|
Distribution of Internal Loading in Statically Loaded Bearings: Combined Radial, Axial, and Moment Loadings---Flexible Support of Bearing Rings |
|
|
1 | (40) |
|
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
Ball Bearings under Combined Radial, Thrust, and Moment Loads |
|
|
3 | (5) |
|
Misalignment of Radial Roller Bearings |
|
|
8 | (9) |
|
Components of Deformation |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
|
9 | (4) |
|
Load on a Roller-Raceway Contact Lamina |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Equations of Static Equilibrium |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
Thrust Loading of Radial Cylindrical Roller Bearings |
|
|
17 | (7) |
|
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Roller-Raceway Deformations Due to Skewing |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
Radial, Thrust, and Moment Loadings of Radial Roller Bearings |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
Cylindrical Roller Bearings |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Spherical Roller Bearings |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Stresses in Roller-Raceway Nonideal Line Contacts |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
Flexibly Supported Rolling Bearings |
|
|
28 | (11) |
|
|
|
28 | (6) |
|
Relative Radial Approach of Rolling Elements to the Ring |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
Determination of Rolling Element Loads |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
Bearing Component Motions and Speeds |
|
|
41 | (22) |
|
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
|
|
42 | (4) |
|
Geometrical Considerations |
|
|
42 | (2) |
|
|
|
44 | (2) |
|
Orbital, Pivotal, and Spinning Motions in Ball Bearings |
|
|
46 | (10) |
|
|
|
46 | (5) |
|
No Gyroscopic Pivotal Motion |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Calculation of Rolling and Spinning Speeds |
|
|
53 | (2) |
|
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Roller End-Flange Sliding in Roller Bearings |
|
|
56 | (4) |
|
Roller End-Flange Contact |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Roller End-Flange Geometry |
|
|
56 | (3) |
|
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
|
60 | (3) |
|
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
High-Speed Operation: Ball and Roller Dynamic Loads and Bearing Internal Load Distribution |
|
|
63 | (32) |
|
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Dynamic Loading of Rolling Elements |
|
|
65 | (10) |
|
Body Forces Due to Rolling Element Rotations |
|
|
65 | (3) |
|
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
Rotation about the Bearing Axis |
|
|
68 | (5) |
|
Rotation about an Eccentric Axis |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
|
75 | (9) |
|
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
High-Speed Radial Cylindrical Roller Bearings |
|
|
84 | (3) |
|
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
High-Speed Tapered and Spherical Roller Bearings |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Five Degrees of Freedom in Loading |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
|
|
90 | (5) |
|
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
Lubricant Films in Rolling Element-Raceway Contacts |
|
|
95 | (32) |
|
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
|
|
97 | (4) |
|
|
|
97 | (3) |
|
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
Load Supported by the Lubricant Film |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
Isothermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication |
|
|
101 | (11) |
|
Viscosity Variation with Pressure |
|
|
101 | (4) |
|
Deformation of Contact Surfaces |
|
|
105 | (3) |
|
Pressure and Stress Distribution |
|
|
108 | (3) |
|
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
Very-High-Pressure Effects |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
Inlet Lubricant Frictional Heating Effects |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
Surface Topography Effects |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
|
|
118 | (3) |
|
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
|
|
123 | (4) |
|
|
|
123 | (4) |
|
Friction in Rolling Element-Raceway Contacts |
|
|
127 | (26) |
|
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
|
130 | (9) |
|
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
Sliding Due to Rolling Motion: Solid-Film or Boundary Lubrication |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
|
133 | (2) |
|
Sliding Due to Rolling Motion: Full Oil-Film Lubrication |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Non-Newtonian Lubricant in an Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Contact |
|
|
135 | (2) |
|
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Fluid Shear Stress for Full-Film Lubrication |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Sliding Due to Rolling Motion: Partial Oil-Film Lubrication |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
Overall Surface Friction Shear Stress |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
Real Surfaces, Microgeometry, and Microcontacts |
|
|
139 | (9) |
|
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
|
140 | (3) |
|
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
Application of the GW Model |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
Asperity-Supported and Fluid-Supported Loads |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Sliding Due to Rolling Motion: Roller Bearings |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Sliding Velocities and Friction Shear Stresses |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Sliding Due to Spinning and Gyroscopic Motions |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
Sliding Velocities and Friction Shear Stresses |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
Contact Friction Force Components |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Sliding in a Tilted Roller-Raceway Contact |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
|
148 | (5) |
|
|
|
150 | (3) |
|
Friction Effects in Rolling Bearings |
|
|
153 | (38) |
|
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
|
155 | (3) |
|
Sliding in Rolling Element-Raceway Contacts |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Viscous Drag on Rolling Elements |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Sliding between the Cage and the Bearing Rings |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
Sliding between Rolling Elements and Cage Pockets |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
Sliding between Roller Ends and Ring Flanges |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
Sliding Friction in Seals |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
Bearing Operation with Solid-Film Lubrication: Effects of Friction Forces and Moments |
|
|
158 | (8) |
|
|
|
158 | (5) |
|
|
|
163 | (3) |
|
Bearing Operation with Fluid-Film Lubrication: Effects of Friction Forces and Moments |
|
|
166 | (11) |
|
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Calculation of Ball Speeds |
|
|
166 | (4) |
|
|
|
170 | (4) |
|
Cylindrical Roller Bearings |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Calculation of Roller Speeds |
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
|
177 | (6) |
|
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Forces Acting on the Cage |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
|
|
183 | (5) |
|
Roller Equilibrium Skewing Angle |
|
|
185 | (3) |
|
|
|
188 | (3) |
|
|
|
189 | (2) |
|
Rolling Bearing Temperatures |
|
|
191 | (18) |
|
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
|
193 | (3) |
|
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
|
|
196 | (3) |
|
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
|
199 | (4) |
|
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
High Temperature Considerations |
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
Special Lubricants and Seals |
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Heat Transfer in a Rolling-Sliding Contact |
|
|
205 | (3) |
|
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Application Load and Life Factors |
|
|
209 | (50) |
|
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Effect of Bearing Internal Load Distribution on Fatigue Life |
|
|
211 | (8) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Flexibly Supported Bearings |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
|
215 | (3) |
|
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Effect of Lubrication on Fatigue Life |
|
|
219 | (4) |
|
Effect of Material and Material Processing on Fatigue Life |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
Effect of Contamination on Fatigue Life |
|
|
224 | (4) |
|
Combining Fatigue Life Factors |
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
Limitations of the Lundberg-Palmgren Theory |
|
|
231 | (3) |
|
|
|
234 | (2) |
|
|
|
236 | (19) |
|
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Fatigue-Initiating Stress |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Subsurface Stresses Due to Normal Stresses Acting on the Contact Surfaces |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Subsurface Stresses Due to Frictional Shear Stresses Acting on the Contact Surfaces |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Stress Concentration Associated with Surface Friction Shear Stress |
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
Stresses Due to Particulate Contaminants |
|
|
240 | (7) |
|
Combination of Stress Concentration Factors Due to Lubrication and Contamination |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Effect of Lubricant Additives on Bearing Fatigue Life |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Sources of Residual Stresses |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Alterations of Residual Stress Due to Rolling Contact |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (2) |
|
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
|
|
255 | (4) |
|
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
Statically Indeterminate Shaft-Bearing Systems |
|
|
259 | (14) |
|
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
|
260 | (5) |
|
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
|
|
265 | (5) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
|
266 | (3) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (2) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Failure and Damage Modes in Rolling Bearings |
|
|
273 | (30) |
|
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Bearing Failure Due to Faulty Lubrication |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
Interruption of Lubricant Supply to Bearings |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
Fracture of Bearing Rings Due to Fretting |
|
|
276 | (3) |
|
Bearing Failure Due to Excessive Thrust Loading |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
Bearing Failure Due to Cage Fracture |
|
|
280 | (3) |
|
Incipient Failure Due to Pitting or Indentation of the Rolling Contact Surfaces |
|
|
283 | (10) |
|
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
False Brinnelling in Bearing Raceways |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Pitting Due to Electric Current Passing through the Bearing |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Indentations Caused by Hard Particle Contaminants |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Effect of Pitting and Denting on Bearing Functional Performance and Endurance |
|
|
286 | (7) |
|
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Surface-Initiated Fatigue |
|
|
295 | (5) |
|
Subsurface-Initiated Fatigue |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
300 | (3) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Bearing and Rolling Element Endurance Testing and Analysis |
|
|
303 | (40) |
|
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
Life Testing Problems and Limitations |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
Acceleration of Endurance Testing |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Acceleration of Endurance Testing through Very Heavy Applied Loading |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Avoiding Test Operation in the Plastic Deformation Regime |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Load-Life Relationship of Roller Bearings |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Acceleration of Endurance Testing through High-Speed Operation |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Testing in the Marginal Lubrication Regime |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
Practical Testing Considerations |
|
|
308 | (3) |
|
Particulate Contaminants in the Lubricant |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
Moisture in the Lubricant |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Chemical Composition of the Lubricant |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Consistency of Test Conditions |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Condition Changes over the Test Period |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Lubricant Property Changes |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Deterioration of Bearing Mounting Hardware |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Manufacturing Accuracy of Test Samples |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (7) |
|
Statistical Analysis of Endurance Test Data |
|
|
319 | (12) |
|
Statistical Data Distributions |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
The Two-Parameter Weibull Distribution |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Mean Time between Failures |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Graphical Representation of the Weibull Distribution |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Estimation in Single Samples |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Application of the Weibull Distribution |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Point Estimation in Single Samples: Graphical Methods |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
Point Estimation in Single Samples: Method of Maximum Likelihood |
|
|
326 | (2) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Precision of Estimation: Sample Size Selection |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Estimation in Sets of Weibull Data |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (2) |
|
|
|
331 | (7) |
|
Rolling Component Endurance Testers |
|
|
331 | (3) |
|
Rolling-Sliding Friction Testers |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Rolling-Sliding Disk Test Rig |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
|
|
338 | (5) |
|
|
|
340 | (3) |
| Appendix |
|
343 | (2) |
| Index |
|
345 | |
