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1 Introduction to Additive Manufacturing |
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1 | (22) |
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1.1 Characteristics of Additive Manufacturing Processes |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Additive Manufacturing Processes |
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3 | (16) |
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1.2.1 Stereolithography (SLA) |
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4 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)/Selective Laser Melting (SLM)/Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) |
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6 | (3) |
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1.2.3 Fused Layer Modeling (FLM), Commercially: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) |
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9 | (4) |
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1.2.4 Powder-Binder Bonding (3DP) |
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13 | (2) |
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1.2.5 Layer Laminate Manufacturing (LLM)/Selective Deposition Lamination (SDL) |
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15 | (4) |
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19 | (1) |
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1.4 Characteristics of Additive Manufactured Parts |
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20 | (3) |
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22 | (1) |
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2 Selective Laser Melting of Reflective Optics |
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23 | (22) |
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2.1 Adjusting Optics Manufacturing |
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23 | (1) |
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2.2 Requirements for Reflective Optics |
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24 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Applications for Reflective Optics |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Relation Between Design Parameters and Functionality |
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26 | (3) |
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2.2.4 Reflector Design for Additive Manufacturing |
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29 | (1) |
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2.3 Additive Manufacturing: Selective Laser Melting |
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29 | (6) |
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2.4 Additive Manufacturing of a Reflector Array |
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35 | (7) |
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2.4.1 Design of a Reflector Array |
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35 | (3) |
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2.4.2 Validation of a Process Configurator |
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38 | (4) |
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2.5 Challenges for SLM of Reflective Optics |
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42 | (3) |
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43 | (2) |
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3 3D Printing of Optics Based on Conventional Printing Technologies |
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45 | (124) |
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46 | (1) |
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3.2 Materials Used for the Additive Manufacturing of Optics Using Polymerization |
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47 | (6) |
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3.2.1 Photopolymerization Categorized According to the Reacting Species |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (4) |
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3.3 Analysis of Additively Manufactured Optics |
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53 | (16) |
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3.3.1 Analysis of the Printing Process |
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54 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Analysis of the Shape and Surface of Additively Manufactured Optics |
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56 | (4) |
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3.3.3 Dip Coating to Improve the Surface of Additively Manufactured Optical Elements |
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60 | (4) |
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3.3.4 Analysis of the Optical Properties of Additively Manufactured Elements |
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64 | (5) |
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3.4 Additively Manufactured Macroscopic Optics |
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69 | (35) |
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3.4.1 Light-Guiding Elements |
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69 | (6) |
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75 | (5) |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (7) |
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3.4.5 Volumetric Displays Using Additive Manufacturing Processes |
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91 | (3) |
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3.4.6 Additively Manufactured Mirror Elements |
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94 | (10) |
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3.5 Additively Manufactured Microlenses |
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104 | (9) |
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3.5.1 Additive Manufacturing of Spherical Microlenses |
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105 | (4) |
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3.5.2 Individualized Microlenses |
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109 | (4) |
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3.6 Additively Manufactured Light Sources |
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113 | (18) |
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113 | (3) |
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3.6.2 Additively Manufactured Optical Converter and Random Laser |
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116 | (5) |
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3.6.3 Additive Manufacturing of Photoluminescent Optics |
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121 | (10) |
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3.7 New Approaches to the Additive Manufacturing of Optics |
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131 | (30) |
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3.7.1 Robot-Based Additive Manufacturing |
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131 | (20) |
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3.7.2 DMD-Based Additive Manufacturing of Optical Components |
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151 | (6) |
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3.7.3 3D Printing of Multiple Materials |
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157 | (4) |
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161 | (8) |
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162 | (7) |
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4 3D Printing of Transparent Glasses |
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169 | (16) |
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169 | (1) |
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4.2 Conventional Glass Structuring |
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170 | (1) |
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4.3 Evolving Applications in Optics and Photonics |
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171 | (2) |
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4.4 First Trials for 3D Printing of Glass |
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173 | (1) |
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4.5 Direct 3D Printing of Transparent Glass |
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173 | (2) |
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4.6 Indirect 3D Printing of Transparent Glass |
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175 | (4) |
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4.7 3D Printing of Multicomponent Silicate Glasses |
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179 | (1) |
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4.8 Comparison of Indirect Glass 3D Printing Methods |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (3) |
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182 | (3) |
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5 Industrial-Scale Fabrication of Optical Components Using High-Precision 3D Printing: Aspects-Applications-Perspectives |
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185 | (54) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (3) |
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191 | (5) |
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5.3.1 Multifunctional Materials |
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191 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Selected Materials for High-Precision 3D Printing |
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194 | (2) |
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5.4 High-Precision 3D Printing |
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196 | (25) |
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5.4.1 General Aspects on High-Precision 3D Printing |
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196 | (4) |
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5.4.2 Manufacturing Strategies |
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200 | (6) |
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5.4.3 Production Environment |
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206 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Scaling to Industrial-Scale Throughput |
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207 | (4) |
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5.4.5 From Micro- to Macro Optics |
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211 | (2) |
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5.4.6 From Curved Optics to Flat Optics |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (5) |
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5.5 Beam Shaping for Sensor Products |
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221 | (7) |
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5.5.1 NIR Laser Dies for Gas Sensing |
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221 | (2) |
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5.5.2 High-Precision 3D Printing for Laser Die Packaging |
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223 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Optical and Life Cycle Characterization |
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224 | (4) |
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228 | (11) |
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229 | (10) |
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6 3D-Printed Microoptics by Femtosecond Direct Laser Writing |
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239 | (24) |
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239 | (4) |
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6.2 Design Rules for 3D-Printed Microoptics |
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243 | (4) |
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6.3 Examples of Printed Microoptical Imaging Systems |
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247 | (6) |
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6.4 Printed Nonimaging Optics |
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253 | (5) |
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258 | (5) |
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258 | (5) |
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7 Hybrid Polymers for Conventional and Additive Manufacturing of Microoptical Elements |
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263 | (25) |
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263 | (1) |
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7.2 Optical Materials and Fabrication Processes |
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264 | (11) |
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7.2.1 Glass and Polymers for Optical Applications |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Production and Processing of Hybrid Polymers |
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267 | (4) |
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7.2.4 Properties of Hybrid Polymers |
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271 | (4) |
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7.3 Fabrication of Microoptical Elements by UV Lithography and Replication Using Hybrid Polymers |
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275 | (3) |
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7.3.1 UV Lithography and Direct Laser Writing |
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275 | (1) |
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7.3.2 UV Imprint and Replication |
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276 | (2) |
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7.4 Hybrid Polymers in Additive Manufacturing |
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278 | (9) |
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7.4.1 Inkjet Printing and Dispensing |
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278 | (3) |
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7.4.2 Two-Photon Polymerization Direct Laser Writing (2PP-DLW) |
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281 | (6) |
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287 | (1) |
References |
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