| Preface: Advances in Equine Dentistry |
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| A Fresh Look at the Anatomy and Physiology of Equine Mastication |
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257 | (16) |
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There have been many significant and interesting developments in equine dental anatomy during the past 20 years that are of major clinical significance in better understanding the physiology of equine mastication, the etiopathogenesis of some dental disorders, and their safe treatment. |
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The many recent significant developments include descriptions of the enamel infolding of cheek teeth and of infundibular anatomy, including the frequent absence of cementum infilling in many infundibulae, which can lead to infundibular caries. |
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Many important developments in equine dental anatomy are summarized in this article. |
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| A New Understanding of Oral and Dental Disorders of the Equine Incisor and Canine Teeth |
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273 | (28) |
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This article discusses the classification systems for dental fractures and how the assessment affects treatment options. |
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Diagonal incisor malocclusion is discussed in relation to skull asymmetry and how this commonly relates to premolar and molar occlusion. |
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Oral and radiographic assessment of incisive bone fracture and incisor avulsion is reviewed for deter-mining treatment options. |
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A summary of incisor and canine resorption and hypercementosis is presented. |
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Clinical presentations, staging, and classifications of tooth resorption as well as canine odontoplasty are discussed. |
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Excessive plaque and calculus formation on lower canines leading to periodontal disease and abscess is examined. |
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| A New Understanding of Oral and Dental Pathology of the Equine Cheek Teeth |
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301 | (24) |
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Equine dental disease has a high prevalence. |
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Because of developmental, functional, and anatomic differences, limited inference can be made from brachydont dental pathology to that of equine cheek teeth. |
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This article re-views the pathology of equine cheek teeth and their associated oral tissues, with specific information on periodontitis, pulpitis, maxillary infundibular changes, dental fractures, dental overgrowths, mucosal ulceration, and the regenerative capacity of equine teeth. |
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| Oral Examination and Charting: Setting the Basis for Evidence-Based Medicine in the Oral Examination of Equids |
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325 | (20) |
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The oral examination is performed in equids to assess and monitor oral health status, provide diagnoses, and determine efficacy of treatments. |
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While there is currently insufficient scientific material of adequate quality to enable evidence-based medicine in equine dentistry, this by no means negates the clinician's responsibility to provide oral health care in a scientific and ethical manner. |
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To do so requires that the clinician be knowledgable and skilled in dentistry and general medicine, that each case upholds the principles of scientific method, and that data is gathered and appraised in an objective, precise, consistent, uniform, and reliable manner. |
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| Incorporating Oral Photography and Endoscopy into the Equine Dental Examination |
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345 | (22) |
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This article discusses the significant features and use of digital cameras, intraoral cameras, and oral endoscopes in equine dental practice. |
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Although system features believed to be important have been listed, specific system recommendations have been omitted, since each veterinarian must individually determine the best system to meet practice clinical needs and budget. |
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Veterinarians are encouraged to thoroughly research not only the camera/endoscope purchase but also the capabilities of the entire system, the compatibility of the system with different computer software programs, the reputation and service policies of the manufacturers, and references from other colleagues. |
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| Advances in Equine Dental Radiology |
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367 | (30) |
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Although diagnostic images can be obtained with traditional rare-earth film-screen combinations, digital radiography (DR) has enhanced the ability of the general practitioner to obtain diagnostic radiographs of the equine head. |
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With the widespread availability of DR in equine practices, the practitioner can more readily learn the correct positioning for the various projections of the equine head that are used to evaluate the dentition and sinuses. |
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Digital systems provide rapid processing of the image, enabling the practitioner to correct positioning errors and retake the image without significant delay. |
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| Advanced Imaging in Equine Dental Disease |
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397 | (14) |
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Dental and sinus disorders are relatively common and of major clinical importance in equine medicine. |
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Advanced diagnostic imaging has become an integral part of equine veterinary medicine. |
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Advanced imaging has progressed the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of dental- and sinus-related diseases. |
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As a clinician, it is important to realize the value of advanced diagnostic imaging. |
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Although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are both significantly more expensive compared with other diagnostic tools, the financial cost of inaccurate diagnosis and treatment can often result in higher overall costs. |
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| Advances in the Treatment of Diseased Equine Incisor and Canine Teeth |
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411 | (30) |
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Dental therapies for equid incisor and canine teeth have modernized significantly over the last 2 decades. |
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Basic principles in incisor reduction have become more conservative, and extraction procedures more exacting. |
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Periodontal and endodontic treatments are described to save teeth that would have succumbed to extraction in the past. |
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Pathologic impacts on treatment decisions for equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis are significant, and veterinarians and owners need to be aware of treatment options and outcomes. |
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Easy access to equid incisor and canine teeth offers a variety of therapeutic options, and this article reviews some of the practical procedures available. |
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| Advances in the Treatment of Diseased Equine Cheek Teeth |
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441 | (26) |
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The last decade has seen a number of studies that have illuminated our knowledge of hypsodont dental disease and re-examined some of the traditionally performed practices. |
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In addition there has been a major interest in routine preventative dentistry and non-traumatic treatments. |
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These have highlighted some potential risks of the use of modern tools when applied to traditional techniques. |
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This has also led to a reflective review of equine dentistry with the emphasis on attempting to preserve and salvage dental and periodontal tissues, with minimal trauma. |
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In addition, precise imaging and instrumentation have facilitated minimally invasive techniques in conscious sedated horses, and there is renewed interest in comparative dentistry leading to trials with restorative techniques that are practiced in other species. |
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| New Ways to Diagnose and Treat Equine Dental-Related Sinus Disease |
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467 | (20) |
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The diagnosis and treatment of equine dental-related sinus disease is often challenging. |
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Dental-related sinus disease is common and knowledge of these diseases is becoming increasingly important in veterinary medicine. |
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Diagnostic capabilities are continually improving, leading to early diagnostic and therapeutic successes. |
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With advanced imaging modalities, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, under-standing of the intimate anatomic relationship between teeth and the paranasal sinuses continues to progress. |
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There are many therapeutic options available for the treatment of these common and challenging disorders. |
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A complete understanding of the disease, therapeutic options, and potential complications is vital to overall successful resolution of clinical signs in equine dental-related sinus disorders. |
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| The Gold Standard of Dental Care: The Juvenile Horse |
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487 | (18) |
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Postpartum evaluation of the foal's head and mouth are performed to detect craniofacial malformations and other congenital defects. |
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Detailed oral examination and diagnostic imaging can provide diagnostic and prognostic information about congenital abnormalities of the mouth or skull. |
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Important abnormalities of foals include wry nose, cleft palate, overbite (parrot mouth), and underbite (monkey mouth, sow mouth). |
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Tumors and cysts can be detected in young horses. |
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In juvenile horses, primary dental care procedures include oral examination, management of sharp enamel points, management of deciduous teeth, and management of wolf teeth. |
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Facial or jaw swellings are also important considerations. |
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| The Gold Standard of Dental Care for the Adult Performance Horse |
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505 | (16) |
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This article discusses the primary odontogenic problems of the mature performance horse, including wolf teeth; hooks; overbite, overjet, underjet, and wry bite; equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis; infundibular caries; and secondary oral problems. |
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It outlines the author's methods of taking the history, oral examination, and use of diagnostic nerve blocks. |
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| The Gold Standard of Dental Care: The Geriatric Horse |
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521 | (8) |
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Changes in normal equine dental anatomy with age result in dental disease specific to the geriatric horse. |
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The culmination of dental disease through-out the life of a horse often results in advanced dental disease. |
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Treatment of specific dental disease conditions has to be adapted for older horses to compensate for reduction in reserve crown and occlusal enamel. |
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Ensuring oral comfort and maximizing masticatory ability are the mainstays of geriatric dental treatment. |
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Recognition of dental disease common to older horses ensures that correct treatment is applied. |
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Older patients often require long-term management changes, such as dietary modification, to manage dental disease effectively. |
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| Index |
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