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Advanced Optics Using Aspherical Elements [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 434 pages, kaal: 1060 g, illustrations
  • Sari: Press Monographs
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Feb-2008
  • Kirjastus: SPIE Press
  • ISBN-10: 0819467499
  • ISBN-13: 9780819467492
Teised raamatud teemal:
Advanced Optics Using Aspherical ElementsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 434 pages, kaal: 1060 g, illustrations
  • Sari: Press Monographs
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Feb-2008
  • Kirjastus: SPIE Press
  • ISBN-10: 0819467499
  • ISBN-13: 9780819467492
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780819467492.html
Märksõnad:
This compendium for optical development and production engineers presents the state of the art in optical design and production technology related to aspherical lenses. It highlights recent trends and provides information necessary for performing benefit and risk analysis of different production technologies. In the first section of the book, leading engineers from well-known optical companies introduce various technologies and summarize their applications. Various materials are examined for their optical, mechanical, and thermal parameters, and their impact on image quality. The second part of the book details the actual technologies, with chapters presented in a standardized format. Several methods are described for measuring the shape, texture, and microroughness of a surface, and for analysis of the application range and constraints of metrology methods. Both parts of the book are organized into sections that reflect the typical workflow for producing optical systems with aspheres. Braunecker, a Leica research fellow, holds about 40 patents in the field of optical engineering. Annotation ©2008 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation
1
1.2 Guideline
3
I Review and Summary 7
2 Basic Considerations
9
2.1 Preliminary Remarks
9
2.1.1 Optical element and wavefront propagation
9
2.1.2 Optical design and tolerancing
11
2.1.3 Production and metrology errors
11
2.1.4 System performance criteria
12
2.2 Definition of Aspherical Optical Elements
12
2.2.1 Basic characteristics of aspherical elements compared with spherical elements
12
2.2.2 Mathematical representation of aspherical surfaces
14
2.2.3 Specifying tolerances for aspherical optical elements
14
2.2.4 Surface texture
16
2.3 Drawing Indications
16
2.4 Information Exchange over Aspherical Elements
16
2.5 Study about Surface Errors
18
2.5.1 Aspherical laser collimator
18
2.5.2 Comparison of different surface-finishing technologies
19
2.5.3 Coherent beam propagation
19
2.5.4 Application case: Line marking on sport fields
20
2.6 References
21
3 Applications
23
3.1 Physical Considerations
23
3.2 Image Quality
23
3.3 Case Study
25
3.4 Design Drivers
27
3.5 Classifications
29
3.6 Technical Challenges
29
3.6.1 Centering
29
3.6.2 Stability criteria
29
3.6.3 More complex metrology
30
3.7 Application Spectrum
30
4 Materials of Aspheres
31
4.1 Glasses
37
4.2 Polymers
38
4.3 Glass Ceramics
39
4.4 Single Crystals and Polycrystalline Ceramics
39
5 Processing Technologies
41
5.1 Processing of Aspheres: The Historical Approach
41
5.1.1 Overview
41
5.1.2 Generating
41
5.1.3 Polishing
44
5.1.4 Forming
46
5.2 Overview Processing
46
5.2.1 Generating
49
5.2.2 Polishing
49
5.2.3 Local correction
50
5.2.4 Computer-controlled polishing (CCP)
51
5.2.5 Fluid jet polishing (FJP)
51
5.2.6 Magnetorheological finishing (MRF)
52
5.2.7 Ion beam figuring (IBF)
53
5.3 Process Chain for Processing Aspheres
54
5.4 Hybrid Technology
54
5.5 Molding
55
5.5.1 Precision glass molding
55
5.5.2 Plastic molding
55
5.5.3 Correlation—final surface quality—surface processing
56
5.6 References
58
6 Metrology
59
6.1 Measurement of Optical System Performance
59
6.2 Measurement of Individual Surfaces
60
6.3 Surface Metrology
61
6.3.1 Characterization of optical surfaces
61
6.4 Measurement of Surface Roughness and Waviness
62
6.5 Surface Form Measurement
66
6.5.1 Surface form measurement of nonpolished optical surfaces
66
6.5.2 Surface form measurements of polished optical surfaces
67
6.6 Interferometric Testing
67
6.6.1 Interferometric testing of aspherical surfaces with CGHs
69
6.6.2 Design and production of CGHs
70
6.7 Surface Form Measurement with a Shack–Hartmann Wavefront Sensor
73
6.8 Comparison of Methods
73
6.9 References
74
7 Coating Technologies
75
7.1 Introduction
75
7.2 Market and Business
75
7.2.1 Global market for optical coatings
75
7.2.2 Coating types
76
7.2.3 Coating costs
76
7.2.4 Global markets
76
7.3 Deposition Technologies, Coating Design, and Monitoring
76
7.3.1 Deposition technologies
76
7.3.2 Coating design
79
7.3.3 Monitoring
80
7.4 Multifunctional Coatings on Plastic Optics
81
7.5 Actual Topics
81
7.6 Nanocoatings
82
7.7 Summary
82
7.8 References
83
7.9 Further Reading
83
8 Assembly Technologies
85
8.1 Relation between Design and Assembly
85
8.2 Review of Different Assembly Strategies
85
8.2.1 Assembly of consumer optics with spherical lenses
85
8.2.2 Assembly of high-end objectives with spherical lenses
86
8.2.3 Assembly of high-end objectives with aspherical lenses
87
8.2.4 Automated assembly of micro-optics
88
8.3 Errors and Tolerances
89
8.3.1 Component tolerances
90
8.3.2 Assembly tolerances
90
8.4 Compensators
90
8.5 Alignment of the Optical Axis of the Aspherical Components
91
8.6 Monolithic Optics
92
8.7 Technical Details
93
8.8 Reference
93
9 Future Trends
95
9.1 Introduction
95
9.2 Preliminary Remarks
95
9.3 Applications
96
9.4 Materials
96
9.5 Processing Technologies and Metrology
98
9.5.1 Integrated process–metrology
99
9.5.2 Null optics
100
9.5.3 Alternative metrology methods
100
9.5.4 Hybrid technologies
101
9.5.5 Adaptive systems
101
9.5.6 Free-form surfaces
101
9.5.7 Liquid lenses
101
9.5.8 Simulation and modeling
102
9.6 Coating Technologies
103
9.7 Assembly
104
9.7.1 Automatization
104
9.7.2 Cements and glues
104
9.7.3 Flexures
105
9.7.4 Complete processes
105
9.7.5 Monolithic optics
105
9.8 Reference
105
10 Mathematical Formulation
107
10.1 Surfaces of Second-Order (Quadrics)
107
10.2 Basic Equation by ISO 10110—Part 12
108
10.2.1 Modifications
110
II Experts' Contributions 111
11 Applications
113
11.1 Illuminations
113
11.1.1 Digital projectors and rear-projection TVs
113
11.1.2 Automotive headlighting
114
11.1.3 Optical systems
115
11.1.4 Design drivers and degree of aspherization
118
11.1.5 Process and performance parameter
119
11.1.6 Outlook
120
11.1.7 References
121
11.2 Micro-Optic Cylindrical Aspherical Fast Axis Collimator for High Power Diode Laser
122
11.2.1 Application fields
122
11.2.2 Optical systems
122
11.2.3 Process and performance parameters
123
11.2.4 Materials
124
11.2.5 Manufacturing and tolerances
125
11.2.6 Quality control
126
11.2.7 Comments and outlook
126
11.2.8 Reference
127
11.3 Photo-Optics
127
11.3.1 Application fields
127
11.3.2 Optical systems
127
11.3.3 Design driver and degree of aspherization
127
11.3.4 Progress and performance parameters
129
11.3.5 Comments and outlook
130
11.3.6 Further reading
130
11.4 Aspheres for Large Format Lenses
130
11.4.1 Application of aspherical lenses for camera lens systems
130
11.4.2 Application of aspherical lenses for large, wide-angle systems
131
11.4.3 The task
131
11.4.4 The result
132
11.4.5 Production: manufacturing process
133
11.4.6 Precision and measuring equipment
133
11.4.7 Future perspectives
134
11.5 Aspherical Projection Lenses for UV- and EUV-Lithography
134
11.5.1 Introduction
134
11.5.2 Optical lithography at the edge of Raleigh's law
135
11.5.3 Aspheres for compact high-NA lenses
135
11.5.4 Immersion lithography
137
11.5.5 EUV lithography
138
11.5.6 Outlook
140
11.5.7 Acknowledgments
140
11.5.8 References
140
11.6 Large-Format Lenses for Aerial Surveying
141
11.6.1 Application fields
141
11.6.2 Optical systems
142
11.6.3 Design drivers and degree of aspherization
144
11.6.4 Process and performance parameters
144
11.6.5 Comments and outlook
145
11.6.6 References
147
11.7 Mirror Telescope for Space Communication
147
11.7.1 Application fields: optical link between satellites for data communication
147
11.7.2 Optical free-space communication systems
148
11.7.3 Design drivers and degree of aspherization
148
11.7.4 Process and performance parameters
149
11.7.5 Quality assurance
151
11.7.6 Comments and outlook
152
11.7.7 Reference
152
11.8 Free-form Correction Plate for Telescopes
152
11.8.1 Application fields
152
11.8.2 Design drivers and degree of aspherization
153
11.8.3 Process and performance parameters
155
11.8.4 Comments and outlook
155
11.8.5 Reference
155
12 Materials
157
12.1 Low-Tg Glass (nd less than 1.6, vd greater than 65)
157
12.1.1 Intended purpose of the glass
157
12.1.2 Glass types'
157
12.1.3 Optical properties
158
12.1.4 Mechanical properties
158
12.1.5 Chemical properties
159
12.1.6 Thermal properties
160
12.1.7 Applications and limitations
161
12.1.8 Further reading
161
12.1.9 Links
161
12.1.10 Research and development
161
12.2 Low-Tg Glass (1.6 less than nd less than 1.9, 40 less than vd less than 65)
161
12.2.1 Intended purpose of the glass
161
12.2.2 Glass types'
162
12.2.3 Optical properties
162
12.2.4 Mechanical properties
163
12.2.5 Chemical properties
163
12.2.6 Thermal properties
164
12.2.7 Applications and limitations
165
12.2.8 Further reading
165
12.2.9 Links
165
12.2.10 Research and development
165
12.3 Low-7; Glass (1.8 less than ad, 30 greater than vd)
165
12.3.1 Intended purpose of the glass
165
12.3.2 Glass types'
166
12.3.3 Optical properties
166
12.3.4 Mechanical properties
167
12.3.5 Chemical properties
167
12.3.6 Thermal properties
168
12.3.7 Applications and limitations
169
12.3.8 Further reading
169
12.3.9 Links
169
12.3.10 Research and development
169
12.4 UV-Transmitting Glasses
169
12.4.1 Intended purpose of the glass
169
12.4.2 Glass types
170
12.4.3 Optical properties
170
12.4.4 Mechanical properties
171
12.4.5 Chemical properties
172
12.4.6 Thermal properties
173
12.4.7 Form of delivery
174
12.4.8 Applications and limitations
174
12.4.9 Further reading
175
12.4.10 Links
175
12.4.11 Research and development
175
12.5 Fused Silica
175
12.5.1 Intended purpose of the glass
175
12.5.2 Glass types
175
12.5.3 Optical properties
176
12.5.4 Mechanical properties
177
12.5.5 Chemical properties
177
12.5.6 Thermal properties
178
12.5.7 Form of delivery
179
12.5.8 Applications and limitations
179
12.5.9 Further reading
179
12.5.10 Links
179
12.5.11 Research and development
180
12.6 Optical Polymers
180
12.6.1 Intended purpose of the polymer
180
12.6.2 Types of polymer
180
12.6.3 Optical properties
181
12.6.4 Mechanical properties
181
12.6.5 Chemical properties
182
12.6.6 Thermal properties
183
12.6.7 Form of delivery
184
12.6.8 Applications and limitations
184
12.6.9 Further reading
185
12.6.10 Links
185
12.7 Crystals for UV Optics
185
12.7.1 Intended purpose of the crystals
185
12.7.2 Types of crystals
185
12.7.3 Optical properties
186
12.7.4 Mechanical properties
187
12.7.5 Chemical properties
187
12.7.6 Thermal properties
188
12.7.7 Form of delivery
189
12.7.8 Applications and limitations
189
12.7.9 Research and development
189
12.8 Crystals for IR Optics
189
12.8.1 Intended purpose of the crystals
189
12.8.2 Types of crystals
190
12.8.3 Optical properties
190
12.8.4 Mechanical properties
191
12.8.5 Physical and chemical properties
192
12.8.6 Thermal properties
192
12.8.7 Form of delivery
193
12.8.8 Applications and limitations
193
12.8.9 Research and development
193
12.9 Glass Ceramics
193
12.9.1 Intended purpose of the glass ceramics
193
12.9.2 Types of glass ceramics
194
12.9.3 Optical properties
194
12.9.4 Mechanical properties
195
12.9.5 Chemical properties
195
12.9.6 Thermal properties
196
12.9.7 Form of delivery
197
12.9.8 Applications and limitations
197
12.9.9 Links (company information)
197
12.9.10 Links (research and development)
197
12.10 Opto-Ceramics
198
12.10.1 Types of opto-ceramics
198
12.10.2 Optical properties
199
12.10.3 Mechanical properties
200
12.10.4 Thermal properties
201
12.10.5 Form of delivery
202
12.10.6 Applications and limitations
202
12.10.7 Links
202
12.11 Glasses for IR Optics
203
12.11.1 Intended purpose of the glass
203
12.11.2 IR glass types
203
12.11.3 Optical properties
204
12.11.4 Mechanical properties
205
12.11.5 Chemical Properties
206
12.11.6 Thermal properties
207
12.11.7 Form of delivery
208
12.11.8 Applications and limitations
209
12.11.9 Further reading
209
12.11.10 Links
209
12.11.11 Research and development
209
13 Processing Technologies
211
13.1 Zonal Grinding Process
211
13.1.1 Basic assessment of the technology
211
13.1.2 Intended purpose of the technology
211
13.1.3 The technology's typical features
212
13.1.4 Description of process
212
13.1.5 Versions (state of the art)
215
13.1.6 Data for the zonal grinding process
215
13.1.7 Conclusions
216
13.1.8 Further reading
216
13.1.9 Links
217
13.2 Zonal Polishing Process
217
13.2.1 Basic assessment of the technology
217
13.2.2 Intended purpose of the technology
218
13.2.3 The technology's typical features
218
13.2.4 Description of process
219
13.2.5 Versions (state of the art)
220
13.2.6 Data for the zonal polishing process
220
13.2.7 Conclusions
222
13.2.8 Further reading
222
13.2.9 Links
222
13.3 Magnetorheological Finishing
223
13.3.1 Basic assessment of the technology
223
13.3.2 Intended purpose of the technology
223
13.3.3 The technology's typical features
224
13.3.4 Description of process
224
13.3.5 Versions (state of the art)
226
13.3.6 Data for magnetorheological finishing
226
13.3.7 Conclusions
227
13.3.8 Further reading
227
13.3.9 Links
228
13.4 Robotic Polishing
228
13.4.1 Basic assessment of the technology
228
13.4.2 Intended purpose of the technology
229
13.4.3 The technology's typical features
229
13.4.4 Description of process
230
13.4.5 Versions (state of the art)
230
13.4.6 Data for robotic polishing
231
13.4.7 Conclusions
232
13.4.8 Further reading
232
13.4.9 Links
233
13.5 Subaperture Robotic Polishing
233
13.5.1 Basic assessment of the technology
233
13.5.2 Intended purpose of the technology
234
13.5.3 The technology's typical features
234
13.5.4 Description of process
237
13.5.5 Data for subaperture robotic polishing
237
13.5.6 Conclusions
238
13.5.7 Status
238
13.5.8 Further reading
239
13.6 Robot-Assisted Fluid Jet Polishing (FJP)
239
13.6.1 Basic assessment of the technology
239
13.6.2 Intended purpose of the technology
239
13.6.3 The technology's typical features
239
13.6.4 Description of process
240
13.6.5 Versions (state of the art)
240
13.6.6 Performance and applications
241
13.6.7 Data for robot-assisted fluid jet polishing
242
13.6.8 Status
243
13.6.9 Further reading
243
13.6.10 Links
244
13.7 Ion Beam Polishing
244
13.7.1 Basic assessment of the technology
244
13.7.2 Intended purpose of the technology
244
13.7.3 The technology's typical features
245
13.7.4 Description of process
246
13.7.5 Versions (state of the art)
247
13.7.6 Data for ion beam polishing
247
13.7.7 Conclusions
248
13.7.8 Further reading
249
13.7.9 Links
249
13.8 Precision Glass Molding
250
13.8.1 Basic assessment of the technology
250
13.8.2 Intended purpose of the technology
250
13.8.3 The technology's typical features
250
13.8.4 Description of process
251
13.8.5 Data for precision glass molding
255
13.8.6 Conclusions
258
13.8.7 Status
258
13.9 Tools for Precision Glass Molding
258
13.9.1 Basic assessment of the technology
258
13.9.2 Intended purpose of the technology
259
13.9.3 The technology's typical features
260
13.9.4 Description of process
261
13.9.5 Data for tools for precision glass molding
264
13.9.6 Conclusions
264
13.9.7 Further reading
265
13.9.8 Links
265
13.10 Injection Molding of High-Precision Polymer Optics
265
13.10.1 Basic assessment of the technology
265
13.10.2 Intended purpose of the technology
266
13.10.3 The technology's typical features
266
13.10.4 Description of process
268
13.10.5 Data for injection molding of high-precision polymer optics
274
13.10.6 Further reading (nonrepresentative)
276
13.10.7 Links (nonrepresentative)
276
13.11 Aspherical Microlenses Manufactured by Wafer-Based Technology
277
13.11.1 Basic assessment of the technology
277
13.11.2 Intended purpose of the technology
277
13.11.3 The technology's typical features
278
13.11.4 Description of process
278
13.11.5 Data for aspherical microlenses manufactured by wafer-based technology
281
13.11.6 Conclusions
281
13.11.7 Status
282
13.11.8 Further reading
282
14 Metrology
285
14.1 Tactile Profile Measurement
285
14.1.1 Basic assessment of the technology
285
14.1.2 Intended purpose of the technology
285
14.1.3 The technology's typical features
286
14.1.4 Description of process
286
14.1.5 Versions (state of the art)
287
14.1.6 Data for tactile profile measurement
290
14.1.7 Links
291
14.2 Interferometry
292
14.2.1 Basic assessment of the technology
292
14.2.2 Intended purpose of the technology
292
14.2.3 The technology's typical features
293
14.2.4 Description of process
293
14.2.5 Data for interferometry
300
14.2.6 Conclusions
300
14.2.7 Status
301
14.2.8 Further reading
306
14.2.9 Links
307
14.3 Wavefront Sensor (Shack–Hartmann)
307
14.3.1 Basic assessment of the technology
307
14.3.2 Intended purpose of the technology
308
14.3.3 The technology's typical features
308
14.3.4 Description of process
309
14.3.5 Data for wavefront sensor (Shack–Hartmann)
311
14.3.6 Conclusions
311
14.3.7 Status
312
14.3.8 Further reading
313
14.3.9 Links
313
14.4 Surface/Microstructure Inspection
314
14.4.1 Basic assessment of the technology
314
14.4.2 Intended purpose of the technology
314
14.4.3 The technology's typical features
314
14.4.4 Description of process
315
14.4.5 Data for surface/microstructure inspection
317
14.4.6 Status
318
14.4.7 Further reading
318
14.4.8 Links
319
15 Coating Technologies
321
15.1 Coating Design
321
15.1.1 Basic assessment of the technology
321
15.1.2 Intended purpose of the technology
321
15.1.3 The technology's typical features
322
15.1.4 Description of process
323
15.1.5 Further reading
327
15.1.6 Links
327
15.2 Electron-Beam Evaporation
328
15.2.1 Basic assessment of the technology
328
15.2.2 Intended purpose of the technology
328
15.2.3 The technology's typical features
328
15.2.4 Description of process
328
15.2.5 Versions (state of the art)
329
15.2.6 Data for electron-beam evaporation
329
15.3 Ion-Assisted Deposition (IAD)
331
15.3.1 Basic assessment of the technology
331
15.3.2 Intended purpose of the technology
331
15.3.3 The technology's typical features
331
15.3.4 Description of process
331
15.3.5 Versions (state of the art)
332
15.3.6 Data for ion-assisted deposition
333
15.3.7 Links
334
15.4 Ion Plating (IP) Deposition
335
15.4.1 Basic assessment of the technology
335
15.4.2 Intended purpose of the technology
335
15.4.3 The technology's typical features
335
15.4.4 Description of process
335
15.4.5 Data for ion plating deposition
337
15.4.6 Links
338
15.5 Advanced Plasma Source (APS)
339
15.5.1 Basic assessment of the technology
339
15.5.2 Intended purpose of the technology
339
15.5.3 The technology's typical features
339
15.5.4 Description of process
339
15.5.5 Data for advanced plasma source
341
15.5.6 Link
342
15.6 Magnetron Sputtering
342
15.6.1 Basic assessment of the technology
342
15.6.2 Intended purpose of the technology
343
15.6.3 The technology's typical features
343
15.6.4 Description of process
343
15.6.5 Versions (state of the art)
346
15.6.6 Data for magnetron sputtering
346
15.6.7 Conclusions
347
15.6.8 Further reading
348
15.7 Ion Beam Sputtering
348
15.7.1 Basic assessment of the technology
348
15.7.2 Intended purpose of the technology
348
15.7.3 The technology's typical features
349
15.7.4 Description of process
349
15.7.5 Versions (state of the art)
351
15.7.6 Data for ion beam sputtering
351
15.7.7 Conclusions
352
15.7.8 Further reading
353
15.7.9 Links
353
15.8 Plasma Impulse Chemical Vapor Deposition
353
15.8.1 Basic assessment of the technology
353
15.8.2 Intended purpose of the technology
354
15.8.3 The technology's typical features
354
15.8.4 Description of process
354
15.8.5 Versions (state of the art)
356
15.8.6 Data for plasma impulse chemical vapor deposition
356
15.8.7 Status
357
15.8.8 Conclusions
358
15.8.9 Further reading
358
15.8.10 Link
358
16 Assembly
359
16.1 Assembly of Spherical Lenses (Consumer Optics)
359
16.1.1 Basic assessment of the technology
359
16.1.2 Intended purpose of the technology
359
16.1.3 The technology's typical features
360
16.1.4 Description of process
360
16.1.5 Versions (state of the art)
362
16.1.6 Data for assembly of spherical lenses (consumer optics)
362
16.1.7 Conclusions
364
16.1.8 Link
364
16.2 Assembly of Spherical Lenses (HQ Optics)
364
16.2.1 Basic assessment of the technology
364
16.2.2 Intended purpose of the technology
364
16.2.3 The technology's typical features
364
16.2.4 Description of process
365
16.2.5 Data for assembly of spherical lenses (HQ Optics)
368
16.2.6 Further reading
370
16.2.7 Links
370
16.3 Assembly of Aspherical Lenses
370
16.3.1 Basic assessment of the technology
370
16.3.2 Intended purpose of the technology
370
16.3.3 The technology's typical features
370
16.3.4 Description of the process
371
16.3.5 Versions (state of the art)
374
16.3.6 Data for assembly of aspherical lenses
374
16.3.7 Conclusions
375
16.3.8 Further reading
375
16.4 Micro-Assembly TRIMO
375
16.4.1 Basic assessment of the technology
375
16.4.2 Intended purpose of the technology
375
16.4.3 The technology's typical features
376
16.4.4 Description of process
379
16.4.5 Versions (state of the art)
380
16.4.6 Data for micro-assembly TRIMO
381
16.4.7 Conclusions
382
16.4.8 Further reading
382
16.5 CNC-Machined Monolithic Optics
383
16.5.1 Basic assessment of the technology
383
16.5.2 Description of process
385
16.5.3 Data for CNC-machined monolithic optics
387
16.5.4 Conclusions
388
16.5.5 Further reading
389
16.5.6 Links
389
17 Editor and Author Biographies
391
17.1 Volume Editors
391
17.2 Contributing Experts
394
Acknowledgements 397
Index 399