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Advances in Clean Energy: Production and Application [Kõva köide]

(National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India), (National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India), (National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 257 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 521 g, 11 Tables, black and white; 11 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Oct-2020
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367519127
  • ISBN-13: 9780367519124
Teised raamatud teemal:
Advances in Clean Energy: Production and ApplicationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 257 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 521 g, 11 Tables, black and white; 11 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Oct-2020
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367519127
  • ISBN-13: 9780367519124
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780367519124.html
Märksõnad:
"This book endeavours to support sustainable clean energy technology and green fuel for clean combustion by reviewing the pros and cons of currently available technologies on biodiesel production from biomass sources, recent injection strategy, low-temperature combustion technology and biofuels derived from biomass sources. Discussed topics include overview of global energy sources and present energy scenario, biodiesel production techniques, the physico-chemical and thermal behavior of biodiesel, metal and alcohol additives on diesel engine combustion, novel advanced injection strategy, low-temperature combustion technology, lignocellulose biomass and conversion into biofuels"--

Advances in Clean Energy: Production and Application supports sustainable clean energy technology and green fuel for clean combustion by reviewing the pros and cons of currently available technologies specifically for biodiesel production from biomass sources, recent fuel modification strategy, low-temperature combustion technology, including other biofuels as well. Written for researchers, graduate students, and professionals in mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, energy, and environmental engineering, this book:

  • Covers global energy scenarios and future energy demands pertaining to clean energy technologies

  • Provides systematic and detailed coverage of the processes and technologies used for biofuel production

  • Includes new technologies and perspectives, giving up-to-date and state-of-the-art information on research and commercialization

  • Discusses all conversion methods including biochemical and thermochemical

  • Examines the environmental consequences of biomass-based biofuel use

Preface xiii
Authors xv
Chapter 1 Global Energy Sources and Present Energy Scenario 1(18)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Brief History of Fossil Fuels
2(3)
1.2.1 Coal
2(1)
1.2.2 Petrol and Diesel
3(1)
1.2.3 Natural Gas
4(1)
1.2.4 Other Fossil Fuels
4(1)
1.3 Renewable Energy Sources - Biomass
5(5)
1.3.1 What Is Biomass?
5(1)
1.3.2 Biomass Feedstocks
5(15)
1.3.2.1 Edible Crops
6(1)
1.3.2.2 Non-Edible Crops
6(3)
1.3.2.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass Waste
9(1)
1.4 Global Energy Needs - Present and Future
10(1)
1.5 Indian Energy Needs - Present and Future
11(1)
1.6 Climate Change
12(1)
1.7 Conclusion
13(1)
References
13(6)
Chapter 2 Biodiesel Production Techniques - The State of the Art 19(28)
2.1 Introduction
19(1)
2.2 Catalyst in Transesterification
20(11)
2.2.1 Homogeneous Catalyst
21(3)
2.2.1.1 Acid Catalyst
21(1)
2.2.1.2 Base Catalyst
21(3)
2.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalyst
24(75)
2.2.2.1 Acid Catalyst
24(2)
2.2.2.2 Base Catalyst
26(5)
2.2.2.3 Enzymatic Catalyst
31(1)
2.3 Co-Solvent Transesterification
31(1)
2.4 Microwave-Assisted Transesterification
32(1)
2.5 Ultrasound-Assisted Transesterification
33(1)
2.6 Non-Catalytic Supercritical Methanol Transesterification
34(1)
2.7 Purification of Biodiesel
35(1)
2.8 Conclusion
35(1)
References
36(11)
Chapter 3 Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Biodiesel 47(24)
3.1 Introduction
47(1)
3.2 Acid Value
48(1)
3.3 Saponification Value
49(1)
3.4 Iodine Value
50(1)
3.5 Cetane Number
51(1)
3.6 Cloud and Pour Point
52(1)
3.7 Cold Filter Plugging Point
53(1)
3.8 Kinematic Viscosity
53(1)
3.9 Density
54(1)
3.10 Carbon Residue
55(1)
3.11 Copper Strip Corrosion
56(1)
3.12 Flash and Fire Point
56(1)
3.13 Sulfur Content
57(1)
3.14 Metal Content
57(1)
3.15 Methanol Content
58(1)
3.16 Phosphorus Content
59(1)
3.17 Free Glycerol and Total Glycerin
59(1)
3.18 Mono-, Di-, and Triglycerides
60(1)
3.19 Ester Content
60(1)
3.20 Lubricity
61(1)
3.21 Oxidation Stability
62(1)
3.22 Thermal Behavior
63(1)
3.23 Conclusion
64(1)
References
64(7)
Chapter 4 Effect of Biodiesel and Additives on Diesel Engine Efficiency and Emission 71(14)
4.1 Introduction
71(2)
4.2 Metal Additives and Their Drawbacks
73(1)
4.3 Lower Alcohol Additives
74(2)
4.4 Higher Alcohol Additives
76(2)
4.5 Conclusion
78(1)
References
78(7)
Chapter 5 Recent Advanced Injection Strategy on Biodiesel Combustion 85(12)
5.1 Introduction
85(2)
5.2 Single Injection on CRDI-Assisted Diesel Engine
87(1)
5.3 Split Injection Strategy
88(1)
5.4 Multiple Injection Strategy
89(1)
5.5 Combination of Split Injection and EGR on Biodiesel Combustion
90(1)
5.6 Conclusion
91(1)
References
92(5)
Chapter 6 Low-Temperature Combustion Technology on Biodiesel Combustion 97(40)
6.1 Introduction
97(2)
6.2 History and Different Methods Used for Emission Reduction
99(8)
6.2.1 Blending with Diesel
99(1)
6.2.2 Exhaust Gas Recirculation System
100(1)
6.2.3 Water Injection
101(1)
6.2.4 Emulsion Technology
101(1)
6.2.5 Combustion Geometry Modification
102(1)
6.2.6 Different Nozzle Opening Pressure and Timing
103(2)
6.2.6.1 Effect of Fuel Injection Timing
104(1)
6.2.6.2 Effect of Fuel Injection Pressure (FIP) or Nozzle Opening Pressure (NOP)
104(1)
6.2.7 Influence of Fuel Injection Timing and Fuel Injection Pressure (FIP) on the Spray Characteristics
105(2)
6.3 Low-Temperature Combustion (LTC)
107(5)
6.3.1 Different Methods for Attaining LTC
107(1)
6.3.2 Importance of Advanced Injection Strategy in the LTC
108(1)
6.3.3 Effect of Higher Injection Pressure in the Electronic Injection Strategy
109(2)
6.3.4 Effect of Split Injection Strategy
111(1)
6.4 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)
112(3)
6.4.1 Challenges of HCCI Combustion
113(1)
6.4.2 Factors Affecting Combustion Phasing Control
113(1)
6.4.3 Higher Level of HC and CO along with Combustion Noise
113(1)
6.4.4 Operation Range
114(1)
6.4.5 Cold Start
114(1)
6.4.6 Homogeneous Mixture Preparation
114(1)
6.5 Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI)
115(1)
6.6 Partially Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PPCI)
116(1)
6.7 Reactive Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI)
117(4)
6.7.1 A Fundamental Concept of RCCI
118(1)
6.7.2 Importance of Fuel Reactivity
118(1)
6.7.3 Low Reactive Fuel Management
119(1)
6.7.4 Biofuels Used in the RCCI Combustion
120(1)
6.7.5 Single-Fuel RCCI Combustion
121(1)
6.8 Low-Temperature Combustion Advantages and Challenges
121(1)
6.9 High-Efficiency Clean Combustion
122(2)
6.10 Conclusion
124(2)
References
126(11)
Chapter 7 Solid Waste Management 137(26)
7.1 Introduction
137(1)
7.2 Waste Quantities and Characterization
138(2)
7.3 Storage and Collection of Solid Wastes
140(1)
7.4 Facilities for Materials Recovery and Recycling
141(2)
7.5 Health and Safety Risks
143(2)
7.6 Environmental Pollution
145(2)
7.7 Different Technologies for Solid Waste Management
147(5)
7.8 Future Solid Waste Management Policy
152(1)
7.9 Conclusion
153(1)
References
154(9)
Chapter 8 Assessment of Physicochemical Properties and Analytical Characterization of Lignocellulosic Biomass 163(24)
8.1 Introduction
163(1)
8.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks Available for Energy Purposes
164(1)
8.2.1 Agriculture
165(1)
8.2.2 Forest
165(1)
8.2.3 Industry
165(1)
8.3 Choice of Pre-Treatment Based on Biomass Types
165(2)
8.3.1 Acid/Alkali Treatment
165(1)
8.3.2 Ammonia Fiber Expansion
166(1)
8.3.3 Steam Explosion
166(1)
8.3.3.1 Variables Affecting Steam Explosion Pre-Treatment
167(1)
8.3.3.2 Moisture and Particle Size
167(1)
8.4 Physicochemical Properties of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Engineering Applications
167(4)
8.4.1 Density
167(1)
8.4.1.1 Particle Density
167(1)
8.4.1.2 Bulk Density
168(1)
8.4.2 Flowability
168(1)
8.4.3 Particle Size
169(1)
8.4.4 Moisture Sorption
170(1)
8.4.5 Thermal Properties
170(1)
8.4.5.1 Thermal Conductivity
170(1)
8.4.5.2 Specific Heat
171(1)
8.5 Chemical Properties
171(4)
8.5.1 Proximate Analysis
171(1)
8.5.2 Ultimate Analysis
172(1)
8.5.3 Energy Content
173(1)
8.5.4 Compositional Analysis
174(1)
8.6 An Assessment of the Sustainability of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biorefining
175(5)
8.6.1 Lignocellulosic Feedstocks for Energy and Economic Sustainability
176(2)
8.6.2 Biofuels and Food Security
178(1)
8.6.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Lignocellulosic Biomass and Biofuels
179(1)
8.7 Conclusions
180(1)
References
180(7)
Chapter 9 Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion into Second and Third-Generation Biofuels 187(22)
9.1 Introduction
187(4)
9.1.1 Energy Security and Greenhouse Emission vs Biofuel
188(2)
9.1.2 Bioenergy around the Globe
190(1)
9.2 Biomass Gasification
191(3)
9.2.1 Gasification Chemistry
191(2)
9.2.2 Gasifying Medium
193(1)
9.2.3 Equivalence Ratio
193(1)
9.2.4 Gasifier Temperature
194(1)
9.3 Gasifier Design
194(7)
9.3.1 Fixed Bed Gasifiers
195(5)
9.3.1.1 Updraft Gasifier
195(4)
9.3.1.2 Downdraft Gasifier
199(1)
9.3.1.3 Cross Draft Gasifier
200(1)
9.3.2 Fluidized Bed Gasifier
200(1)
9.3.2.1 Circulating Fluid Bed Gasifier
200(1)
9.3.2.2 Twin Fluid Bed Gasifier
200(1)
9.3.1.3 Entrained Bed Gasifier
201(1)
9.4 Gas Cleaning and Cooling
201(1)
9.4.1 Cleaning Dust from the Gas
201(1)
9.4.2 Tar Cracking
202(1)
9.4.2.1 Catalytic Cracking
202(1)
9.4.2.2 Thermal Cracking
202(1)
9.5 Alcohol Production
202(2)
9.5.1 Thermodynamics of Bio-Methanol Synthesis
202(1)
9.5.2 Unique Higher Alcohol Synthesis
203(1)
9.5.2.1 Biobutanol Production
203(1)
9.5.2.2 Green Diesel Production
204(1)
9.6 Application of Biofuel in Fuel Cells
204(1)
9.6.1 Transport and Energy Generation
204(1)
9.6.2 Implantable Power Sources
204(1)
9.6.3 Wastewater Treatment
205(1)
9.6.4 Robots
205(1)
9.7 LCA on Biofuel Production
205(1)
9.8 Conclusion
205(1)
References
205(4)
Chapter 10 The Microbiology Associated with Biogas Production Process 209(24)
10.1 Introduction
209(1)
10.2 The Microbiology Associated with the Biogas Production Process
210(5)
10.2.1 Functioning and Growth of Microorganisms
210(3)
10.2.1.1 Energy Source
211(1)
10.2.1.2 Electron Acceptors
211(1)
10.2.1.3 Building Blocks
212(1)
10.2.1.4 Trace Elements and Vitamins
212(1)
10.2.2 Environmental Factors
213(2)
10.2.2.1 Temperature
213(1)
10.2.2.2 Oxygen
214(1)
10.2.2.3 pH
214(1)
10.2.2.4 Salts
214(1)
10.3 Breakdown of Organic Compounds
215(2)
10.3.1 Hydrolysis
215(1)
10.3.2 Fermentation
215(1)
10.3.3 Anaerobic Oxidation
216(1)
10.3.4 Methane Formation
217(1)
10.4 The Importance of Technology to Microbiology
217(2)
10.4.1 Start-Up of a Biogas Process
217(1)
10.4.2 Process Design
218(1)
10.4.3 Important Operating Parameters
218(1)
10.4.3.1 Feedstock Composition
218(1)
10.4.3.2 C/N Ratio
219(1)
10.4.3.3 Particle Size
219(1)
10.5 Substrates
219(2)
10.5.1 Selection of Substrates
220(1)
10.5.2 Pre-Treatments
220(1)
10.5.3 Sanitation
220(1)
10.5.4 Thickening
221(1)
10.5.5 Reduction of Particle Size/Increased Solubility
221(1)
10.6 Toxicity
221(1)
10.6.1 Inhibition Levels
221(1)
10.6.2 Inhibiting Substances
222(1)
10.7 Monitoring and Evaluation of the Biogas Production Process
222(3)
10.7.1 Monitoring Involved in the Biogas Process
222(11)
10.7.1.1 Loading and Retention Time
223(1)
10.7.1.2 Substrate Composition
224(1)
10.7.1.3 Gas Quantity
224(1)
10.7.1.4 Gas Composition
224(1)
10.7.1.5 Process Efficiency
225(1)
10.8 The Digested Residues
225(1)
10.9 Conclusion
226(1)
References
226(7)
Chapter 11 Current Status and Perspectives of Biogas Upgrading and Utilization 233(22)
11.1 Introduction
233(3)
11.1.1 Need for Biogas Upgradation
235(1)
11.2 Technologies Involved in Biogas Upgrading
236(11)
11.2.1 Absorption
237(1)
11.2.1.1 Physical absorption
237(1)
11.2.1.2 Chemical absorption
237(1)
11.2.2 Physical Absorption Method Using Water Scrubbing System
237(1)
11.2.3 Physical Absorption Method Using Organic Solvents
238(1)
11.2.4 Chemical Absorption Method Using Amine Solutions
239(2)
11.2.4.1 Adsorption
240(1)
11.2.5 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
241(1)
11.2.6 Membrane Separation
241(1)
11.2.7 Cryogenic Separation Process
241(2)
11.2.8 Chemical Hydrogenation Process
243(1)
11.2.9 Chemoautotrophic Methods
243(2)
11.2.9.1 In situ Biological Biogas Upgrading
244(1)
11.2.9.2 Ex situ Biological Biogas Upgrading
245(1)
11.2.9.3 Microbial Communities in Biological Biogas Upgrading Systems
245(1)
11.2.10 Photoautotrophic Methods
245(1)
11.2.11 Biogas Upgrading through Other Fermentation Processes
246(1)
11.2.12 Biogas Upgrading through Microbial Electrochemical Methods
246(1)
11.3 Biogas Upgradation Technologies under Development
247(1)
11.3.1 Industrial Lung
247(1)
11.3.2 Supersonic Separation
247(1)
11.4 Comparative Analysis of the Various Biogas Upgradation Technologies
247(2)
11.4.1 Cost-Economics
248(1)
11.4.2 Technology
248(1)
11.4.3 Environmental Sustainability
249(1)
11.5 Future Perspectives on Biogas Upgradation
249(2)
11.5.1 Moving towards Hybrid Upgradation Technologies
249(1)
11.5.2 Utilization of Methane Available in Off-Gas
250(1)
11.5.3 Making Small-Scale Upgrading Plants Economical
250(1)
11.5.4 Support Policies
251(1)
11.6 Conclusion
251(1)
References
251(4)
Index 255
R. Anand, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering in National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. He earned his Ph.D. in Internal Combustion Engines from Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. He completed his masters degree in Energy from Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India. He pursued his B.E. in Mechanical Engineering from Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli. He joined as an Assistant professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering at National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli in 2007 and now has been working here as an Associate Professor. He is a recipient of Endeavour fellowship from the Australian Government in 2015 at Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. He has achieved many awards from various reputed organizations since 2009, which are Outstanding Reviewer Award in Elsevier (2018), Dr Radhakrishnan Excellence award (2018), Outstanding Scientist in Mechanical Engineering (2017), Endeavour Executive Fellowship (2015), ASME Session Organizer (2012) and N.K. Iyengar Memorial Prize (2009). His current research comprises of Alternative Fuels, Internal Combustion Engines, Fuel Cell and Waste to Energy Conversion. He has received many projects from national and international funding agencies such as DST-India, IEI-India, MHRD-SPARC, DST-UKERI and GTRE-DRDO. He is a principal investigator of various research projects in collaboration with several countries, including Brazil, the United Kingdom and Russia. He has published more than 50 publications which include 35 research papers, 7 patents, 1 book and 12 book chapters. He has established sophisticated Fuel Testing Laboratory in the Department of Mechanical Engineering in National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli. He is an honorary consultant to various academics institutions and industries in the field of Alternate Fuels and Internal Combustion Engines. He is a journal reviewer in various National and International journals and also a prime member of several National and International committees.



Babu Dharmalingam, M.E., is a Research Scholar in Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. He has obtained B.E. Degree in Mechanical Engineering in 2007. He did M.E. (Mechanical-Thermal Engineering) in 2012. He was working as an assistant professor in SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India, during the academic year from 2012-2014. His area of interest is alternative fuels for internal combustion engines and ecology. He has 3 international papers, 3 book chapters and 2 international conference papers. Currently, he is pursuing research program at National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India



Vinoth Thangarasu, M.E., is a Research Scholar in Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. He earned his masters degree in Thermal Engineering from Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. He pursed his bachelors degree in Mechanical Engineering from Institute of Road and Transport Technology (Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai). He has joined as Junior Research Fellow at National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, under the DST project and since then has been working here as a Senior Research Fellow. He has published 2 international research papers, 3 patents, 4 book chapters and 2 international conference papers.