Klienditugi: 7440010 (E-R 10-18)

Advanced Electrical and Electronics Materials: Processes and Applications [Kõva köide]

K. M. Gupta (Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India), Series edited by Ashutosh Tiwari, Nishu Gupta (Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India)

Formaat: Hardback, 760 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 239x158x46 mm, kaal: 1202 g
Sari: Advanced Material Series
Ilmumisaeg: 19-May-2015
Kirjastus: Wiley-Scrivener
ISBN-10: 1118998359
ISBN-13: 9781118998359

Teised raamatud teemal:

Electronics engineering - (Hetkel poes: 1 nimetust)

Kõva köide
Hind: 207,93 €
Raamatu kohalejõudmiseks kirjastusest kulub orienteeruvalt 2-4 nädalat
Kogus:
- - 1
  - 2
  - 3
  - 4
  - 5
  - 6
  - 7
  - 8
  - 9
  - 10
Lisa ostukorvi
Tasuta tarne
Tellimisaeg 2-4 nädalat
Lisa soovinimekirja
Raamatukogudele

Formaat: Hardback, 760 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 239x158x46 mm, kaal: 1202 g
Sari: Advanced Material Series
Ilmumisaeg: 19-May-2015
Kirjastus: Wiley-Scrivener
ISBN-10: 1118998359
ISBN-13: 9781118998359

Teised raamatud teemal:

Electronics engineering - (Hetkel poes: 1 nimetust)

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781118998359.html

Märksõnad:

Electronics - Materials

This comprehensive and unique book is intended to cover the vast and fast-growing field of electrical and electronic materials and their engineering in accordance with modern developments. Basic and pre-requisite information has been included for easy transition to more complex topics. Latest developments in various fields of materials and their sciences/engineering, processing and applications have been included. Latest topics like PLZT, vacuum as insulator, fiber-optics, high temperature superconductors, smart materials, ferromagnetic semiconductors etc. are covered. Illustrations and examples encompass different engineering disciplines such as robotics, electrical, mechanical, electronics, instrumentation and control, computer, and their inter-disciplinary branches. A variety of materials ranging from iridium to garnets, microelectronics, micro alloys to memory devices, left-handed materials, advanced and futuristic materials are described in detail.

Preface

xxxv

Acknowledgement

xxxvii

About the Authors

xxxix

Abbreviations

xli

1 General Introduction to Electrical and Electronic Materials

(32)

1.1 Importance of Materials

(1)

1.2 Importance of Electrical and Electronic Materials

(1)

1.3 Classification of Electrical and Electronic Materials

(6)

1.3.1 Conductors

(1)

1.3.2 Semiconductors

(1)

1.3.3 Dielectrics

(1)

1.3.4 Superconductors

(1)

1.3.5 Magnetic Materials

(1)

1.3.6 Ferrites

(1)

1.3.7 Ferroelectrics

(1)

1.3.8 Piezoelectrics

(1)

1.3.9 Perovskites (Titanates, Zirconates, Hafnates)

(1)

1.3.10 Spinels, Garnets, and Magnetoplumbite

(1)

1.4 Scope of Electrical and Electronic Materials

(2)

1.5 Requirements of Engineering Materials

(2)

1.6 Operational Requirements of Electrical and Electronic Materials

(2)

1.6.1 High and Low Temperature (Service) Materials

(1)

1.6.2 High Voltage (Service) Materials

(1)

1.7 Classification of Solids on the Basis of Energy Gap

(3)

1.7.1 Energy Gap for Different Solids

(1)

1.7.2 Comparison among Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators

(1)

1.8 Glimpse of Some Electronic Products, Their Working Principles and Choicest Materials

(1)

1.9 Different Types of Engineering Materials

(2)

1.9.1 Metals

(1)

1.9.2 Non-Ferrous Metals

(1)

1.9.3 Ceramics

(1)

1.9.4 Organic Polymers

(1)

1.9.5 Alloys

(1)

1.9.6 Composites

(1)

1.10 Different Levels of Materials Structure

(1)

1.10.1 Micro-Structure Levels

(1)

1.10.2 Dimensional Range and Examples

(1)

1.11 Spintronics (The Electronics of Tomorrow) and Spintronic Materials

(2)

1.11.1 Major Fields of Spintronic Research

(1)

1.11.2 Operational Mechanisms of Spintronic Devices

(1)

1.11.3 Working Principle of Spintronic Devices

(1)

1.11.4 Emerging and Futuristic Spintronic Materials

(1)

1.12 Ferromagnetic Semiconductor

(2)

1.12.1 Emerging Wide Bandgap Semiconductors

(1)

1.13 Left-Handed (LH) Materials

(1)

1.14 Solved Examples

(2)

Review Questions

(1)

Objective Questions

(3)

2 Atomic Models, Bonding in Solids, Crystal Geometry, and Miller Indices

(38)

2.1 Atomic Models

(1)

2.2 Bohr's Quantum Atomic Model

(4)

2.2.1 Radii of Orbits, Velocity and Frequency of Electrons

(1)

2.2.2 Normal, Excited and Ionized Atoms

(1)

2.2.3 Kinetic and Potential Energy of Electron

(1)

2.3 Modern Concept of Atomic Model

(2)

2.3.1 De Broglie Wave

(1)

2.3.2 Wavelength of Electron Wave

(1)

2.3.3 Concept of Standing Wave

(1)

2.4 Electron Configuration

(1)

2.5 Meaning of Chemical (or Atomic) Bonding

(1)

2.6 Classification of Chemical Bonds

(1)

2.7 Ionic Bond

(1)

2.8 Covalent Bonds

(3)

2.8.1 Types of Covalent Bonds

(1)

2.8.2 Bond Angle

(1)

2.8.3 Directional and Non-Directional Bonds

(1)

2.8.4 Mixed bonds

(1)

2.9 Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Crystal Structures

(1)

2.9.1 Construction of a solid

(1)

2.10 Space Lattice

(1)

2.11 Basis

(1)

2.12 Unit Cell and Crystal

(1)

2.13 Bravais Crystal System

(3)

2.14 Primitive and Non-Primitive Unit Cells

(1)

2.15 Coordination Number

(1)

2.16 Atomic Packing Fraction

(3)

2.17 Calculation of Density (or Bulk Density)

(1)

2.18 Miller Indices

(6)

2.18.1 Determining the Miller Indices of a Given Plane

(2)

2.18.2 Drawing a Plane Whose Miller Indices are Given

(1)

2.18.3 Drawing a Plane which is Parallel to an Axis

(1)

2.18.4 Planes with Negative Indices

(1)

2.18.5 Family of Planes

(1)

2.18.6 Miller Indices: Crystallographic Notation of Atomic Crystal Directions

(1)

2.19 Interplaner Spacing

(1)

2.20 Linear Density

(1)

2.21 Planer Density

(1)

2.21.1 Planer Density in Face Centred Cube (FCC) on (100) Plane

(1)

2.21.2 Planer Density in FCC on (110) Plane

(1)

2.21.3 Planer Density in FCC on (111) Plane

(1)

Quick Revision Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(2)

Numerical Questions

(3)

Objective Questions

(2)

3 Solid Structures, Characterization of Materials, Crystal Imperfections, and Mechanical Properties of Materials

(38)

3.1 Crystallography

(1)

3.2 Crystalline and Non-Crystalline Structures

(1)

3.3 Hexagonally Closed Packed Structure (HCP)

(1)

3.4 VOIDS

(1)

3.4.1 Tetrahedral Voids

(1)

3.4.2 Octahedral Void

(1)

3.5 Covalent Solids

(1)

3.5.1 Diamond Cubic (DC) Structure

(1)

3.6 Bragg's Law of X-Rays Diffraction

(2)

3.6.1 Bragg's Equation

(1)

3.6.2 Reflections from Various Sets

(1)

3.7 Structure Determination

(1)

3.8 Microscopy

(3)

3.8.1 Microscopic Principle

(1)

3.8.2 Ray Diagram and Principle of Magnification

(1)

3.8.3 Magnifying Power of Microscope

(1)

3.9 Different Types of Metallurgical Microscopes and Their Features

(2)

3.10 Working Principle of Electron Microscope

(1)

3.10.1 Formation of Magnified Image

(1)

Crystal Imperfections

(1)

3.11 Ideal and Real Crystals, and Imperfections

(1)

3.11.1 Disadvantageous Effects of Imperfections

(1)

3.11.2 Advantageous Effect of Imperfection

(1)

3.12 Classification of Imperfections

(1)

3.13 Point Imperfections

(2)

3.13.1 Vacancy

(1)

3.13.2 Substitutional Impurity

(1)

3.13.3 Interstitial Impurity

(1)

3.13.4 Frenkel's Defect

(1)

3.13.5 Schottky's Defect

(1)

3.14 Effects of Point Imperfections

(1)

3.15 Line Imperfections

(1)

3.16 Features of Edge Dislocation

(1)

3.17 Screw Dislocation

(2)

3.17.1 Stress-Strain Field in Screw Dislocation

(2)

3.18 Characteristics of Dislocations

(1)

3.18.1 Burgers Vectors of Dislocations in Cubic Crystals

(1)

3.19 Sources of Dislocations, Their Effects and Remedies

(2)

3.19.1 Effects of Dislocations

(1)

3.19.2 Remedies to Minimize the Dislocations

(1)

3.20 Grain Boundary

(1)

3.20.1 Mechanism of grain boundary formation

(1)

3.21 Twin or Twinning

(1)

3.21.1 Annealing Twin and Deformation Twin

(1)

3.22 Mechanical Properties of Metals

(8)

3.22.1 Isotropic Anisotropic and Orthotropic Materials

(1)

3.22.2 Homogeneity and Heterogeneity

(1)

3.22.3 Strain Energy Absorbed by the Materials

(1)

3.22.4 Strength

(1)

3.22.5 Stiffness

100

(1)

3.22.6 Resilience, Proof Resilience and Toughness

100

(1)

3.22.7 Elasticity and Plasticity

101

(1)

3.22.8 Ductility and Brittleness

101

(2)

3.22.9 Malleability

103

(1)

3.22.10 Fatigue

103

(1)

3.22.11 Creep

103

(1)

3.22.12 Need of Different Properties for Different Applications

104

(1)

3.22.13 Hardness

104

(1)

3.22.14 Impact

104

(1)

3.22.15 Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties

104

(1)

Review Questions

105

(3)

Numerical Problems

108

(1)

4 Conductive Materials: Electron Theories, Properties and Behaviour

109

(44)

4.1 Electrons and Their Role in Conductivity

109

(1)

4.1.1 Valence and Free Electrons

109

(1)

4.2 Electron Theories of Solids

110

(1)

4.3 Free Electron Theory

110

(8)

4.3.1 Kinetic Energy in Terms of Wave Number

111

(1)

4.3.2 Kinetic Energy in Terms of Length of the Solid

112

(1)

4.3.3 Energy Equation for 3-Dimensional Solid

113

(1)

4.3.4 Mechanism of Conduction by Free Electrons

114

(1)

4.3.5 Drift Velocity and Collision Time

115

(2)

4.3.6 Mean Free Path (or Mean Free Length)

117

(1)

4.3.7 Effect of Temperature on Mean Free Path

117

(1)

4.4 Energy Band Theory

118

(2)

4.4.1 Critical Conditions

119

(1)

4.4.2 Magnitude of Energy Gap

120

(1)

4.5 Brillouin Zone Theory

120

(5)

4.5.1 Meaning of Different Brillouin Zones

121

(1)

4.5.2 First and Second Brillouin Zones

122

(1)

4.5.3 Brillouin Zones for Simple Cubic Lattice

123

(1)

4.5.4 Brillouin Zones for BCC, FCC and HCP Lattices

124

(1)

4.6 Conductors

125

(1)

4.6.1 Characteristics of a Good Conductor

126

(1)

4.7 Factors Affecting Conductivity (and Resistivity) of Metals

126

(4)

4.7.1 Temperature Effect on Conductivity

127

(2)

4.7.2 Nordheim Equation for Impurity and Alloying Effects on Resistivity

129

(1)

4.7.3 Effect of Plastic Deformation and Cold Working

129

(1)

4.7.4 Matthilseen Rule of Total Resistivity

129

(1)

4.8 Thermal Conductivity

130

(2)

4.8.1 Salient Features of Different Materials Regarding Thermal Conductivity

131

(1)

4.9 Heating Effect of Current

132

(1)

4.9.1 Joule's Law of Electrical Heating

132

(1)

4.9.2 Applications of Heating Effect

133

(1)

4.10 Thermoelectric Effect (or Thermoelectricity)

133

(1)

4.11 Seebeck Effect

134

(2)

4.11.1 Seebeck Series

134

(1)

4.11.2 Seebeck e.m.f.

135

(1)

4.11.3 Applications of Thermoelectric Effect

136

(1)

4.12 Peltier Effect

136

(1)

4.12.1 Peltier Coefficient

136

(1)

4.13 Thomson Effect

137

(1)

4.13.1 Types of Materials on the Basis of Thomson Effect

138

(1)

4.13.2 Materials for Thermocouples and Thermopiles

138

(1)

4.14 Wiedemann-Franz Law and Lorentz Relation

138

(5)

4.14.1 Determining the Thermal Conductivity

139

(1)

4.14.2 Consideration of Electron Collision

140

(1)

4.14.3 Consideration of Fermi Energy

141

(1)

4.14.4 Lorentz Number

142

(1)

4.15 Solved Examples

143

(3)

Quick Revision Summary

146

(1)

Review Questions

147

(2)

Numerical Problems

149

(2)

Objective Questions

151

(2)

True and False Type Questions

151

(1)

Fill in the Blank Type Questions

152

(1)

Multiple Choice Type Questions

152

(1)

5 Conductive Materials: Types and Applications

153

(32)

5.1 Mechanically Processed Forms of Electrical Materials

153

(2)

5.1.1 Cladded Metals

153

(1)

5.1.2 Bimetals

153

(1)

5.1.3 Sintered Materials

154

(1)

5.1.4 Hot Rolled and Cold Rolled Metals

154

(1)

5.1.5 Hard Drawn and Soft Drawn Metals

154

(1)

5.1.6 Annealed Metals

155

(1)

5.2 Types of Conducting Materials

155

(1)

5.3 Low Resistivity Materials

156

(5)

5.3.1 Characteristics of Low Resistivity Materials

156

(1)

5.3.2 Copper and its Types

157

(1)

5.3.3 Types of Aluminium and their Applications

158

(2)

5.3.4 Comparison among Different Low Resistivity Conducting Materials

160

(1)

5.3.5 Copper Alloys (Brass and Bronze)

160

(1)

5.4 High Resistivity Materials

161

(4)

5.4.1 Characteristics of High Resistivity Materials

163

(1)

5.4.2 Nickel

163

(1)

5.4.3 Tantalum

164

(1)

5.4.4 High Resistivity Alloys

164

(1)

5.4.5 Salient Applications of High Resistivity Materials

164

(1)

5.5 Contact Materials

165

(5)

5.5.1 Requirements of a Good Contact Material

166

(1)

5.5.2 Types of Contact Materials

166

(2)

5.5.3 Common Contact Metals

168

(1)

5.5.4 Salient Applications of Contact Materials

169

(1)

5.6 Fusible (or Fuse) Materials

170

(2)

5.6.1 Requirements of Fuse Materials

170

(1)

5.6.2 Fusible Metals and Alloys

171

(1)

5.7 Filament Materials

172

(1)

5.7.1 Requirements of a Good Filament Material

172

(1)

5.7.2 Tungsten Filament

172

(1)

5.8 Carbon As Filamentary and Brush Material

173

(2)

5.8.1 Carbon Graphite

174

(1)

5.8.2 Main Applications of Carbon Materials

174

(1)

5.9 Conductors, Cables, and Wires: Types and Materials

175

(3)

5.9.1 Stranded Conductors

176

(1)

5.9.2 Types of Stranded Conductors

176

(1)

5.9.3 Specifications of Stranded Conductors

177

(1)

5.9.4 Core Cable

177

(1)

5.9.5 Reinforced Conductor

178

(1)

5.10 Solder Materials for Joining Wires and Joints in Power Apparatuses

178

(1)

5.10.1 Soft Solder

178

(1)

5.10.2 Hard Solder

178

(1)

5.11 Sheathing Materials

179

(1)

5.12 Sealing Materials

180

(1)

5.13 Solved Examples

180

(1)

Review Questions

181

(2)

Objective Questions

183

(2)

6 Semiconducting Materials: Properties and Behaviour

185

(44)

6.1 Introduction to Semiconductors

185

(1)

6.1.1 Properties of Semiconductors

186

(1)

6.2 Different Types of Semiconducting Materials

186

(2)

6.2.1 Merits of Semiconducting Materials

186

(1)

6.2.2 Characteristics of Semiconducting Materials

187

(1)

6.3 Determining the Percentage Ionic Character of Compound Semiconductor

188

(1)

6.4 Fermi Energy Level

189

(2)

6.4.1 Fermi-Dirac Probability Function and Temperature Effect

189

(2)

6.5 Intrinsic Semiconductors

191

(3)

6.5.1 Energy Diagram of Intrinsic Semiconductor

192

(1)

6.5.2 Holes, Mobility and Conductivity

193

(1)

6.6 Extrinsic Semiconductors

194

(5)

6.6.1 n-Type Semiconductors and their Energy Diagram

194

(1)

6.6.2 Law of Mass Action

195

(1)

6.6.3 p-Type Semiconductors and their Energy Diagram

195

(4)

6.7 Effective Mass

199

(1)

6.8 Density of State

200

(2)

6.9 Temperature Dependency of Carrier Concentrations

202

(3)

6.9.1 Temperature Dependency of n,

204

(1)

6.10 Effects of Temperature on Mobility of Carriers

205

(1)

6.10.1 Effects of Doping on Mobility

206

(1)

6.11 Direct and Indirect Energy Band Semiconductors

206

(2)

6.11.1 Differences between Direct and Indirect Semiconductors

208

(1)

6.12 Variation of Eg with Alloy Composition

208

(2)

6.12.1 Effect of Alloying on GaAs1-xPx

209

(1)

6.12.2 Applications

210

(1)

6.13 Degenerate Semiconductors

210

(2)

6.13.1 Effect of Heavy Doping

211

(1)

6.13.2 Degenerate Types

211

(1)

6.14 Hall Effect

212

(4)

6.14.1 Explanation of the Phenomenon

213

(1)

6.14.2 Hall Voltage

213

(1)

6.14.3 Significance of Hall Effect, Hall Coefficient etc.

214

(2)

6.15 Analysis of Drift and Diffusion Currents

216

(2)

6.15.1 Einstein Relation

217

(1)

6.16 Continuity Equation

218

(1)

6.17 Solved Examples

219

(4)

Quick Revision Summary

223

(1)

Review Questions

224

(1)

Numerical Problems

225

(1)

Objective Type Questions

226

(3)

7 Semiconducting Materials: Types and Applications

229

(34)

7.1 Element Form Semiconducting Materials

229

(3)

7.1.1 Silicon

229

(1)

7.1.2 Germanium

230

(1)

7.1.3 Selenium (Se)

231

(1)

7.1.4 Antimony (Sb)

231

(1)

7.1.5 Other Elements

231

(1)

7.1.6 Comparison between Silicon and Germanium

232

(1)

7.2 Formulated (Compound and Alloyed) Semiconducting Materials

232

(3)

7.2.1 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)

232

(2)

7.2.2 Indium Antimonide (InSb)

234

(1)

7.2.3 Oxides, Sulphides, Halides, Tellurides and Sellurides

234

(1)

7.2.4 Cadmium Sulphide (CdS)

234

(1)

7.2.5 Silicon Carbide (SiC)

235

(1)

7.2.6 Lead Sulphide (PbS)

235

(1)

7.3 Lattice Structures of Some Compound Semiconductors

235

(2)

7.3.1 Structure of Zinc Sulphide

237

(1)

7.4 Solar Cells

237

(5)

7.4.1 Working Principle

238

(1)

7.4.2 Construction and Working

238

(1)

7.4.3 Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Solar Cells

239

(1)

7.4.4 Solar Cell Fabrication and Materials

240

(1)

7.4.5 Advantages and Limitations of Solar Cells

241

(1)

7.4.6 Applications of Solar Cells

242

(1)

7.5 Semiconductor Lasers

242

(5)

7.5.1 Merits of Semiconductor Lasers

243

(1)

7.5.2 Characteristics and Working

243

(1)

7.5.3 Laser Applications

243

(2)

7.5.4 Materials for Semiconductor Lasers

245

(2)

7.6 Optical Materials in Light Emitting Diodes

247

(2)

7.6.1 Construction and Working of LED

247

(1)

7.6.2 Advantages, Applications and Specifications of LEDs

247

(1)

7.6.3 Applications and Specifications of LEDs

248

(1)

7.6.4 Light Emitting Materials

248

(1)

7.7 Materials for Optical Fibres

249

(4)

7.7.1 Construction

250

(1)

7.7.2 Types of Optical Fibres

250

(1)

7.7.3 Suitable Materials and their Requirements

251

(1)

7.7.4 Advantages and Applications

252

(1)

7.7.5 Applications of Optical Fibres

252

(1)

7.8 Choicest Materials for Different Semiconductor Devices

253

(1)

7.9 Solved Examples

254

(3)

Quick Revision Summary

257

(1)

Review Questions

258

(1)

Objective Questions

259

(4)

8 Semiconducting Materials: Processing and Devices

263

(38)

8.1 Production of Element Form Of Silicon (Si)

263

(1)

8.2 Semiconductor Crystal Growth

264

(2)

8.2.1 Bridgman Method

264

(1)

8.2.2 Czochralski Method

265

(1)

8.3 Processing of Semiconducting Materials

266

(1)

8.4 Zone Refining

266

(2)

8.4.1 Zone Refining Apparatus

268

(1)

8.5 Manufacturing of Wafers

268

(1)

8.5.1 Photolithography

269

(1)

8.6 Semiconductors Fabrication Technology

269

(2)

8.6.1 Microelectronic Circuit Construction

270

(1)

8.6.2 Thin Film Circuit Fabrication

270

(1)

8.7 Fabrication of a Semiconductor P-N Junction

271

(1)

8.8 Transistor Manufacturing Processes

271

(1)

8.9 Semiconducting Devices and Their Operating Principle

271

(3)

8.10 Important Applications of Semiconductor Devices

274

(1)

8.11 Brief Description of Some Semiconductor Devices

275

(1)

8.12 P-N Junction Diode

276

(3)

8.12.1 Applications of P-N Diode

277

(1)

8.12.2 Biasing

277

(2)

8.13 Working of P-N Diode When not Connected to a Battery

279

(1)

8.13.1 Diffusion of Holes and Electrons in P-N Diode

279

(1)

8.13.2 Set-up of Barrier in P-N Diode

279

(1)

8.13.3 Formation of Depletion (or Space Charge) Region in P-N Diode

279

(1)

8.13.4 Flow of Drift and Diffusion Current in P-N Diode

280

(1)

8.14 Different Types of P-N Junction Diodes

280

(1)

8.14.1 The Gunn Diode Materials and Fabrication

281

(1)

8.15 Junction Transistors

281

(1)

8.15.1 Different Categories of Transistors

282

(1)

8.16 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

282

(3)

8.16.1 Construction of BJT

282

(3)

8.17 Field-Effect Transistor (FET)

285

(1)

8.17.1 Advantages of FETs over BJTs

285

(1)

8.17.2 Differences between FETs and BJTs

285

(1)

8.17.3 Applications of FETs

285

(1)

8.18 Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MESFET)

286

(2)

8.18.1 Basic Construction of MESFETs

286

(1)

8.18.2 Basic Types of MESFETs

287

(1)

8.19 Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor (IGFET) or Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MISFET)

288

(1)

8.19.1 Construction of IGFET

289

(1)

8.20 Charge Coupled Devices

289

(1)

8.20.1 Salient Uses

290

(1)

8.21 Solved Examples

290

(4)

Quick Revision Summary

294

(2)

Review Questions

296

(2)

Objective Questions

298

(3)

9 Dielectric Materials: Properties and Behaviour

301

(42)

9.1 Introduction to Dielectric Materials

301

(1)

9.2 Classification of Dielectric (or Insulating) Materials

302

(2)

9.3 Main Properties

304

(1)

9.4 Dielectric Constant

304

(1)

9.4.1 Factors Affecting Dielectric Constant

304

(1)

9.5 Dielectric Strength

305

(2)

9.5.1 Types of Dielectric Breakdown

305

(2)

9.6 Dielectric Loss

307

(3)

9.6.1 Factors Affecting Dielectric Loss

308

(1)

9.6.2 Calculation of Loss Factor

309

(1)

9.7 Polarization

310

(4)

9.7.1 Expression for Polarization under Static Electric Field

311

(1)

9.7.2 Measurement of Polarization

311

(3)

9.8 Mechanism of Polarization

314

(2)

9.8.1 Electronic Polarization

314

(1)

9.8.2 Ionic Polarization

315

(1)

9.8.3 Orientation (Molecular) Polarization

315

(1)

9.8.4 Space Charge (or Interfacial) Polarization

315

(1)

9.9 Comparison of Different Polarization Processes

316

(1)

9.9.1 Polarizability

316

(1)

9.10 Factors Affecting Polarization

317

(1)

9.10.1 Time Effects and Relaxation Time

317

(1)

9.10.2 Frequency Effects

318

(1)

9.11 Spontaneous Polarization

318

(2)

9.11.1 Polarization Curve

319

(1)

9.11.2 Polarization Hysteresis Loop

320

(1)

9.11.3 Salient Features of Spontaneous Polarization

320

(1)

9.12 Behaviour of Polarization Under Impulse and Frequency Switching

320

(2)

9.12.1 Effect on Polarization When Electric Field is Switched-off

321

(1)

9.12.2 Effect on Polarization When Electric Field is Switched-on

322

(1)

9.13 Decay and Build-Up of Polarization Under Alternating Current (A.C.) Field

322

(2)

9.13.1 Conclusion

324

(1)

9.14 Complex Dielectric Constant

324

(1)

9.15 Determining the Internal Field Due to Polarization Inside the Dielectric

325

(4)

9.15.1 Formulation of the Problem for Solid Dielectric

325

(2)

9.15.2 Contribution of Dipoles on Internal Field

327

(1)

9.15.3 Determining Ei for 3-dimensional Case and Lorentz Expression

327

(2)

9.16 Clausius-Mossotti Relation

329

(3)

9.16.1 Relation between Electronic Polarizability and Polarization

329

(3)

9.17 Solved Examples

332

(5)

Quick Revision Summary

337

(1)

Review Questions

338

(1)

Numerical Problems

339

(1)

Objective Questions

340

(3)

10 Dielectric Materials: Types and Applications

343

(36)

10.1 Solid Insulating Materials and their Applications

343

(5)

10.1.1 Ceramic Insulating Materials

344

(1)

10.1.2 Mica

344

(2)

10.1.3 Porcelain

346

(1)

10.1.4 Glass

346

(1)

10.1.5 Micanite

347

(1)

10.1.6 Glass Bonded Mica

348

(1)

10.2 Polymeric Insulating Materials

348

(2)

10.2.1 Bakelite

349

(1)

10.2.2 Polyethylene

350

(1)

10.3 Natural and Synthetic Rubber as Insulating Material

350

(1)

10.3.1 Synthetic Rubber

350

(1)

10.4 Paper as a Fibrous Insulating Material

351

(1)

10.5 Choices of Solid Insulating Materials for Different Applications

351

(3)

10.6 Liquid Insulating Materials

354

(2)

10.6.1 Requirements of a Good Insulating Liquid

354

(1)

10.6.2 Transformer Oil

354

(1)

10.6.3 Bubble Theory for Breakdown of Liquid Insulation

355

(1)

10.6.4 Ageing of Mineral Insulating Oils

355

(1)

10.7 Gaseous Insulating Materials

356

(2)

10.7.1 Air

356

(1)

10.7.2 Nitrogen

357

(1)

10.7.3 Vacuum

357

(1)

10.7.4 Vacuum as Reflective Insulation

358

(1)

10.8 Ferroelectric Materials

358

(1)

10.8.1 Anti-Ferroelectric Materials

359

(1)

10.9 Barium Titanate: A Ferroelectric Ceramic

359

(2)

10.9.1 Effect of Temperature on Structure of BaTiO3

360

(1)

10.10 Modified Barium Titanate

361

(1)

10.11 PLZT as an Electro-Optic Material

362

(1)

10.12 Piezoelectricity

363

(3)

10.12.1 Characteristics and Uses

363

(1)

10.12.2 Mechanism of Piezoelectricity

364

(1)

10.12.3 Inverse Piezoelectric Effect

364

(1)

10.12.4 Piezoelectric Materials

365

(1)

10.12.5 Effect of Temperature on Piezoelectric Crystal

365

(1)

10.13 Piezoelectrics in Transducer Uses

366

(1)

10.13.1 Working of Piezoelectric Transducer

366

(1)

10.14 Relation Between Young's Modulus and Electric Field in Piezoelectric Material

367

(3)

10.15 Electrostriction

370

(1)

10.16 Pyroelectricity

370

(2)

10.16.1 Pyroelectric Effect

371

(1)

10.16.2 Pyroelectric Coefficient

371

(1)

10.16.3 Pyroelectric Devices

371

(1)

10.17 Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT): A Piezoelectric Ceramic

372

(1)

10.17.1 Different Types of PZTs and Their Uses

372

(1)

10.18 Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate (PLZT)

373

(1)

10.18.1 General Formula and Hysteresis Loop of PLZT

373

(1)

10.19 Solved Examples

374

(1)

Quick Revision Summary

375

(1)

Review Questions

376

(1)

Numerical Problems

377

(1)

Objective Questions

378

(1)

11 Magnetic Materials: Properties and Behaviour

379

(44)

11.1 Origin of Permanent Magnetic Dipole

379

(1)

11.1.1 Spinning Electrons Acting as Extremely Small Magnets

379

(1)

11.2 Terminologies Defined

380

(4)

11.2.1 Relation between Relative Permeability and Magnetic Susceptibility

382

(2)

11.3 Classification of Magnetic Materials

384

(2)

11.3.1 Distribution of Magnetic Moments

385

(1)

11.4 Diamagnetism and Diamagnetic Materials

386

(1)

11.4.1 Negative Susceptibility

386

(1)

11.5 Paramagnetism and Paramagnetic Materials

386

(1)

11.5.1 Rare-earth Based Paramagnetic Salts

387

(1)

11.6 Ferromagnetism and Ferromagnetic Materials

387

(1)

11.7 Antiferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetic Materials

387

(2)

11.7.1 Maximum Susceptibility and Neel Temperature

388

(1)

11.8 Ferrimagnetism and Ferrites

389

(3)

11.8.1 Properties of Ferrites

389

(1)

11.8.2 Applications of Ferrites

389

(1)

11.8.3 Soft and Hard Ferrites

390

(1)

11.8.4 Spinel, Garnet and Magnetoplumbite

390

(1)

11.8.5 Normal and Inverse Spinel

391

(1)

11.8.6 Garnets

391

(1)

11.8.7 Ferrites in Memory Devices

391

(1)

11.9 Curie Temperature

392

(2)

11.9.1 Requirement of Higher and Lower Curie Temperature for Different Applications

393

(1)

11.10 Laws of Magnetic Materials

394

(1)

11.10.1 Effect of Temperature on Magnetic Susceptibility

395

(1)

11.11 Magnetization Curve, and Initial and Maximum Permeability

395

(3)

11.11.1 Magnetic Hysteresis Loop (or Cycle Magnetization)

396

(2)

11.12 Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses

398

(3)

11.12.1 Eddy Current Loss per Unit Volume

398

(3)

11.13 Domain Theory

401

(1)

11.14 Magnetostriction

402

(2)

11.14.1 Salient Features of Magnetostriction

402

(1)

11.14.2 Mechanism of Magnetostriction

403

(1)

11.14.3 Magnetostrictive Materials

403

(1)

11.15 Ferromagnetic Anisotropy

404

(2)

11.15.1 Anisotropy in Single Crystal

405

(1)

11.15.2 Soft and Hard Directions

405

(1)

11.15.3 Methods of Inducing Magnetic Anisotropy

405

(1)

11.16 Domain Growth and Domain Wall Rotation

406

(1)

11.17 Derivation of Langevin's Theory of Diamagnetism and Expression For Diamagnetic Susceptibility

407

(3)

11.17.1 Larmor Precession

408

(1)

11.17.2 Determining the Diamagnetic Susceptibility

409

(1)

11.18 Derivation of Langevin's Theory of Paramagnetism and Expression for Paramagnetic Susceptibility

410

(2)

11.18.1 Determining the Intensity of Magnetization

410

(1)

11.18.3 Determining the Paramagnetic Susceptibility

411

(1)

11.19 Solved Examples

412

(1)

Quick Revision Summary

413

(2)

Review Questions

415

(2)

Numerical Problems

417

(2)

Objective Questions

419

(4)

12 Magnetic Materials: Types and Applications

423

(26)

12.1 Types of Magnetic Materials

423

(1)

12.2 Magnetic Materials

424

(1)

12.3 Soft Magnetic Materials

425

(1)

12.3.1 Transformer Purpose Sheet Form Magnetic Material

425

(1)

12.3.2 Powder Form Magnetic Material

425

(1)

12.4 Hard Magnetic Materials

426

(2)

12.4.1 Soft Magnetic Materials Versus Hard Magnetic Materials

427

(1)

12.5 High Energy (Product) Hard Magnetic Materials (HEHMMs)

428

(2)

12.5.1 Samarium-Cobalt Rare Earth

428

(1)

12.5.2 Neodymium-Iron-Boron Alloy

429

(1)

12.6 Commercial Grade Soft Magnetic Materials

430

(1)

12.7 Commercial Grade Hard Magnetic Materials

431

(2)

12.8 Ferrites in Memory Devices

433

(1)

12.9 Magnetic Storage

434

(1)

12.9.1 Magnetic Tapes and Films

435

(1)

12.10 Metallic Glasses

435

(4)

12.10.1 Interesting Amorphous Material

435

(1)

12.10.2 Unusual Properties of Metallic Glasses

436

(1)

12.10.3 Fabrication of Metallic Glass

436

(2)

12.10.4 Materials System and Salient Applications of Metallic Glasses

438

(1)

12.10.5 Applications

438

(1)

12.10.6 Metallic Glasses in Electronic Uses

438

(1)

12.11 Magnetic Bubbles

439

(2)

12.11.1 Working Principle

439

(1)

12.11.2 Moving the Magnetic Bubble

440

(1)

12.11.3 Information Storage Density

441

(1)

12.12 Effects of Alloying Elements on Magnetic Properties

441

(1)

12.13 Textured Magnetic Materials

441

(1)

12.14 Amorphous (or Oxide) Magnetic Materials

442

(1)

12.15 Powder Magnetic Materials

442

(1)

12.16 Solved Examples

442

(1)

Quick Revision Summary

443

(2)

Review Questions

445

(1)

Objective Questions

446

(3)

13 Superconductive Materials

449

(28)

13.1 Concept of Superconductors

449

(1)

13.1.1 Meaning of the Phenomenon of Superconductivity

449

(1)

13.2 Properties of Superconductors

450

(3)

13.2.1 Meissner Effect

450

(3)

13.3 Types of Superconductors

453

(1)

13.3.1 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Superconductivity

453

(1)

13.4 Critical Magnetic Field and Critical Temperature

454

(2)

13.4.1 Effect of Isotopic Mass on Critical Temperature

454

(1)

13.4.2 Silsbee Rule

455

(1)

13.4.3 Important Terminologies

456

(1)

13.5 Ideal and Hard Superconductors

456

(1)

13.6 Mechanism of Super-conduction

456

(1)

13.6.1 Various Theories of Superconductivity

457

(1)

13.7 London's Theory For Type I Superconductors

457

(1)

13.8 GLAG Theory For Type II Superconductors

458

(2)

13.8.1 Distinguishing Between the Type I and Type II Superconductors

458

(1)

13.8.2 Variation of Magnetic Field

459

(1)

13.9 BCS Theory

460

(4)

13.9.1 Super-current

460

(1)

13.9.2 Phonon and Photon

460

(1)

13.9.3 Electron-Phonon Interaction

461

(1)

13.9.4 Reason of Two Electrons Forming a Pair

461

(1)

13.9.5 Cause of Resistance for Superconductor being Zero

461

(1)

13.9.6 Relationship between Coherence Length and Energy Gap

462

(1)

13.9.7 Debye Temperature

462

(2)

13.10 Current Applications and Limitations

464

(1)

13.10.1 Limitations of Superconductors

464

(1)

13.10.2 Likely Futuristic Scenario

464

(1)

13.11 Milestones in Research and Development of Superconductors

465

(2)

13.11.1 Modern Ceramic Superconductors

466

(1)

13.12 Present Scenario of the Main Applications of High Temperature Superconductors

467

(1)

13.13 Producing the Superconducting Solenoids and Magnets

468

(1)

13.14 MRI for Medical Diagnostics

469

(1)

13.14.1 Magnet as a Critical Component

469

(1)

13.14.2 Superconducting Magnet

469

(1)

13.15 Solved Examples

470

(2)

Quick Revision Summary

472

(1)

Review Questions

472

(1)

Numerical Problems

473

(1)

Objective Questions

473

(4)

14 Passive Components (Resistors)

477

(26)

14.1 Passive and Active Components

477

(1)

14.2 Introduction to Resistors

478

(3)

14.2.1 Characteristics of Resistors

479

(2)

14.3 Manufacturing Method of a Resistor

481

(1)

14.4 Basic Classification of Resistors

482

(2)

14.4.1 Specific Types of Resistors

483

(1)

14.4.2 Different Types of Resistors: Materials and Applications

484

(1)

14.5 Constructional Details of Different Kinds of Fixed Resistors

484

(6)

14.5.1 Construction of Carbon Composition Resistor

484

(1)

14.5.2 Construction of Carbon Film Resistor

485

(1)

14.5.3 Construction of Metal Film Resistors

486

(1)

14.5.4 Construction of Wire-Wound Resistor

487

(1)

14.5.5 Construction of Circuit Breaker Resistors

488

(1)

14.5.6 Construction of High Value Resistors

489

(1)

14.6 Comparison Among Different Types of Fixed Resistors

490

(1)

14.7 Specifications of Resistors

490

(3)

14.7.1 Symbolic Representation of Resistors

491

(1)

14.7.2 Identification of Resistors

491

(2)

14.8 Variable Resistors (i.e. Varistors)

493

(2)

14.8.1 Carbon Composition Variable Resistor

493

(1)

14.8.2 Wire Wound Variable Resistor

494

(1)

14.8.3 Cermets Type Variable Resistor

494

(1)

14.8.4 Characteristics of Variable Resistors

494

(1)

14.9 Non-Linear Resistors

495

(1)

14.10 Thermistors

496

(2)

14.10.1 NTC Thermistors

496

(1)

14.10.2 PTC Thermistors

497

(1)

14.10.3 Applications of Thermistors

497

(1)

14.10.4 Specifications of Thermistors

498

(1)

14.11 Solved Examples

498

(2)

Review Questions

500

(3)

15 Passive Components (Capacitors)

503

(30)

15.1 Capacitor: an Introduction

503

(3)

15.1.1 Equivalent Circuit

504

(1)

15.1.2 Major Applications of Capacitors

505

(1)

15.1.3 Important Materials Used for Capacitors

505

(1)

15.2 Characteristics of Capacitors

506

(2)

15.3 Classification of Capacitors

508

(1)

15.4 Forms and Materials of Common Types of Capacitors

509

(1)

15.5 Constructional Details of Fixed Value Capacitors

510

(2)

15.5.1 Mica Dielectric Capacitor

510

(1)

15.5.2 Paper Capacitor

511

(1)

15.6 Plastic Film Capacitors

512

(2)

15.6.1 Metalized Plastic Film Dielectric Capacitors

512

(1)

15.6.2 Foil and Plastic Film Capacitors

513

(1)

15.6.3 Mixed Dielectric Capacitors

513

(1)

15.7 Ceramic Dielectric Capacitors

514

(2)

15.7.1 Classes of Ceramic Dielectrics

514

(1)

15.7.2 Applications

515

(1)

15.8 Electrolytic Capacitors

516

(2)

15.8.1 Aluminium Electrolytic Capacitor

517

(1)

15.9 Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitor

518

(1)

15.9.1 Tantalum Foil capacitors

518

(1)

15.9.2 Tantalum Solid Capacitor

518

(1)

15.10 Air Capacitor

519

(1)

15.11 Polarized and Non-Polarized Capacitors

519

(2)

15.11.1 Non-Polarized Capacitors

520

(1)

15.12 Variable Capacitors

521

(2)

15.12.1 Air Variable Capacitor

521

(1)

15.12.2 Ceramic Variable Capacitor

522

(1)

15.12.3 Glass Capacitors

522

(1)

15.13 Specifications of Capacitors

523

(2)

15.13.1 Symbolic Representation of Capacitors

524

(1)

15.14 Identification of Capacitors

525

(2)

15.14.1 Colour Codes for Tubular Ceramic Capacitors

525

(1)

15.14.2 Colour Code for Mica Capacitors

525

(2)

15.14.3 Marking of Capacitors

527

(1)

15.15 Solved Examples

527

(2)

Review Questions

529

(4)

16 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Fabrication

533

(28)

16.1 Printed Circuit Board

533

(2)

16.1.1 Advantages of PCBs

534

(1)

16.2 Types of PCBs

535

(2)

16.2.1 Measures of Level of Complexity in PCB

536

(1)

16.3 Types of PCB Substrates (or Laminates)

537

(5)

16.3.1 Merits and Demerits of Different PCB Laminates

538

(2)

16.3.2 Fabrication of laminate and Reinforcing Materials

540

(1)

16.3.3 Properties of Different PCB Laminates and Commercial Grade Copper Cladded Laminates

540

(2)

16.4 Manufacturing Process of Copper Cladded Laminate

542

(3)

16.4.1 Processing of a Copper Cladded Laminate

543

(1)

16.4.2 Desired Properties of Copper-Cladded Laminates

544

(1)

16.5 Layout and Design of a Printed Circuit Board

545

(2)

16.5.1 Planning of the PCB Layout

545

(1)

16.5.2 Design Considerations in Making PCBs

546

(1)

16.6 Manufacturing Processes For PCB

547

(6)

16.6.1 Preprocessing

547

(1)

16.6.2 Photolithography

548

(1)

16.6.3 Etching

549

(1)

16.6.4 Drilling

550

(1)

16.6.5 Solder Masking

551

(1)

16.6.6 Electroplating

551

(1)

16.6.7 Board Testing

552

(1)

16.6.8 Board Finishing

552

(1)

16.7 Manufacturing of Single Sided PCBs

553

(1)

16.8 Manufacturing of Double-Sided PCBs

554

(3)

16.8.1 Logic Layer Processing

554

(2)

16.8.2 Outer Layer Processing

556

(1)

16.9 Solved Examples

557

(2)

Review Questions

559

(2)

17 Optical Properties of Materials, and Materials for Opto-Electronic Devices

561

(32)

17.1 Introduction

561

(2)

17.1.1 Important Terminologies Related to Optical Materials

562

(1)

17.2 Optical Phenomena

563

(1)

17.2.1 Interaction of Light with Solids

563

(1)

17.2.2 Types of Optical Materials

564

(1)

17.3 Reflection

564

(1)

17.4 Refraction

565

(3)

17.4.1 Refractive Index

565

(2)

17.4.2 Bi-Refringence

567

(1)

17.4.3 Relation between Refractive Index and Dielectric Constant

568

(1)

17.5 Transmittivity

568

(1)

17.6 Scattering

569

(1)

17.7 Optical Absorption

569

(6)

17.7.1 Capability of a Material to Absorb Light

570

(1)

17.7.2 Mechanism of Optical Absorption

571

(1)

17.7.3 Absorption Coefficient

571

(1)

17.7.4 Factors Affecting the Absorption Coefficient

572

(3)

17.7.5 The Absorption Spectra of Materials

575

(1)

17.8 Optical Properties of Non-Metals

575

(1)

17.9 Optical Properties of Metals

576

(1)

17.9.1 Reasons of Copper Appearing Reddish-orange, Silver and Aluminium White, and Gold Yellow

576

(1)

17.10 Optical Properties of Semiconductors

577

(1)

17.10.1 Visibility Range of Light Spectrum

577

(1)

17.11 Optical Properties of Insulators

578

(1)

17.11.1 Optical Absorption in Ionic Crystals

578

(1)

17.12 Luminescence

579

(2)

17.12.1 Different Types of Luminescence

579

(1)

17.12.2 Photo-Luminescence

580

(1)

17.12.3 Electro-Luminescence

580

(1)

17.13 Opto-Electronic Devices

581

(1)

17.14 Photoconductivity

581

(3)

17.14.1 Applications of Photoconductive Devices

582

(1)

17.14.2 Photoconductive Materials

582

(1)

17.14.3 Factors Affecting the Selection of Semiconductor

583

(1)

17.15 Photoconductive Cell

584

(2)

17.15.1 Photo-multiplier Tube

585

(1)

17.16 Solved Examples

586

(2)

Quick Revision Summary

588

(2)

Review Questions

590

(1)

Numerical Problems

591

(1)

Objective Questions

591

(2)

18 Specific Materials for Electrical, Electronics, Computers, Instruments, Robotics, and Other Applications

593

(38)

18.1 Recent Developments

593

(1)

18.2 Specific Materials for Electrical Applications

594

(2)

18.3 Specific Materials For A Typical Battery

596

(3)

18.3.1 Separator and its Materials

596

(1)

18.3.2 Gridwork Construction of Plates

597

(2)

18.4 Specific Materials for Electronics Applications

599

(2)

18.5 Specific Materials for Computer Applications

601

(1)

18.6 Specific Materials for Instruments and Control Applications

601

(1)

18.7 Materials Used in Robots Construction

601

(1)

18.8 Information Transmission from Cricket Field to Worldwide Televisions

602

(2)

18.9 Specific Materials for Networking Applications

604

(10)

18.9.1 Networking of Networks and Connecting Devices

606

(4)

18.9.2 Hardware Used in Networking

610

(4)

18.10 Specific Electronic, Computer, and Robotic Components; and Their Materials in Automobile Applications

614

(9)

18.10.1 Recent Advances in Automotive Electronics

615

(1)

18.10.2 Multiplexing in Automobiles

616

(1)

18.10.3 Sensors and Actuators, and Their Materials

617

(1)

18.10.4 Engine and Driveline Control

617

(1)

18.10.5 Electronic Displays and Information Systems

618

(1)

18.10.6 Shape of Things to Come

619

(1)

18.10.7 Future Technologies and Designs

620

(1)

18.10.8 Optical Technology

621

(1)

18.10.9 Electrical and other Materials in Important Automobile Uses

622

(1)

18.11 Pen Drives (or Flash Memory) and Its Materials

623

(2)

18.12 Remote Control Devices and Materials Used in Them

625

(1)

18.13 Hand Held Devices and Materials Used in Them

626

(3)

References

629

(2)

19 Recent Advances and Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronic Materials

631

(46)

19.1 Novel Applications of Functionally Graded Nano, Optoelectronic and Thermoelectric Materials

631

(2)

19.1.1 Introduction to Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs)

632

(1)

19.2 CNT Reinforced FGM Composites

633

(1)

19.2.1 Applications of CNT in FGM

633

(1)

19.3 FGM in Optoelectronic Devices

634

(1)

19.3.1 Possible Applications of FGM in Optoelectronics

634

(1)

19.3.2 High-Efficient Photodetectors and Solar Cells

635

(1)

19.4 Advanced Thermoelectric Materials in Electrical and Electronic Applications

635

(5)

19.4.1 Introduction

636

(1)

19.4.2 Thermoelectric Power Generator for Integration in Wearable Microsystems

637

(1)

19.4.3 Nano-Thermocouple in Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

637

(1)

19.4.4 Low-Cost Micro-Thermoelectric Coolers for Microelectronic Products

638

(1)

19.4.5 Thermoelectric Water-Cooling Device for Electronic Equipment

639

(1)

19.4.6 Conclusion

640

(1)

19.5 Frontiers in Electronic Materials Research

640

(1)

19.5.1 Introduction

641

(1)

19.6 New Pyroelectric Thin Composite Films

641

(1)

19.7 Composite and Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochemical Energy Sources

642

(2)

19.8 Novel Nanostructured Materials for A Variety of Renewable Energy Applications

644

(1)

19.9 Critical Fields in Lithium Niobate Nano Ferroelectrics

645

(1)

19.10 Nanoengineering of Wood Fibres for Conducting Paper

645

(1)

19.11 Effects of E - Waste on Environment and Their Solution by Reclamation of Green Materials From the Waste

646

(7)

19.11.1 Introduction

647

(1)

19.11.2 Major Sources of E-Waste

648

(1)

19.11.3 Constituent Materials of E-Waste

649

(1)

19.11.4 Estimation of the Quantity of E-Waste

649

(1)

19.11.5 Problems Created by E-Waste

649

(1)

19.11.6 Electronic Waste Reclamation

650

(1)

19.11.7 Electronic Waste Recovery and Recycling

651

(1)

19.11.8 Advanced Methods of Environmental-Friendly Recycling

651

(1)

19.11.9 Status of Possible Recovery of Useful Materials from E-Waste in India

652

(1)

19.11.10 Conclusions

653

(1)

19.12 Plastics in Electrical and Electronics Applications

653

(3)

19.12.1 Expanding Plastics

653

(1)

19.12.2 Conducting Polymers

654

(1)

19.12.3 Polymers in Electronics

654

(1)

19.12.4 Liquid Crystal Polymers (LCP)

655

(1)

19.12.5 Photocurable Polymers

655

(1)

19.12.6 Photorefractive Polymers

656

(1)

19.13 Composite Materials for Electronics Applications

656

(4)

19.13.1 Magneto-Eletro-Elastic Composite

657

(1)

19.13.2 Magnetic Composites

657

(1)

19.13.3 Ferrite-Silica Hybridized Composite

658

(1)

19.13.4 Composite Electronic Packaging Material

658

(1)

19.13.5 Magnetostrictive Material-Shape Memory Piezoelectric Actuator Composite

659

(1)

19.14 Electrical Behaviour of Ceramics

660

(1)

19.14.1 Applications of Ceramics

660

(1)

19.15 Giant Magneto-Resistance (GMR)

661

(1)

19.16 Ferrorfluids (or Magnetic Fluids)

661

(3)

19.16.1 Types of Ferrofluids

662

(1)

19.16.2 Properties of Ferrofluids

663

(1)

19.17 Information Storage Density

664

(1)

19.17.1 Rare-Earth Aluminates as a Charge Trapping Materials for Nand Flash Memories

664

(1)

19.18 Magnetocaloric Materials

665

(2)

19.18.1 Magnetocaloric Materials

665

(1)

19.18.2 Working Principle

666

(1)

19.18.3 Applications of Magnetocolorific Materials

666

(1)

19.19 Magneto-Dielectric Materials

667

(3)

19.19.1 Applications of Magneto-Dielectrics

668

(1)

19.19.2 Different Types of Magento-Dielectric Materials

668

(1)

19.19.3 Merits of Magneto-Dielectric Materials

669

(1)

19.20 Biomimetics and Biomimetic Materials in Electrical and Electronics Applications

670

(3)

19.20.1 Nanotechnology Used to Harness the Power of Fireflies

670

(1)

19.20.2 Biomimetic Coating for Electric Transmission

671

(1)

19.20.3 Optical Biomimetics: Materials and Applications

672

(1)

19.20.4 Display Technology Inspired by Butterfly

672

(1)

References

673

(4)

Appendix I: SI Prefixes of Multiples and Submultiples

677

(2)

Appendix II: Greek Alphabet

679

(2)

Appendix III: Conventions to be Followed While Using SI UNIT

681

(2)

Appendix IV: Physical Constants

683

(2)

Appendix V: Conversion Factors

685

(2)

Glossary of Terminologies

687

(12)

Answers to Numerical Questions

699

(6)

Answers to Objective Questions

705

(4)

Index

709

K.M. Gupta is a professor in the Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India where he teaches materials science, engineering mechanics, thermodynamics of materials, electrical and electronic materials. He has more than 38 years of teaching, research and consultancy experience and obtained PhD from the University of Allahabad. He has authored 28 books and edited 2 books on Engineering subjects as well as 110 research papers in peer-reviewed Journals.

Nishu Gupta is a research scholar in the department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India. He received his M.Tech. degree in Nanoscience and Technology from Delhi Technological University. Prior to starting his current position, he served as a software engineer with Infosys Technologies limited, and has senior software engineer at Tech Mahindra. His research interests are in the fields of semiconductor devices, hybrid solar cells, photonics, nano-optics and related fields.

Advanced Electrical and Electronics Materials: Processes and Applications [Kõva köide]

Konto & seaded

Otsing

Otsingu andmebaas

Filtreeri tulemusi

Teemad Ingliskeelsed raamatud

Vali ostukorv