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1 | (10) |
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1.1 Recording Movement and Orientation |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Conventions and Basics |
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2 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (3) |
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1.3.1 Python Package scikit-kinematics |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Matlab 3-D Kinematics Toolbox |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Source Code for Python and Matlab |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (3) |
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11 | (18) |
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2.1 Marker-Based Measurements |
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11 | (5) |
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13 | (3) |
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2.2 Sensor-Based Measurements |
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16 | (13) |
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16 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Linear Accelerometers |
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17 | (3) |
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20 | (2) |
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2.2.4 Ultrasound Sensors---Trilateration |
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22 | (1) |
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2.2.5 Magnetic Field Sensors |
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23 | (6) |
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29 | (28) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Rotation in Cartesian Coordinates |
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31 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Rotation in Polar Coordinates |
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32 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Application: Orienting an Object in a Plane |
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33 | (1) |
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3.3 Rotations About Coordinate Axes in 3-D |
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34 | (4) |
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3.3.1 3-D Rotations About Coordinate Axes |
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34 | (3) |
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3.3.2 Rotations of Objects Versus Rotations of Coordinate Systems |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (8) |
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3.4.1 3-D Orientation with Sequential Rotations |
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40 | (5) |
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45 | (1) |
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3.5 Homogeneous Coordinates |
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46 | (2) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (6) |
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3.6.1 Two DOF---Targeting an Object in 3-D |
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48 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Two DOF---Projection onto a Flat Surface |
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49 | (2) |
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3.6.3 Three DOF---3-D Orientation Measurements with Search Coils |
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51 | (1) |
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3.6.4 Nested or Cascaded 3-D Rotation Sequences |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (3) |
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4 Quaternions and Gibbs Vectors |
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57 | (18) |
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4.1 Representing Rotations by Vectors |
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57 | (2) |
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4.2 Axis-Angle Euler Vectors |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (5) |
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59 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Quaternion Properties |
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60 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Interpretation of Quaternions |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (2) |
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4.4.1 Properties of Gibbs Vectors |
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64 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Cascaded Rotations with Gibbs Vectors |
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66 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Gibbs Vectors and Their Relation to Quaternions |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (9) |
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4.5.1 Targeting an Object in 3-D: Quaternion Approach |
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66 | (2) |
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4.5.2 Orientation of 3-D Acceleration Sensor |
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68 | (2) |
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4.5.3 Calculating Orientation of a Camera on a Moving Object |
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70 | (2) |
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4.5.4 Object-Oriented Implementation of Quaternions |
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72 | (3) |
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5 Velocities in 3-D Space |
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75 | (10) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (6) |
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5.3.1 Calculating Angular Velocity from Orientation |
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79 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Calculating Orientation from Angular Velocity |
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82 | (3) |
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6 Analysis of 3-D Movement Recordings |
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85 | (14) |
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6.1 Position and Orientation from Optical Sensors |
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85 | (6) |
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6.1.1 Recording 3-D Markers |
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85 | (2) |
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6.1.2 Orientation in Space |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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6.1.4 Velocity and Acceleration |
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89 | (1) |
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6.1.5 Transformation from Camera-to Space-Coordinates |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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6.2 Position and Orientation from Inertial Sensors |
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91 | (4) |
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6.2.1 Orientation in Space |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (2) |
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6.3 Applications: Gait Analysis |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (2) |
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7 Multi-sensor Integration |
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99 | (16) |
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7.1 Working with Uncertain Data |
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100 | (5) |
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7.1.1 Uncertain Data in One Dimension |
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100 | (2) |
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7.1.2 Uncertain Data in Multiple Dimensions |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (7) |
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7.2.1 Idea Behind Kalman Filters |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Measurements and Kalman Equations |
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109 | (3) |
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7.2.4 Kalman Filters with Quaternions |
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111 | (1) |
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7.3 Complementary Filters |
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111 | (1) |
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7.3.1 Gradient Descent Approach |
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112 | (3) |
Appendix A Appendix---Mathematics |
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115 | (14) |
Appendix B Practical Applications: Denavit-Hartenberg Transformations |
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129 | (4) |
Appendix C Python and Matlab Programs |
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133 | (22) |
Appendix D: Human Movement Recordings---Practical Tips |
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155 | (6) |
Appendix E Exercise Solutions |
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161 | (18) |
Appendix F Glossary |
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179 | (4) |
Appendix G Online Resources |
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183 | (2) |
References |
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185 | (4) |
Index |
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189 | |