Disadvantages

261

(1)

Procedures

262

(4)

Grid Azimuth

262

(1)

Grid Distance

263

(2)

Traverses

265

(1)

Loop Traverse

266

(1)

Point-to-Point Traverse

266

(1)

Algorithms for Traditional Map Projections

266

(22)

Lambert Conic Conformal Projection

267

(2)

BK10 (Forward) Transformation on Lambert Conic Conformal Projection

269

(1)

BK11 (Inverse) Transformation on Lambert Conic Conformal Projection

270

(1)

Transverse Mercator Projection

271

(4)

BK10 (Forward) Transformation for Transverse Mercator Projection

275

(2)

BK11 (Inverse) Transformation for Transverse Mercator

277

(2)

Oblique Mercator Projection

279

(4)

BK10 (Forward) Transformation for Oblique Mercator Projection

283

(1)

BK11 (Inverse) Transformation for Oblique Mercator Projection

284

(2)

Low-Distortion Projections

286

(1)

Lambert Conic Conformal Projection

286

(2)

Transverse Mercator Projection

288

(1)

Oblique Mercator Projection

288

(1)

References

288

(3)

Using Spatial Data

291

(24)

Introduction

291

(1)

Forces Driving Change

291

(1)

Transition

292

(2)

Consequences

294

(1)

Spatial Data Accuracy

295

(19)

Introduction

295

(1)

Definitions

296

(2)

Spatial Data Components and Their Accuracy

298

(2)

But Everything Moves

300

(1)

Observations, Measurements, and Error Propagation

301

(1)

Finding the Uncertainty of Spatial Data Elements

302

(2)

Using Points Stored in the X/Y/Z Database

304

(1)

Example

305

(1)

Control Values and Observed Vectors

306

(1)

Blunder Checks

307

(2)

Results

309

(1)

Network Accuracy and Local Accuracy

309

(5)

References

314

(1)

Using the GSDM

315

(14)

Introduction

315

(2)

Features

317

(3)

The Functional Model

317

(1)

The Stochastic Model

317

(3)

Database Issues

320

(2)

Implementation Issues

322

(1)

Applications and Examples

323

(3)

WBK Software

326

(2)

References

328

(1)

Appendix A: Rotation Matrix Derivation

329

(4)

References

332

(1)

Appendix B: 1983 State Plane Coordinate System Constants

333

(8)

Appendix C: Example Computation---Network Accuracy and Local Accuracy

341

(4)

Index

345

3-D Global Spatial Data Model: Foundation of the Spatial Data Infrastructure [Kõva köide]

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