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Advanced Thermodynamics Engineering 2nd edition [Kõva köide]

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(University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA), (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA), (Texas A&M University, College Station, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 1144 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 2154 g, 69 Tables, black and white; 294 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Applied and Computational Mechanics
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Mar-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1439805725
  • ISBN-13: 9781439805725
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Advanced Thermodynamics Engineering 2nd editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 1144 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 2154 g, 69 Tables, black and white; 294 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Applied and Computational Mechanics
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Mar-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1439805725
  • ISBN-13: 9781439805725
Teised raamatud teemal:
Teised raamatud sellest sooduspakkumisest: Taylor & Francis teadusraamatud International Student Editions hindadega
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781439805725.html
Märksõnad:
"Designed for readers who need to understand and apply the engineering physics of thermodynamic concepts, this volume features physical explanations along with mathematical equations so that the principles can be applied to real-world problems. Employing almost 300 illustrations to enhance clarity, the book first presents the phenomenological approach to a problem and then delves into the details. Using a self-teaching format, the authors eschew esoteric material in favor of concrete examples and applications. The book includes several tables containing thermodynamic properties and other useful information, and additional material is available for download"--Provided by publisher.

"Designed for readers who need to understand and apply the engineering physics of thermodynamic concepts, this volume features physical explanations along with mathematical equations so that the principles can be applied to real-world problems. Employingalmost 300 illustrations to enhance clarity, the book first presents the phenomenological approach to a problem and then delves into the details. Using a self-teaching format, the authors eschew esoteric material in favor of concrete examples and applications. The book includes several tables containing thermodynamic properties and other useful information, and additional material is available for download"--

"Designed for those engineers who need to grasp the physics of thermodynamic concepts and apply that knowledge to their specific field, this updated new edition features physical explanations along with mathematical equations so that fundamental principles can be readily applied to real-world problems. Rather than merely digesting the abstract generalized concepts and mathematical relations governing thermodynamics, this book allows engineers to develop an approach that will allow them to tackle new problems.Employing almost 300 illustrations and 150 examples to enhance clarity, unlike more conventional texts, the book presents the phenomenological approach to a problem and then delves into the details. Using a self-teaching format, the authors keep esoteric material to a minimum while favoring concrete examples and applications. The book includes several tables containing thermodynamic properties and other useful information. Additional material is available for download"--

"Designed for those engineers who need to grasp the physics of thermodynamic concepts and apply that knowledge to their specific field, this updated new edition features physical explanations along with mathematical equations so that fundamental principles can be readily applied to real-world problems. Rather than merely digesting the abstract generalized concepts and mathematical relations governing thermodynamics, this book allows engineers to develop an approach that will allow them to tackle new problems.Employing almost 300 illustrations and 150 examples to enhance clarity, unlike more conventional texts, the book presents the phenomenological approach to a problem and then delves into the details. Using a self-teaching format, the authors keep esoteric material to a minimum while favoring concrete examples and applications. The book includes several tables containing thermodynamic properties and other useful information. Additional material is available for download"--Provided by publisher.



Arvustused

". . . written in such a way that in particular engineers will find it extremely useful. . . The layout is successful and the beautiful illustrations as well as the many written problems will make its useful as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses." -Panayiotis Vlamos, President, V-Publications, Athens, Greece

List of Tables in Appendix A xxv
List of Figures in Appendix B xxix
Preface to Second Edition xxxi
Nomenclature xxxv
Thermolab Excel-Based® Software for Thermodynamic Properties, Flame Temperatures of Fuels, Conversion Units, Math Functions and Other Properties xli
Four Important Equations in Analysis of Thermal Systems xlv
1 Introduction 1(60)
Objectives
1(1)
1.1 Importance, Significance and Limitations
1(1)
1.2 Review of Thermodynamics
2(12)
1.2.1 System and Boundary
2(1)
1.2.2 Simple System
2(2)
1.2.3 Constraints and Restraints
4(1)
1.2.4 Composite System
4(1)
1.2.5 Phase
4(1)
1.2.6 Homogeneous
4(1)
1.2.7 Pure Substance
5(1)
1.2.8 Amount of Matter and Avogadro Number
5(1)
1.2.9 Mixture
6(1)
1.2.10 Property
7(1)
1.2.11 State
8(2)
1.2.12 Equation of Stare
10(1)
1.2.13 Standard Temperature and Pressure
10(1)
1.2.14 Partial Pressure
11(1)
1.2.15 Process
11(1)
1.2.16 Vapor–Liquid Phase Equilibrium
11(3)
1.3 Mathematical Background
14(15)
1.3.1 Explicit and Implicit Functions and Total Differentiation
14(2)
1.3.2 Exact (Perfect) and Inexact (Imperfect) Differentials
16(4)
1.3.2.1 Mathematical Criteria for an Exact Differential
18(2)
1.3.3 Relevance to Thermodynamics
20(2)
1.3.3.1 Work and Heat
20(1)
1.3.3.2 Integral over a Closed Path (Thermodynamic Cycle)
21(1)
1.3.4 Homogeneous Functions
22(4)
1.3.4.1 Relevance of Homogeneous Functions to Thermodynamics
24(2)
1.3.5 LaGrange Multipliers
26(2)
1.3.6 Composite Function
28(1)
1.4 Overview of Microscopic/Nanothermodynamics
29(28)
1.4.1 Matter
29(1)
1.4.2 Intermolecular Forces and Potential Energy
29(4)
1.4.3 Collision Number, Mean Free Path, and Molecular Velocity
33(4)
1.4.3.1 Collision Number and Mean Free Path
33(2)
1.4.3.2 Maxwellian Distribution of Molecular Velocity
35(1)
1.4.3.3 Average, Root Mean Square (RMS), and Most Probable Speeds
36(1)
1.4.4 Thermal and Internal Energy
37(2)
1.4.4.1 Monatomic Gas
38(1)
1.4.4.2 Diatomic Gas
38(1)
1.4.4.3 Triatomic and Polyatomic Gases
39(1)
1.4.5 Temperature
39(1)
1.4.6 Pressure
40(2)
1.4.6.1 Relation between Pressure and Temperature
40(2)
1.4.7 Gas, Liquid, and Solid
42(3)
1.4.8 Work
45(1)
1.4.9 Heat Transfer and Thermal Equilibrium
46(1)
1.4.10 Chemical Potential
46(3)
1.4.10.1 Multicomponent into Multicomponent
47(1)
1.4.10.2 Single Component into Multicomponent
48(1)
1.4.11 Boiling/Phase Equilibrium
49(2)
1.4.11.1 Single Component Fluid
49(1)
1.4.11.2 Multiple Components
50(1)
1.4.12 Entropy
51(6)
1.4.12.1 Overview
51(1)
1.4.12.2 Energy Levels or Quantum Numbers
52(1)
1.4.12.3 Macro- and Microstates and Entropy
53(2)
1.4.12.4 Entropy of a Solid, a Liquid and a Gas
55(1)
1.4.12.5 Relation between Entropy, Energy and Volume
55(2)
1.4.13 Properties in Mixtures: Partial Molal Property
57(1)
1.5 Summary
57(1)
1.6 Appendix: Stokes and Gauss Theorems
57(4)
1.6.1 Stokes Theorem
58(1)
1.6.2 Gauss—Ostrogradskii Divergence Theorem
58(1)
1.6.3 The Leibnitz Formula
59(2)
2 First Law of Thermodynamics 61(58)
Objectives
61(1)
2.1 Introduction
61(1)
2.2 Zeroth Law
62(1)
2.3 First Law for a Closed System
62(8)
2.3.1 Energy Conservation Equation in Various Forms
63(7)
2.3.1.1 Elemental Process
63(3)
2.3.1.2 Integrated Form
66(1)
2.3.1.3 Uncoupled (Conservative) and Coupled (Nonconservative) Systems
66(3)
2.3.1.4 Adiabatic Form and Caratheodary Axiom I
69(1)
2.3.1.5 Cyclical Form and Poincare Theorem
69(1)
2.3.1.6 First Law in Rate Form
70(1)
2.4 Quasi-Equilibrium (QE) and Nonquasi-Equilibrium (NQE) Processes
70(9)
2.4.1 Quasi-Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Heat Transfer
70(1)
2.4.2 Quasi-Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Work Transfer
71(8)
2.4.2.1 Quasi-Equilibrium Work Transfer
71(3)
2.4.2.2 Nonquasi-Equilibrium Work Transfer
74(5)
2.5 Enthalpy and First Law
79(6)
2.5.1 First Law in Enthalpy Form
79(1)
2.5.2 Reference Conditions for Enthalpy and Internal Energy
80(2)
2.5.3 Specific Heats at Constant Pressure and Volume
82(5)
2.5.3.1 Any Substance
82(1)
2.5.3.2 Ideal Gas
83(2)
2.6 Adiabatic Reversible Process for Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats
85(2)
2.7 First Law for an Open System
87(12)
2.7.1 Conservation of Mass
88(3)
2.7.1.1 Nonsteady State
88(2)
2.7.1.2 Elemental Form
90(1)
2.7.1.3 Steady State
90(1)
2.7.1.4 Closed System Elemental Form
91(1)
2.7.2 Conservation of Energy for a Simple Open System
91(7)
2.7.2.1 Nonsteady State
91(3)
2.7.2.2 Steady State
94(4)
2.7.3 Conservation of Energy for Complex Open System
98(1)
2.7.3.1 Multiple Inlets and Exits
98(1)
2.7.3.2 Nonreacting Multicomponent System
98(1)
2.8 Applications of First Law for an Open System
99(12)
2.8.1 Heating of a Residence in Winter
99(2)
2.8.2 Charging of Gas into a Cylinder
101(3)
2.8.3 Discharging Gas from Cylinders
104(1)
2.8.4 Systems Involving Boundary Work
105(3)
2.8.5 Charging Cavern with CO2 Work Input
108(3)
2.9 Integral and Differential Forms of Conservation Equations
111(4)
2.9.1 Mass Conservation
111(2)
2.9.1.1 Integral Form
111(1)
2.9.1.2 Differential Form
112(1)
2.9.2 Energy Conservation
113(3)
2.9.2.1 Integral Form
113(1)
2.9.2.2 Differential Form
113(1)
2.9.2.3 Deformable Boundary
114(1)
2.10 Summary
115(1)
2.11 Appendix
116(3)
2.11.1 Conservation Relations for a Deformable Control Volume
116(3)
3 Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy 119(100)
Objectives
119(1)
3.1 Introduction
119(1)
3.2 Thermal and Mechanical Energy Reservoirs
120(1)
3.3 Heat Engine and Heat Pump
120(4)
3.3.1 Heat Engine
120(1)
3.3.2 Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycle
120(2)
3.3.2.1 Statements of the Second Law
121(1)
3.3.3 Informal Statements
122(1)
3.3.4 Formal Statement
123(1)
3.3.4.1 Kelvin (1824-1870): Planck (1858-1947) Statement
123(1)
3.3.4.2 Clausius (1822-1888) Statement
123(1)
3.3.5 Perpetual Motion Machines
123(1)
3.4 Consequences of the Second Law
124(7)
3.4.1 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
124(1)
3.4.2 Carnot's Corollaries
124(7)
3.4.2.1 Clausius Theorem
126(3)
3.4.2.2 Proof of First Corollary: Cyclical Integral for an Irreversible Heat Engine or Clausius Inequalitys δQ/T<0
129(2)
3.4.3 External and Internal Reversibility
131(1)
3.5 Entropy
131(6)
3.5.1 Mathematical Definition
131(1)
3.5.2 Characteristics of Entropy
132(2)
3.5.3 Relation between dS, δQ, and T during an Irreversible Process
134(3)
3.5.4 Caratheodary Axiom II
137(1)
3.6 Entropy Balance Equation for a Closed System
137(7)
3.6.1 Infinitesimal Form
137(6)
3.6.1.1 Uniform Temperature within a System
137(3)
3.6.1.2 Nonuniform Properties within a System
140(3)
3.6.2 Integrated Form
143(1)
3.6.3 Rate Form
143(1)
3.6.4 Cyclical Form
143(1)
3.6.5 Adiabatic Reversible Processes
144(1)
3.7 Irreversibility
144(4)
3.7.1 Irreversibility and Entropy of an Isolated System
144(2)
3.7.2 Degradation and Quality of Energy
146(2)
3.8 Entropy Measurements and Evaluation
148(14)
3.8.1 The "ds" Relation for any Substance
148(3)
3.8.2 Entropy Change of Ideal Gases
151(4)
3.8.2.1 Constant Specific Heats
151(1)
3.8.2.2 Variable Specific Heats
151(4)
3.8.3 Entropy Incompressible Liquids
155(1)
3.8.4 Entropy Solids
156(1)
3.8.5 Entropy during Phase Change
157(2)
3.8.5.1 T—S Diagram
158(1)
3.8.6 Entropy of a Mixture of Ideal Gases
159(9)
3.8.6.1 Gibbs—Dalton's Law
159(1)
3.8.6.2 Reversible Path Method
160(2)
3.9 Local and Global Equilibrium
162(1)
3.10 Entropy: Energy Relation for Single Component Incompressible Fluids
163(3)
3.11 Third Law
166(2)
3.12 Entropy Balance Equation for an Open System
168(10)
3.12.1 General Expression
168(5)
3.12.2 Evaluation of Entropy for a Control Volume
173(5)
3.13 Internally Reversible Work for an Open System
178(2)
3.14 Irreversible Processes and Efficiencies
180(1)
3.15 Cyclic Processes
181(2)
3.15.1 Vapor Power Cycle
181(1)
3.15.2 Refrigeration Cycles
182(1)
3.15.3 Cooling Mode
183(1)
3.15.4 Heating Mode
183(1)
3.15.5 Coefficient of Performance COP
183(1)
3.15.6 Carnot COP
183(1)
3.15.7 HP/Ton of Refrigeration
183(1)
3.16 Entropy Balance in Integral and Differential Form
183(4)
3.16.1 Integral Form
184(1)
3.16.2 Differential Form
184(1)
3.16.3 Application to Open Systems
185(2)
3.16.3.1 Solid Fins
185(1)
3.16.3.2 Steady Flow
185(1)
3.16.3.2 Solids
185(2)
3.17 Maximum Entropy and Minimum Energy
187(22)
3.17.1 Entropy Maximum (for Specified U, V, m)
189(7)
3.17.2 Internal Energy Minimum (for Specified S, V, m)
196(5)
3.17.3 Enthalpy Minimum (for Specified S, P, m)
201(3)
3.17.4 Helmholtz Free Energy Minimum (for Specified T, V, m)
204(1)
3.17.5 Gibbs Free Energy Minimum (for Specified T, P, m)
204(5)
3.18 Generalized Derivation of Equilibrium for a Single Phase
209(4)
3.18.1 Relation for Entropy Generation Rate
209(3)
3.18.2 Heat Transfer
212(1)
3.18.3 Work Transfer
212(1)
3.18.4 Species Transfer
212(1)
3.19 Multiphase Multicomponent Equilibrium
213(1)
3.20 Summary
214(1)
3.21 Appendix
214(5)
3.21.1 Proof for Additive Nature of Entropy
214(1)
3.21.2 Relative Pressures and Volumes
215(1)
3.21.3 LaGrange Multiplier Method for Equilibrium
216(4)
3.21.3.1 U, V, m System
216(1)
3.21.3.2 T, P, m System
217(2)
4 Availability 219(66)
Objectives
219(1)
4.1 Introduction
219(1)
4.2 Optimum Work and Irreversibility in a Closed System
220(5)
4.2.1 Internally Reversible Process
223(1)
4.2.2 Useful or External Work
223(1)
4.2.3 Internally Irreversible Process with No External Irreversibility
224(1)
4.2.4 Irreversibility or Gouy—Stodola Theorem
224(1)
4.2.5 Nonuniform Boundary Temperature in a System
224(1)
4.3 Availability or Exergy Analyses for a Closed System
225(10)
4.3.1 Absolute and Relative Availability (Exergy) under Interactions with Ambient
225(3)
4.3.2 Irreversibility or Lost Work
228(7)
4.4 Generalized Availability Analysis
235(18)
4.4.1 Steam Availabilities Actual Work and Optimum Work
235(2)
4.4.2 Lost Work Rate, Irreversibility Rate, Availability Loss
237(1)
4.4.3 Availability Balance Equation in Terms of Actual Work
238(1)
4.4.4 Irreversibility Due to Heat Transfer
238(1)
4.4.5 Multiple Inlets and Exits
239(1)
4.4.6 Multiple Components
239(1)
4.4.7 Applications of the Availability Balance Equation
240(8)
4.4.7.1 Unsteady Processes
240(1)
4.4.7.2 Steady State Processes
241(7)
4.4.8 Gibbs Function
248(1)
4.4.9 Closed System (Nonflow Systems) and Closed System Availabilities
248(5)
4.4.9.1 Multiple Reservoirs
248(2)
4.4.9.2 Interaction with the Ambient Only
250(1)
4.4.9.3 Mixtures
250(1)
4.4.9.4 Helmholtz Function
251(2)
4.5 Availability/Exergetic Efficiency
253(14)
4.5.1 Heat Engines
253(5)
4.5.1.1 Efficiency Based on Energy
253(1)
4.5.1.2 Availability or Exergetic Efficiency
254(4)
4.5.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
258(3)
4.5.3 Work-Producing and Consumption Devices
261(4)
4.5.3.1 Open Systems
262(1)
4.5.3.2 Closed Systems
262(1)
4.5.3.3 Relation between ηAvail,f and ηAvail,0 for Work-Producing Devices
263(2)
4.5.4 Flow Processes or Heat Exchangers
265(1)
4.5.4.1 Significance of the Availability or Exergetic Efficiency
266(1)
4.5.5 Availability/Metabolic Efficiency for Biological Systems
266(1)
4.5.6 Differences among Actual, Isentropic and Optimum Processes in a Work Device
267(1)
4.6 Chemical Availability
267(12)
4.6.1 Open System
268(9)
4.6.1.1 ideal Gas Mixtures
268(4)
4.6.1.2 Vapor or Wet Mixture as the Medium in a Turbine
272(1)
4.6.1.3 Vapor—Gas Mixtures
273(1)
4.6.1.4 Psychometry and Cooling Towers
274(3)
4.6.2 Closed System
277(2)
4.6.2.1 Analysis
277(2)
4.7 Integral and Differential Forms of Availability Balance
279(4)
4.7.1 Integral Form
279(1)
4.7.2 Differential Form
279(1)
4.7.3 Some Applications
280(3)
4.8 Summary
283(2)
5 Postulatory (Gibbsian) Thermodynamics 285(20)
Objectives
285(1)
5.1 Introduction
285(1)
5.2 Classical Rationale for Postulatory Approach
285(3)
5.3 Simple Compressible Substance
288(1)
5.4 Legendre Transform
288(7)
5.4.1 Simple Legendre Transform
288(2)
5.4.2 Relevance to Thermodynamics
290(1)
5.4.3 Generalized Legendre Transform
291(4)
5.5 Application of Legendre Transform
295(1)
5.6 Work Modes and Generalized State Relation
296(3)
5.6.1 Electrical Work
296(1)
5.6.2 Elastic Work
296(1)
5.6.3 Surface Tension Effects
296(2)
5.6.4 Torsional Work
298(1)
5.6.5 Work Involving Gravitational Field
298(1)
5.6.6 Generalized State Relation
299(1)
5.7 Thermodynamic Postulates for Simple Systems
299(1)
5.7.1 Postulate I
299(1)
5.7.2 Postulate II
300(1)
5.7.3 Postulate III
300(1)
5.7.4 Postulate IV
300(1)
5.8 Fundamental Equations in Thermodynamics
300(4)
5.8.1 Entropy
300(1)
5.8.2 Energy
301(1)
5.8.3 Intensive and Extensive Properties
302(2)
5.9 Summary
304(1)
6 State Relationships for Real Gases and Liquids 305(40)
Objectives
305(1)
6.1 Introduction
305(1)
6.2 Equations of State
306(1)
6.3 Virial Equations
307(2)
6.3.1 Exact Virial Equation
308(1)
6.3.2 Approximate Virial Equation
308(1)
6.4 Clausius-I Equation of State
309(2)
6.5 VW Equation of State
311(6)
6.6 Redlich–Kwong Equation of State
317(1)
6.7 Other Two-Parameter Equations of State
318(5)
6.8 Compressibility Charts (Principle of Corresponding States)
323(4)
6.9 Boyle Temperature and Boyle Curves
327(1)
6.9.1 Boyle Temperature
327(1)
6.9.2 Boyle Curve
328(1)
6.10 Deviation Function
328(2)
6.11 Three Parameter Equations of State
330(4)
6.11.1 Critical Compressibility Factor (Zc)-Based Equations
331(1)
6.11.2 Pitzer Factor
331(2)
6.11.2.1 Definition
331(2)
6.11.2.2 Evaluation of Pitzer Factor, ω
333(1)
6.11.3 Other Three Parameter Equations of State
333(3)
6.11.3.1 One Parameter Approximate Virial Equation
333(1)
6.11.3.2 Redlich–Kwong–Soave (RKS or SRK) Equation
333(1)
6.11.3.3 Robinson (PR) Equation
334(1)
6.12 Generalized Equation of State
334(2)
6.13 Empirical Equations of State
336(1)
6.13.1 Benedict–Webb–Rubin Equation
336(1)
6.13.2 Beatie–Bridgemann (BB) Equation of State
336(1)
6.13.3 Modified BWR Equation
336(1)
6.13.4 Lee–Kesler Equation of State
336(1)
6.13.5 Martin–Hou
337(1)
6.14 State Equations for Liquids/Solids
337(5)
6.14.1 Generalized State Equation
337(3)
6.14.2 Murnaghan Equation of State
340(1)
6.14.3 Racket Equation for Saturated Liquids
340(1)
6.14.4 Relation for Densities of Saturated Liquids and Vapors
341(1)
6.14.5 Lyderson Charts (for Liquids)
341(1)
6.14.6 Incompressible Approximation
341(1)
6.15 Summary
342(1)
6.16 Appendix
342(3)
6.16.1 Cubic Equation
342(1)
6.16.1.1 Case I: γ > 0
342(1)
6.16.1.2 Case II: γ < 0
342(1)
6.16.2 Another Explanation for the Attractive Force
343(1)
6.16.3 Critical Temperature and Attraction Force Constant
343(2)
7 Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Fluids 345(100)
Objectives
345(1)
7.1 Introduction
345(1)
7.2 Ideal Gas Properties
346(1)
7.3 James Clark Maxwell, 1831-1879 Relations
347(10)
7.3.1 First Maxwell Relation
347(1)
7.3.2 Second Maxwell Relation
348(1)
7.3.3 Third Maxwell Relation
349(4)
7.3.4 Fourth Maxwell Relation
353(3)
7.3.5 Summary of Relations
356(1)
7.4 Generalized Relations
357(17)
7.4.1 Entropy (ds) Relation
357(10)
7.4.1.1 First "ds" Relation
357(1)
7.4.1.2 Second "ds" Relation
357(1)
7.4.1.3 Third "ds" Relation
358(9)
7.4.2 Internal Energy (du) Relation
367(3)
7.4.3 Enthalpy (dh) Relation
370(2)
7.4.4 Relation for (cp—cv)
372(1)
7.4.5 Internal Energy and Entropy of Photons
373(1)
7.5 Evaluation of Thermodynamic Properties
374(18)
7.5.1 Helmholtz Function
374(4)
7.5.2 Entropy
378(3)
7.5.3 Pressure
381(1)
7.5.4 Internal Energy
381(3)
7.5.5 Enthalpy
384(5)
7.5.6 Gibbs Free Energy or Chemical Potential
389(3)
7.5.7 Fugacity Coefficient
392(1)
7.6 Pitzer Effect
392(2)
7.7 Kesler Equation of State (KES) and Kesler Tables
394(1)
7.8 Fugacity
395(6)
7.8.1 Fugacity Coefficient
395(2)
7.8.1.1 RK Equation
395(1)
7.8.1.2 Generalized State Equation
396(1)
7.8.2 Physical Meaning
397(1)
7.8.3 Phase Equilibrium
398(1)
7.8.4 Subcooled and Superheated Liquid
398(1)
7.8.5 Subcooled Vapor
399(2)
7.9 Experiments to Measure (uo — u)
401(2)
7.10 Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium Curve
403(20)
7.10.1 Minimization of Potentials
403(4)
7.10.1.1 Helmholtz Free Energy A at Specified T, V, and in
403(3)
7.10.1.2 G at Specified T, P, and m
406(1)
7.10.2 Real Gas Equations
407(4)
7.10.2.1 Graphical Solution
407(3)
7.10.2.2 Approximate Solution
410(1)
7.10.3 Heat of Vaporization
411(2)
7.10.4 Vapor Pressure and the Clapeyron Equation
413(4)
7.10.4.1 Vaporization
413(3)
7.10.4.2 Melting
416(1)
7.10.4.3 Sublimation
416(1)
7.10.5 Empirical Relations
417(2)
7.10.5.1 Saturation Pressures
417(1)
7.10.5.2 Enthalpy of Vaporization
417(2)
7.10.6 Saturation Relations with Surface Tension Effects
419(4)
7.10.7 Pitzer Factor from Saturation Relations
423(1)
7.11 Throttling Processes
423(15)
7.11.1 Joule—Thomson Coefficient
423(2)
7.11.1.1 Evaluation of μJT
424(1)
7.11.2 Isentropic Cooling
425(2)
7.11.3 Temperature Change during Throttling
427(2)
7.11.3.1 Incompressible Fluid
427(1)
7.11.3.2 Ideal Gas
428(1)
7.11.3.3 Real Gas
428(1)
7.11.4 Enthalpy Correction Charts and Joule—Thomson Coefficient
429(1)
7.11.5 Inversion Curves
430(3)
7.11.5.1 State Equations
430(3)
7.11.5.2 Enthalpy Charts
433(1)
7.11.5.3 Empirical Relations
433(1)
7.11.6 Throttling of Saturated or Subcooled Liquids
433(1)
7.11.7 Throttling of Vapors
434(1)
7.11.8 Throttling in Closed Systems
434(4)
7.11.8.1 Temperature Change Using Real Gas Equation
435(2)
7.11.8.2 Euken Coefficient: Throttling at Constant Volume
437(1)
7.11.8.3 Entropy Change
438(1)
7.12 Development of Thermodynamic Tables
438(5)
7.12.1 Procedure for Determining Thermodynamic Properties
438(4)
7.12.2 Entropy
442(1)
7.13 Summary
443(2)
8 Thermodynamic Properties of Mixtures 445(58)
Objectives
445(1)
8.1 Introduction
445(1)
8.2 Generalized Relations and Partial and Mixture Molal Properties
446(9)
8.2.1 Mixture Composition
446(2)
8.2.1.1 Mole Fraction
446(1)
8.2.1.2 Mass Fraction
446(1)
8.2.1.3 Molarity (M)
446(1)
8.2.1.4 Molality (Mo)
446(1)
8.2.1.5 Dilute Solution
447(1)
8.2.1.6 Molecular Weight of a Mixture
447(1)
8.2.1.7 Mixture Molal Property (b)
447(1)
8.2.2 Generalized Relations
448(1)
8.2.3 Partial Molal Property and Characteristics
448(7)
8.2.3.1 Partial Molal Property
448(1)
8.2.3.2 Euler and Gibbs—Duhem Equations
449(1)
8.2.3.3 Characteristics of Partial Molal Properties
450(2)
8.2.3.4 Physical Interpretation of Partial Molal Property
452(1)
8.2.3.5 Partial Molal Property and Intermolecular Potential in Mixtures
453(2)
8.3 Useful Relations for Partial Molal Properties
455(8)
8.3.1 Binary Mixture
455(1)
8.3.2 Multicomponent Mixture
456(5)
8.3.3 Relations between Partial Molal and Pure Properties
461(2)
8.3.3.1 Partial Molal Enthalpy and Gibbs Function
461(1)
8.3.3.2 Differentials of Partial Molal Properties
461(2)
8.3.3.3 Maxwell's Relations
463(1)
8.4 Ideal Gas Mixture
463(4)
8.4.1 Volume
463(1)
8.4.2 Pressure
464(1)
8.4.3 Internal Energy
465(1)
8.4.4 Enthalpy
465(1)
8.4.5 Entropy
466(1)
8.4.6 Gibbs Free Energy
467(1)
8.5 Ideal Solution
467(2)
8.5.1 Volume
467(1)
8.5.2 Internal Energy and Enthalpy
467(1)
8.5.3 Gibbs Function
467(1)
8.5.4 Entropy
468(1)
8.6 Fugacity
469(11)
8.6.1 Fugacity and Activity
469(1)
8.6.2 Approximate Solutions for gk
470(14)
8.6.2.1 Ideal Solution or the Lewis—Randall Model (LR)
470(1)
8.6.2.2 Henry's Law (HL)
470(1)
8.6.2.3 Standard States and Gibbs Function
471(2)
8.6.2.4 Evaluation of the Activity of a Component in a Mixture
473(1)
8.6.2.5 Activity Coefficient
473(1)
8.6.2.6 Fugacity Coefficient Relation in Terms of State Equation for P
474(1)
8.6.2.7 Duhem—Margules Relation
475(4)
8.6.2.8 Relations among Gibbs Function, Fugacity, and Enthalpy
479(1)
8.7 Excess Property
480(4)
8.8 Osmotic Pressure
484(5)
8.8.1 Real Solution
484(2)
8.8.2 Ideal Solution
486(3)
8.9 Molal Properties Using the Equations of State
489(12)
8.9.1 Mixing Rules for Equations of State
489(7)
8.9.1.1 General Rule
489(2)
8.9.1.2 Kay's Rule
491(1)
8.9.1.3 RK Mixing and Empirical Mixing Rules
492(1)
8.9.1.4 Peng—Robinson Equation of State
493(1)
8.9.1.5 Marti n—Hou Equation of State
494(1)
8.9.1.6 Virial Equation of State for Mixtures
494(1)
8.9.1.7 Law of Additive Pressure
494(1)
8.9.1.8 Law of Additive Volumes (LAV)
495(1)
8.9.1.9 Pitzer Factor for a Mixture
496(1)
8.9.2 Partial Molal Properties Using Mixture State Equations
496(8)
8.9.2.1 Kay's Rule
496(4)
8.9.2.2 RK Mixing rule
500(1)
8.10 Summary
501(2)
9 Phase Equilibrium for a Mixture 503(42)
Objectives
503(1)
9.1 Introduction
503(1)
9.2 Miscible, Immiscible, and Partially Miscible Mixture
504(1)
9.3 Phase Equilibrium
504(4)
9.3.1 Two-Phase System
504(4)
9.3.1.1 Multiphase Systems
507(1)
9.1.3.2 Gibbs Phase Rule
507(1)
9.4 Simplified Criteria for Phase Equilibrium
508(7)
9.4.1 General Criteria for Any Solution
508(1)
9.4.2 Ideal Solution and Raoult's Law
509(6)
9.4.2.1 Vapor as Real Gas Mixture
509(1)
9.4.2.2 Vapor as Ideal Gas Mixture
510(5)
9.5 Pressure and Temperature Diagrams
515(18)
9.5.1 Completely Miscible Mixtures
515(14)
9.5.1.1 Liquid—Vapor Mixtures
515(14)
9.5.2 Immiscible Mixture
529(2)
9.5.2.1 Immiscible Liquids and Miscible Gas Phase
529(2)
9.5.2.2 Miscible Liquids and Immiscible Solid Phase
531(1)
9.5.3 Partially Miscible Liquids
531(2)
9.5.3.1 Liquid and Gas Mixtures
531(2)
9.5.3.2 Liquid and Solid Mixtures
533(1)
9.6 Dissolved Gases in Liquids
533(5)
9.6.1 Single Component Gas
534(1)
9.6.2 Mixture of Gases and Liquids
535(1)
9.6.3 Approximate Solution—Henry's Law
536(2)
9.7 Deviations from Raoult's Law
538(2)
9.7.1 Evaluation of the Activity Coefficient
539(1)
9.8 Summary
540(1)
9.9 Appendix
540(5)
9.9.1 Phase Rule for Single Component
540(1)
9.9.1.1 Single Phase
540(1)
9.9.1.2 Two Phases
540(1)
9.9.1.3 Three Phases
541(1)
9.9.1.4 Theory
541(1)
9.9.2 General. Phase Rule for Multicomponent Fluids
541(2)
9.9.3 Raoult's Law for the Vapor Phase of a Real Gas
543(2)
10 Stability 545(44)
Objectives
545(1)
10.1 Introduction
545(2)
10.2 Criteria for an Isolated System
547(4)
10.3 Mathematical Criterion for Stability
551(21)
10.3.1 Perturbation of Volume
551(5)
10.3.1.1 Geometrical Criterion
551(1)
10.3.1.2 Differential Criterion
552(4)
10.3.2 Perturbation of Energy
556(1)
10.3.3 Perturbation with Energy and Volume
557(6)
10.3.3.1 Single Component
557(3)
10.3.3.2 Multicomponent Mixture
560(3)
10.3.4 System with Specified Values of S, V, and m
563(1)
10.3.5 Perturbation in Entropy at Specified Volumes
564(1)
10.3.6 Perturbation in Entropy and Volume
565(1)
10.3.6.1 Binary and Multicomponent Mixtures
566(1)
10.3.7 System with Specified Values of S, P, and m
566(1)
10.3.8 System with Specified Values of T, V, and m
567(2)
10.3.8.1 Perturbations with Respect to Volume
567(1)
10.3.8.2 Perturbations with Respect to Temperature
568(1)
10.3.8.3 Perturbations with Respect to Volume and Temperature
568(1)
10.3.8.4 Binary and Multicomponent Mixtures
569(1)
10.3.9 System with Specified Values of T, P, and m
569(3)
10.3.9.1 Perturbations with Respect to Pressure
569(1)
10.3.9.2 Perturbation with Respect to Temperature
569(1)
10.3.9.3 Perturbations with Respect to P and T
569(2)
10.3.9.4 Multicomponent Systems
571(1)
10.4 Application to Boiling and Condensation
572(7)
10.4.1 Constant T and P
573(2)
10.4.2 Constant Temperature and Volume
575(3)
10.4.3 Specified Values of S, P, and m
578(1)
10.4.4 Specified Values of S (or U), V, and m
578(1)
10.5 Entropy Generation during Irreversible Transformation
579(1)
10.6 Spinodal Curves
579(7)
10.6.1 Single Component
579(5)
10.6.2 Internal Energy along Spinodal Curve
584(1)
10.6.3 Multicomponent Mixtures
584(2)
10.7 Determination of Vapor Bubble and Drop Sizes
586(1)
10.8 Summary
587(2)
11 Chemically Reacting Systems 589(34)
Objectives
589(1)
11.1 Introduction
589(1)
11.2 Chemical Reactions and Combustion
590(6)
11.2.1 Stoichiometric or Theoretical Reaction
590(2)
11.2.2 Reaction with Excess Air (Lean Combustion)
592(1)
11.2.3 Reaction with Excess Fuel (Rich Combustion)
592(1)
11.2.4 Equivalence Ratio, Stoichiometric Ratio
593(1)
11.2.5 Gas Analysis
594(2)
11.3 Thermochemistry
596(8)
11.3.1 Enthalpy of Formation (Chemical Enthalpy)
596(2)
11.3.2 Thermal or Sensible Enthalpy
598(1)
11.3.3 Total Enthalpy
599(1)
11.3.4 Enthalpy of Reaction
599(2)
11.3.5 Entropy, Gibbs Function, and Gibbs Function of Formation
601(3)
11.4 First Law Analyses for Chemically Reacting Systems
604(7)
11.4.1 First Law
604(4)
11.4.2 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
608(3)
11.4.2.1 Steady-State, Steady-Flow Processes in Open Systems
608(1)
11.4.2.2 Closed Systems
609(2)
11.4.2.3 Explicit Relation for Adiabatic Flame Temperature with Constant Specific Heats
611(1)
11.5 Combustion Analyses in the Case of Nonideal Behavior
611(3)
11.5.1 Pure Component
612(1)
11.5.2 Mixture
612(2)
11.6 Second Law Analysis of Chemically Reacting Systems
614(4)
11.6.1 Entropy Generated during an Adiabatic Chemical Reaction
614(3)
11.6.2 Entropy Generated during an Isothermal Chemical Reaction
617(1)
11.7 Mass Conservation and Mole Balance Equations
618(3)
11.7.1 Nonsteady System
618(1)
11.7.2 Steady State System
619(2)
11.8 Overview on Energy Consumption and Combustion
621(1)
11.9 Summary
621(2)
12 Reaction Direction and Chemical Equilibrium 623(50)
Objectives
623(1)
12.1 Introduction
623(1)
12.2 Reaction Direction and Chemical Equilibrium
624(4)
12.2.1 Direction of Heat Transfer
624(1)
12.2.2 Direction of Reaction
624(2)
12.2.3 Evaluation of Properties during an Irreversible Chemical Reaction
626(2)
12.3 Criteria for Direction of Reaction for Fixed-Mass System
628(14)
12.3.1 General Criteria
628(2)
12.3.2 Criteria in Terms of Chemical Force Potential and Affinity(Af) for Single Reaction
630(9)
12.3.2.1 Force Potential
630(2)
12.3.2.2 Affinity
632(1)
12.3.2.3 Criteria in Terms of Equilibrium Constant K°(T) for Ideal Gas Mixtures for Single Reaction
633(6)
12.3.3 Criteria for Multiple Reactions
639(1)
12.3.4 An Approximate Criterion for Direction of Reactions
640(2)
12.3.5 Evaluation of ΔG° in Terms of Elementary Reactions
642(1)
12.4 Generalized Chemical Equilibrium Relations
642(15)
12.4.1 Generalized Relation for the Chemical Potential for any Substance
642(1)
12.4.2 Nonideal Mixtures and Solutions
643(2)
12.4.2.1 Standard State of an Ideal Gas at 1 Bar
644(1)
12.4.2.2 Standard State of a Nonideal Gas at 1 Bar
645(1)
12.4.3 Reactions Involving Ideal Mixtures of Liquids and Solids
645(1)
12.4.4 Ideal Mixture of Real Gases
646(1)
12.4.5 Ideal Gases
646(6)
12.4.6 Gas, Liquid, and Solid Mixtures
652(5)
12.5 Van't Hoff Equation
657(7)
12.5.1 Effect of Temperature on K°(T)
657(4)
12.5.2 Effect of Pressure
661(3)
12.6 Equilibrium for Multiple Reactions
664(1)
12.7 Adiabatic Flame Temperature with Chemical Equilibrium
665(1)
12.8 Gibbs Minimization Method
665(7)
12.8.1 General Criteria for Equilibrium
665(3)
12.8.2 Multiple Components
668(4)
12.9 Summary
672(1)
12.10 Appendix: Equilibrium Constant for any Reaction in Terms of Equilibrium Constants of Elements
672(1)
13 Availability Analysis for Reacting Systems 673(36)
Objectives
673(1)
13.1 Introduction
673(1)
13.2 Entropy Generation through Chemical Reactions
674(1)
13.3 Availability
675(20)
13.3.1 General Availability Balance Equation for Combustion
675(2)
13.3.2 Availability Balance Equation for Steady-State Nonreservoir Open Combustion Systems
677(3)
13.3.2.1 Power Plant Work
677(1)
13.3.2.2 Combustor
677(1)
13.3.2.3 Isothermal Combustor
677(3)
13.3.3 Availability Balance Equation for Closed Combustion Systems
680(3)
13.3.4 Availability Balance for Adiabatic Systems
683(4)
13.3.5 Energy and Exergy of a Power Plant
687(1)
13.3.6 Maximum Work Using Heat Exchanger and Adiabatic Combustor
687(5)
13.3.6.1 Fixed TL,CE and Tad
688(1)
13.3.6.2 Varying cpo(T) or "Hot" Gas Assumption
688(2)
13.3.6.3 Constant cpo(T) or "Cold" Gas Assumption
690(1)
13.3.6.4 Fixed Hot Gas Temperature TH and TL
690(2)
13.3.7 Availability Balance for Isothermal Reactors
692(3)
13.3.8 Batteries
695(1)
13.4 Fuel Cells
695(7)
13.4.1 Oxidation States and Electrons
696(1)
13.4.2 H2-O2 Fuel Cell
696(4)
13.4.3 Fuel Cells with Other Fuels
700(1)
13.4.4 Physical Meaning of Irreversibility during Adiabatic Combustion
701(1)
13.5 Fuel Availability
702(4)
13.5.1 Complete Combustion
702(3)
13.5.1.1 Optimum Work
702(2)
13.5.1.2 Ratio of Fuel Availability to LHV
704(1)
13.5.1.3 Exergetic Efficiency
705(1)
13.5.1.4 Ratio of Irreversibility to Stoichiometric Oxygen of any Fuel
705(1)
13.5.2 Incomplete Combustion
705(1)
13.6 IC Engines and Exergy
706(2)
13.7 Summary
708(1)
14 Thermodynamics and Biological Systems 709(91)
Objectives
709(1)
14.1 Introduction
710(2)
14.2 Biomass Processing
712(5)
14.2.1 Digestion, Nutrients, and Product Transfer
712(2)
14.2.2 Energy Conversion
714(3)
14.2.2.1 Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR, qBMR)
715(1)
14.2.2.2 ATP (C10H16N5O13P3), ADP (C10H16N5O10P2), and AMP
716(1)
14.3 Food and Nutrients
717(9)
14.3.1 Thermochemical Properties of Nutrients
717(3)
14.3.1.1 Empirical Equations for Heat Values
717(3)
14.3.2 Metabolism of Nutrients
720(3)
14.3.2.1 Glucose (CH)
721(1)
14.3.2.2 Fats (F)
722(1)
14.3.2.3 Proteins (P)
722(1)
14.3.3 Mixture of CH, F, and P
723(3)
14.3.3.1 Mixture of CH and F
723(1)
14.3.3.2 Mixture of CH, F, and P
724(2)
14.4 Human Body
726(2)
14.4.1 Formulae
726(2)
14.4.2 Food Consumption and CO2
728(1)
14.5 Metabolism
728(7)
14.5.1 Daily Energy Expenditure (DEE) and Energy for Physical Activity
728(1)
14.5.2 Efficiencies
729(3)
14.5.2.1 Digestive Efficiency (ηdig)
729(1)
14.5.2.2 The Metabolized Energy Coefficient (ηMEC)
729(1)
14.5.2.3 Metabolic Efficiency (ηmet))
729(1)
14.5.2.4 ATP to ADP and AMP Conversions
730(1)
14.5.2.5 Muscular Work Efficiency (ηmusc)
731(1)
14.5.2.6 Overall Efficiency (ηoverall)
732(1)
14.5.3 BMR Estimation
732(3)
14.5.3.1 Simple Method
732(1)
14.5.3.2 BMR Estimation Formulas
733(2)
14.5.4 Energy Requirements
735(1)
14.6 Thermochemistry of Metabolism in BS
735(17)
14.6.1 Air:Fuel Ratio
736(3)
14.6.2 Nasal Gas Analyses and Fuel Burned
739(3)
14.6.2.1 Fuel Composition
739(3)
14.6.3 Mass Conservation
742(3)
14.6.3.1 Mass
742(3)
14.6.4 Energy Conservation
745(4)
14.6.5 First Law and Relation between Metabolic Rate and Size
749(3)
14.6.5.1 Specific Metabolism
750(1)
14.6.5.2 Effect of Body Size
751(1)
14.7 Heat Transfer Analysis from the Body
752(7)
14.7.1 Conduction
754(1)
14.7.2 Convection
755(1)
14.7.3 Radiation
755(1)
14.7.3.1 Wadden and Scheff Equation
756(1)
14.7.4 Respiration
756(1)
14.7.5 Evaporation of Body Water
756(1)
14.7.5.1 Evaporation Models
756(1)
14.7.6 Overall Heat Loss
757(2)
14.8 Body Temperature and Warm and Cold Blooded Animals
759(6)
14.8.1 Temperature Regulation
759(2)
14.8.2 Warm- and Cold-Blooded Animals
761(1)
14.8.3 Kinetics
762(1)
14.8.4 Fever
763(2)
14.8.4.1 Model
764(1)
14.8.4.2 Results
764(1)
14.9 Second Law and Entropy Generation in BS
765(2)
14.9.1 Second Law
765(1)
14.9.2 Entropy Generation
766(1)
14.10 Entropy Generation through Chemical Reactions
767(10)
14.10.1 Entropy Balance Equation
767(4)
14.10.2 Availability Balance Equation, Availability and Metabolic Efficiencies
771(6)
14.11 Life Span and Entropy
777(11)
14.11.1 Energy, Entropy, and Biology
778(1)
14.11.2 Energy Hypothesis or Rate of Living Theory (ROL)
778(2)
14.11.3 Entropy Hypothesis
780(1)
14.11.4 Phenomenological Analyses
781(4)
14.11.4.1 Energy Hypothesis
781(1)
14.11.4.2 Entropy Hypothesis
782(3)
14.11.5 Entropy Generation and Life Span
785(3)
14.12 Allometry
788(11)
14.12.1 Introduction
788(1)
14.12.2 Allometry Laws
789(4)
14.12.3 Allometry Laws: Simplified Analysis for the Scaling Laws
793(6)
14.13 Summary
799(1)
Acknowledgment 800(1)
References 800(3)
Web Sites 803(2)
Problems 805(88)
A Summary of
Chapterwise Formulae		 893(32)
Appendix A: Tables 925(148)
Appendix B: Figures 1073(8)
Bibliography 1081(6)
Index 1087
Dr. Kalyan Annamalai received his BS from Anna University (Engineering College at Guindy), Chennai, MS from the Indian Inst. of Science, Bangalore, and Ph.D. from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA. He worked at Brown University and later at AVCO-Everett Research Laboratory, Revere, Massachusetts, USA. He joined Texas A&M in 1981 as an Assistant Professor and is currently Paul Pepper Professor of Mechanical Engineering. He is also a Senior TEES Fellow of College of Engineering, Texas A&M. He is currently involved research projects dealing with coal and biomass combustion, gasification, NOx and Hg reductions using new reburn fuels and laser based sensor developments for NOx and Hg. He is a member of combustion institute and a fellow of American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He serves on the editorial boards of International Journal of Green Energy and Journal of Combustion, and serves as Associate Editor (Coal and Biomass) for the Transactions of ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power.

Dr. Ishwar K. Puri is Professor and Department Head of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Virginia Tech. He is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He serves as Secretary of the American Academy of Mechanics. He has edited a book on the environmental implications of combustion processes, and coauthored textbooks on advanced thermodynamics Engineering and on combustion science and engineering. He is the author of nearly 300 archival publications and conference presentations, and book chapters in the field of transport phenomena, fluid mechanics, combustion, and mathematical biology. He got his Ph.D. (1987), and M.S. (1984) degrees in Engineering Science (Applied Mechanics) from the University of California, San Diego after obtaining a B.Sc. (1982) in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Delhi (Delhi College of Engineering). He served as an Assistant Research Engineer at the University of California, San Diego from 1987-90. Thereafter, he was appointed as Assistant Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) in 1990. He served at UIC as Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies (2000-01) and as Executive Associate Dean of Engineering (2001-04).

Dr. Milind A. Jog received his B. S. (Mechanical Engineering) in 1985 and M. S. in Mechanical Engineering (Thermal Fluid Science) in 1987, both from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. He worked at Thermax Ltd. as a Design Engineer before joining the Ph. D. program. He received his Ph. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1993 and joined the faculty of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Cincinnati. Dr. Jog has received several research and teaching awards at the University of Cincinnati including the National Science Foundation CAREER Award, Sigma Xi Outstanding Investigator Award, Robert Hundley Award for Excellence in Teaching, and BP-Amoco Faculty Excellence Award. He was recognized as "Master Engineering Educator" by UC College of Engineering. He has published over 150 archival and journal papers in the field of sprays and atomization, two-phase flow, interfacial phenomena, and computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. He is a Regional Editor (North America) for the Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer and has served as a Guest Editor for the ASME Journal of Heat Transfer.