| Preface |
|
x | |
| Foreword |
|
xi | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xii | |
| Author biography |
|
xiii | |
|
1 Interaction of gammas with matter |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
1.2.1 Gamma-ray interactions with matter |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
1.2.2 Types of basic gamma-ray scintillators |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
1.3 Principles of operation of gamma-ray detectors |
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
1.3.1 Scintillation detectors |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.3.2 Semiconductor detectors |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
1.4 Material requirements for scintillators |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
1.5 Detailed scintillation mechanism |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
1.5.1 Scintillation mechanism in an inorganic scintillator |
|
|
8 | (6) |
|
1.5.2 Prefered properties of scintillators |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
|
14 | |
|
2 Performance of gamma radiation detectors materials |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
2.1 The performance parameters |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
2.1.4 Efficiency of detection |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
2.1.5 Geometric efficiency |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
2.1.6 Detection of neutron |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
2.1.7 Operational factors |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
2.2 Characterization of the scintillator crystal |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
2.2.1 Energy resolution and light yield |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
|
|
7 | |
|
3 Advanced materials for gamma radiation detectors |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
3.2 Inorganic scintillators |
|
|
1 | (5) |
|
3.3 Semiconductor scintillators |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
3.4 Transparent ceramic scintillators |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
3.5 Organic compounds and composites |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
3.6 Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
3.7 Nanostructured scintillators |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
|
8 | |
|
4 Material processing for radiation detectors |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
4.2 Czochralski (CZ) technique |
|
|
3 | (3) |
|
4.2.1 Parameters, advantages, and disadvantages |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
4.2.2 Si crystal formation procedure recipe |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
4.2.3 Liquid-encapsulated Czochralski method |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
4.3 Bridgman--Stockbarger technique |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
4.3.1 Advantages and disadvantages of the BS technique |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
4.3.2 Recipe for bulk lead-iodide growth |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
4.3.3 High-pressure vertical Bridgman method (HPB) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
4.4 Hydrothermal crystal growth |
|
|
8 | (3) |
|
4.4.1 Ammonothermal crystal growth |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
4.4.2 Advantage and disadvantages of a hydrothermal technique |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
4.5 Vertical floating zone melting |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
4.5.1 Horizontal zone melting |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
4.5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of zone melting |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
4.6 The vapor phase technology |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
4.6.1 Advantage and disadvantage of vapor phase techniques |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
4.6.2 Tube-based vapor systems |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
4.6.3 Recipe for ZnSe crystal |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
4.6.4 Recipe for SiC crystal growth |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
4.7 Preparation of ceramics |
|
|
14 | (2) |
|
4.7.1 Recipe for Pr: LuAG transparent ceramic |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
4.8 Thin and thick-film preparation techniques |
|
|
16 | (6) |
|
4.8.1 Non-solution-deposition techniques |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
4.8.2 Solution-deposition techniques |
|
|
18 | (4) |
|
4.9 Thick-film fabrication |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
4.9.1 Thick-film-transfer technology (screen printing) |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
4.9.2 Design of thick film transfer apparatus |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
4.9.3 Thick film sample preparation methodology |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
4.10 Fabrication of polymer--ceramic composites |
|
|
24 | (3) |
|
|
|
27 | |
|
5 Application of gamma radiation detectors and outlook |
|
|
1 | |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
5.2 Desired properties of scintillators and respective applications |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
5.3 Applications of scintillator crystals |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
5.3.1 Medical applications |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
5.3.2 Homeland security safety system applications |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
5.3.4 Oil and natural gas exploration and production technologies |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
5.4 Outlook and future prospects |
|
|
4 | |
|
5.4.1 Transparent ceramics |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
5.4.3 High-Z sensitized plastic scintillators |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
5.4.4 Perovskite single crystals |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
|
6 | |
