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Access to Justice for Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers: Just Energy? [Kõva köide]

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(University of Glasgow, UK), (Next Energy Consumer), (University of Kent, UK), (University of Glasgow, UK)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 336 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 238x162x24 mm, kaal: 800 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Aug-2021
  • Kirjastus: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1509939431
  • ISBN-13: 9781509939435
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Access to Justice for Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers: Just Energy?Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 336 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 238x162x24 mm, kaal: 800 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Aug-2021
  • Kirjastus: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1509939431
  • ISBN-13: 9781509939435
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781509939435.html
Märksõnad:
Providing a novel socio-legal approach to the issue of access to justice for energy poor consumers, this book examines the barriers to justice facing this excluded group, as well as the broader vulnerability characteristics among energy consumers.

How do ordinary people access justice? This book offers a novel socio-legal approach to access to justice, alternative dispute resolution, vulnerability and energy poverty. It poses an access to justice challenge and rethinks it through a lens that accommodates all affected people, especially those who are currently falling through the system. It raises broader questions about alternative dispute resolution, the need for reform to include more collective approaches, a stronger recognition of the needs of vulnerable people, and a stronger emphasis on delivering social justice. The authors use energy poverty as a site of vulnerability and examine the barriers to justice facing this excluded group.

The book assembles the findings of an interdisciplinary research project studying access to justice and its barriers in the UK, Italy, France, Bulgaria and Spain (Catalonia). In-depth interviews with regulators, ombuds, energy companies, third-sector organisations and vulnerable people provide a rich dataset through which to understand the phenomenon.

The book provides theoretical and empirical insights which shed new light on these issues and sets out new directions of inquiry for research, policy and practice. It will be of interest to researchers, students and policymakers working on access to justice, consumer vulnerability, energy poverty, and the complex intersection between these fields.

The book includes contributions by Cosmo Graham (UK), Sarah Supino and Benedetta Voltaggio (Italy), Marine Cornelis (France), Anais Varo and Enric Bartlett (Catalonia) and Teodora Peneva (Bulgaria).

Arvustused

A compelling and original contribution to the socio-legal literature on access to justice the first such study of access to justice relating to the European energy market It should appeal to any scholar experienced academic or student [ and] of great value to those working in or on energy poverty because it makes a powerful and well-informed case for reform and ensuring that systems of ADR feel accessible to those who need them. The current energy crisis highlights the need for such reform. -- Daniel Newman, Cardiff University * Journal of Law and Society *

Muu info

Providing a novel socio-legal approach to the issue of access to justice for energy poor consumers, this book examines the barriers to justice facing this excluded group, as well as the broader vulnerability characteristics among energy consumers.
Foreword vii
Acknowledgements ix
List of Contributors
xix
List of Tables and Figures
xxi
Introduction 1(16)
I Introduction
1(2)
II An Orientation to Key Concepts
3(3)
A Access to Justice
3(1)
B ADR
4(1)
C Consumer Vulnerability
4(1)
D Energy Poverty
5(1)
III Contribution to Socio-Legal Scholarship
6(2)
IV Outline of the Book's Content and Argument
8(4)
V A Note on Case Study Selection and Methodology
12(1)
VI The Structure of this Book
13(4)
PART I ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR VULNERABLE AND ENERGY-POOR CONSUMERS
1 The Access to Justice Challenge
17(24)
I Introduction
17(1)
II The Scale and Nature of the Access to Justice Challenge
18(2)
III Understanding the Barriers to Access to Justice
20(4)
A Factors that Impact on People's Ability to Name a Problem
22(1)
B Factors that Impact on People's Ability to Blame Someone for a Problem
22(1)
C Factors that Impact on People's Ability to Make a Claim in Relation to their Problem
23(1)
IV Particular Barriers Facing Energy Consumers
24(6)
A The Nature of the Energy Market
24(2)
B Cost and Rational Apathy
26(1)
C `Behavioural Consumers'
27(2)
D Unrealistic Expectations of Energy Consumers
29(1)
V Consumer Vulnerability and Energy Poverty as Barriers to Accessing Justice
30(4)
A Moving Beyond `Generalist' Approaches to Access to Justice
30(1)
B Denning Vulnerability and Energy Poverty
31(3)
VI Barriers Experienced by Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers: Highlights from Our Data
34(4)
A Lived Experiences of Energy Poverty and Vulnerability
34(1)
B Stretched Public Services and Community Support
35(1)
C The Energy Market and Technology
36(2)
VII Conclusion
38(3)
2 A Holistic Vision of Access to Justice
41(24)
I Introduction
41(1)
II Access to Justice Beyond Lawyers and Courts
42(10)
A Narrow, Court-Centric Approaches to Access to Justice
42(3)
B A More Holistic Approach
45(1)
C Everyday Justice Problems
46(2)
D Culture, Context and Dispute Resolution
48(1)
E ADR and Internal Complaint Mechanisms
49(2)
F Advice and Non-Legal Sources of Help
51(1)
III Beyond Procedural Access to Justice
52(9)
A Access to Justice as Access to Substantively Just Outcomes
52(2)
B From Individual to Social Justice: Access to Justice as a Collective Problem
54(4)
C Energy Justice as an Integrative Framework
58(3)
IV Reforming Access to Justice
61(1)
V Conclusion
62(3)
3 European Union Law and Policy on Access to Justice
65(22)
I Introduction
65(1)
II Recognition of Vulnerability and Energy Poverty in EU Law and Policy
66(5)
A The Concept of Vulnerability in Consumer Protection Law
66(2)
B Vulnerability and Energy Poverty in Energy Law
68(2)
C Summary
70(1)
III The Development of ADR for Consumer Disputes in the Energy Sector
71(8)
A The Growth of ADR in Civil Justice Systems
71(2)
B The EU Legislative Framework for Consumer Energy Disputes
73(1)
C Drivers for the Development of ADR Provisions for Consumers in the EU Legislative Framework
74(2)
D Diversity of ADR in the European Energy Sector
76(3)
IV Access to Justice, Collective Redress and Consumer Protection Measures
79(3)
A Collective Redress
79(1)
B Substantive Rights and Consumer Protection Mechanisms
80(2)
V Ongoing Problems for Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers in the European Energy Market
82(3)
VI Conclusion
85(2)
4 ADR and Access to Justice
87(22)
I Introduction
87(1)
II Initial Observations Based on the Access to Justice Literature
88(1)
III The Critical Debate on Access to Justice and ADR
89(6)
A The Effectiveness Debate
90(2)
B The Settlement Debate
92(3)
IV Specific Issues in the Consumer-Disputing Context
95(12)
A The Persistence of the Access to Justice Gap
95(4)
B Settlement-Focused Critiques and the Enduring Value of Courts
99(4)
C The Quality and Effectiveness of ADR
103(2)
D Added-Value Functions
105(2)
V Conclusions
107(2)
5 ADR and Access to Justice: Empirical Insights
109(24)
I Introduction
109(1)
II Empirical Insights
110(12)
A Current Levels of Access to Justice
110(1)
B Barriers to Accessing ADR
111(1)
i Lack of Awareness and Reach of ADR
111(1)
ii The Practices of Energy Suppliers
112(1)
iii Regulatory Barriers and ADR Processes
112(1)
iv Technological Barriers
113(1)
v Other Barriers
114(1)
C The Role and Limits of ADR
114(1)
i Consumer Expectations of ADR
114(2)
ii Limits in the Support ADR can Provide to Consumers
116(1)
iii Limits in Addressing the Fundamental Problems Facing Energy Consumers
117(1)
D The Need for ADR to Develop Partnerships and Systemic Approaches
118(1)
i The Importance of Partnership
118(1)
ii Third-Sector Partnerships
119(2)
iii Partnerships with Energy Suppliers
121(1)
III Discussion
122(9)
A The Access to Justice Challenge
122(2)
B The Barriers that Stand in the Way of Accessing ADR
124(2)
C Adapting Services to Deal with Vulnerable Users
126(1)
D Questions about the Proper Role of ADR
127(2)
E Partnership and Systemic Working
129(2)
IV Conclusion
131(2)
6 Everyday Experiences and the Role of Local Actors
133(22)
I Introduction
133(3)
II Legal Alienation, Relational Distance and Access to Justice
136(4)
III Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers, the Energy Market and Formal Institutions: Stories of Alienation and Disconnection
140(9)
A Alienation and Relational Distance in Our Data
140(1)
i Apathy, Cynicism and Disconnection
140(2)
ii High Relational Distance: The Different Worlds of Consumers and Formal Institutions
142(1)
iii An Insight into the Lives of Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers
143(2)
B Billing: A Site of Alienation and High Relational Distance
145(3)
C Summary
148(1)
IV Local Actors: More than Intermediaries
149(5)
A Community Action in the North-East of England
150(2)
B Energy Advice and Intervention in Catalonia
152(1)
C Charity Work in the North of France
153(1)
V Conclusion
154(1)
7 Towards a More Holistic System of Access to Justice
155(28)
I Introduction
155(1)
II Recapping the Argument of the Book
155(5)
III Dispute System Design and the Delivery of Holistic Access to Justice
160(6)
A A Developing Consensus Around the Ombuds Model
161(2)
B Towards a More Inclusive, Preventative and Therapeutic Access to Justice
163(2)
C Consumer Participation in the Design of Access to Justice Policies and Institutions
165(1)
IV From Added Value to Inclusive Design: Overview of Design Options
166(11)
A Option 1: Improve the `Supply' of ADR
168(2)
B Option 2: Increase the `Demand' for ADR
170(1)
C Option 3: Decrease the `Demand' for ADR
171(3)
D Functional Overlaps, Partnership and Domain Legitimacy
174(3)
V Limitations and Directions for Future Research
177(1)
VI Conclusion
178(5)
PART II ACCESS TO JUSTICE, ADR AND ENERGY POVERTY IN FIVE COUNTRIES
8 Introduction to Part II
183(2)
I Outline of
Chapters
183(2)
9 Energy Injustice in Bulgaria
185(30)
Teodora Peneva
I Introduction
185(4)
II Energy Poverty in Bulgaria
189(3)
III Consumer Protection Mechanism
192(3)
A Heating Supply
193(1)
B Electricity Supply
194(1)
IV Key Areas of Energy Injustice
195(2)
A Heating Supply
195(1)
B Electricity Supply
196(1)
C Water Supply
197(1)
V The Energy Injustice Labyrinth in Bulgaria
197(8)
A EWRC
197(2)
B National Ombudsman
199(2)
C Local/Municipalities Ombudsmen
201(1)
D Energy Ombudsman at the Electricity Supplier CEZ
202(1)
E Consumer Organisations
203(1)
F ADR
204(1)
VI Constraints for Energy Justice in Bulgaria
205(7)
A Heating Supply
205(2)
B Electricity Supply
207(1)
C Water Supply
208(1)
D Legal Limitations to the National Ombudsman's Rights
209(1)
E Questionable Status of the EWRC
209(1)
F Physical Persons Bankruptcy Act
210(1)
G CCP, EWRC Members Election
210(1)
H ADR Constraints
211(1)
VII Conclusions
212(3)
10 Energy Poverty and Access to Justice in Catalonia
215(24)
Anais Varo
Enric R Bartlett Castella
I Introduction
215(1)
II The Spanish Electrical System
216(3)
III Vulnerable Consumers and Access to Energy Justice in Catalonia
219(12)
A The Emergence of Energy Poverty in the Political and Policy Agenda in Catalonia
219(2)
B The Catalan Housing Emergency and Energy Poverty Measures Act (Law 24/2015)
221(1)
C The National Strategy on Energy Poverty in Spain and its Impact in Catalonia
222(2)
D The Intervention of the Catalan Ombudsman
224(1)
i The Institutional Framework for the Ombudsman's Action
224(1)
ii Individual Complaints
225(1)
iii Recommendations for Regulatory Changes
225(2)
E Other Actors Intervening in Energy Poverty Situations
227(1)
i The Intervention of Catalan Local Administrations
227(1)
ii The Alliance against Energy Poverty: The Right to Energy Approach
228(1)
F Alternative Resolution of Consumer Disputes and Social Bonus
229(1)
i Complaints to Suppliers
229(1)
ii Consumer Arbitration in the Face of Disagreement with the Resolution of the Claim
230(1)
IV Energy Poverty: What are the Gaps in the Current Measures?
231(5)
A Households' Debt Accumulation and Sustainable Future Solutions
231(1)
B Energy-Poor Population Out of Policies' Scope
231(2)
C Practices of Recovery Companies Contracted by Marketers
233(1)
D The Transfer of Debt by Providers
233(1)
E Aid that does not Reach its Recipients
234(1)
F Registration as a Requirement to Contract Supplies
234(1)
G Vulnerable Consumers and Procedural Energy Justice
235(1)
V Moving Towards a Just Energy Model: Policy Implications
236(1)
A Good Practices in Community-Based Organisations: From Vulnerable Consumers to Empowered Citizens
236(1)
B The Future Catalan Energy Transition Act: An Opportunity
236(1)
VI Conclusions
237(2)
11 Access to Justice and Energy Poverty in France
239(18)
Marine Cornelis
I Introduction
239(1)
II Energy Poverty
240(2)
III A Complex ADR Landscape: Divided between the National Public Ombudsman, Company Mediators and Other Public Parties
242(5)
A Company Mediators (Internal Company Ombudsman)
242(2)
B Mediateur National de l'Energie (National Energy Ombudsman)
244(2)
C Landlord-Tenant Mediation
246(1)
IV What are the Barriers to Access Justice for Energy Consumers?
247(1)
V What Role does ADR (Ombuds) Play in Accessing Justice for Energy-Poor and Vulnerable Consumers?
248(4)
A Access to Advice and Information
248(2)
B Energy Companies
250(2)
VI How can Vulnerable Consumers Access Justice?
252(2)
A State Level, Private Level, Local Initiatives?
252(2)
VII What can be done to Improve the Situation?
254(2)
A EU Level, National Level
254(2)
VIII Conclusion
256(1)
12 Access to Justice for Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers in Italy: Policy Measures and the Role of ADR
257(26)
Sarah Supino
Benedetta Voltaggio
I Italian Policies to Tackle Energy Poverty
257(4)
II Access to Justice for Vulnerable and Energy-Poor Consumers in Italy: The Role of ADR
261(13)
A Preliminary Remarks
261(1)
B ADR, Right of Defence and Free Legal Assistance
262(2)
C The Main Types of ADR in Italy are Inadequate to be Applied in Cases of Energy Disputes Involving Energy-Poor Consumers
264(3)
D Own Initiatives of the Authority: Memoranda of Understanding and Joint Negotiation
267(1)
E The Third Energy Package: The ARERA Conciliation Service and the `Smart Help Service'
268(1)
i The Conciliation Service
268(2)
ii The Consumer Help Desk and the Smart Help Service
270(2)
iii Overview of Advantages of Main ADR Tools
272(1)
F Directive 2013/11/EU and the Attempt at Conciliation as a Mandatory Condition for any Subsequent Appeal to the Court
272(1)
G The `Third Level' of Protection: ARERA as a Decision-Making Body
273(1)
III Data on ADR Procedures in the Energy Sector
274(6)
A The Conciliation Service
274(5)
B The Smart Help Service
279(1)
IV Conclusions
280(3)
13 Access to Justice in Energy: United Kingdom
283(20)
Cosmo Graham
I Introduction
283(1)
II The Legal Framework of Energy Regulation in Great Britain
283(2)
III The GB Energy Industry
285(2)
IV The Fuel Poverty Strategy
287(5)
A Income Measures
289(1)
B Ofgem's Vulnerability Strategy
290(2)
V Complaints against Energy Companies
292(9)
A Complaints and Consumers in Vulnerable Circumstances
293(1)
B Company Complaint Handling
294(3)
C The Role of Ombudsman Services: Energy
297(4)
D What can be Done?
301(1)
VI Conclusion
301(2)
Index 303
Naomi Creutzfeldt is Reader in Socio-Legal Studies at the University of Westminster, UK. Chris Gill is Lecturer in Public Law at the University of Glasgow, UK. Marine Cornelis is Executive Director and Founder of the policy consultancy Next Energy Consumer, Italy. Rachel McPherson is Lecturer in Criminal Law at the University of Glasgow, UK.