This lecture explores the patterns of foreign relations in China from 1860 to 1895, highlighting the recurring themes and significant events that shaped diplomatic interactions during this period. It explores the emergence of a consistent pattern where imperialist powers, particularly Japan and Russia, sought to expand their influence in China, often at the expense of Chinese sovereignty. Despite portraying themselves as allies, Russia seldom provided genuine diplomatic assistance to China, preferring to extract concessions for their own gain. Conversely, Britain, as the dominant world power, tended to advocate for stability and diplomatic resolutions, rather than further encroachments on Chinese territory. The lecture also underscores the competition between Britain and Russia, exemplified by Russia's attempts to encroach on areas threatening British India, leading to tensions and strategic maneuvering between the two empires.
