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Advances In Water Desalination Technologies [Kõva köide]

Edited by (Univ Of California, Los Angeles, Usa)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 652 pages
  • Sari: Materials and Energy 17
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Aug-2021
  • Kirjastus: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 9811226970
  • ISBN-13: 9789811226977
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Advances In Water Desalination TechnologiesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 652 pages
  • Sari: Materials and Energy 17
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Aug-2021
  • Kirjastus: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 9811226970
  • ISBN-13: 9789811226977
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Märksõnad:

The book presents chapters from world leaders on water desalination advances with respect to processes, separations materials and energy considerations. The book provides presents the latest technologies and materials for water desalination, in addition to covering energy and environmental considerations. The book provides a balanced discussion of the mature and newer desalination technologies and provides a fundamental assessment of the potential of emerging approaches. Realistic assessments for the feasibility of energy extraction from salinity gradients, desalting high salinity source water, membrane distillation, capacitive deionization, are among the topics discussed. Also, among the topics discussed in the book are recent advances in the desalination application of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes and surface structuring of membranes.

Preface v
1 Review of Thermal- and Membrane-based Water Desalination Technologies and Integration with Alternative Energy Sources
1(40)
Yan Zhao
Bart Van der Bruggen
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Water Resources
3(2)
1.3 Thermal Treatment for Water Desalination
5(4)
1.3.1 Evaporation
5(1)
1.3.1.1 Multi-stage flash distillation
5(1)
1.3.1.2 Multiple-effect distillation
6(1)
1.3.1.3 Vapor compression distillation
7(1)
1.3.2 Freezing
8(1)
1.4 Pressure-Driven Membranes Process in Water Desalination
9(8)
1.4.1 Reverse osmosis
10(5)
1.4.2 Nanofiltration
15(2)
1.5 Concentration-Driven Membranes Process in Water Desalination
17(2)
1.6 Electro-Driven Membranes Process in Water Desalination
19(7)
1.6.1 Electrodialysis
20(3)
1.6.2 Membrane capacitive deionization
23(3)
1.7 Temperature-Driven Membranes Process in Water Desalination
26(1)
1.8 New Energy-Drive Process in Water Desalination
27(4)
1.8.1 Solar energy process in water desalination
27(2)
1.8.2 Nuclear energy in water desalination
29(2)
1.8.3 Wind energy in water desalination
31(1)
1.9 Conclusions and Outlook
31(4)
References
35(6)
2 Desalination, Energy and Environment Nexus
41(40)
Hilla Shemer
Raphael Semiat
2.1 Introduction
41(2)
2.2 Global Brine Production
43(1)
2.3 The True Cost of Water
44(1)
2.4 Energy Consumption of Desalination
45(3)
2.5 Potential Environmental Impacts of Desalination
48(3)
2.6 Worldwide Experience
51(22)
2.6.1 Middle East-Ashkelon and Sorek/Palmachim (Israel)
51(1)
2.6.1.1 Ashkelon
52(6)
2.6.1.2 Sorek and Palmachim
58(4)
2.6.2 Persian Gulf
62(1)
2.6.3 Europe-Mediterranean coast of Spain
63(2)
2.6.4 North America-Carlsbad and Tampa Bay (US)
65(1)
2.6.4.1 Carlsbad
65(2)
2.6.4.2 Tampa Bay
67(1)
2.6.5 Australia-Sydney and Adelaide
68(1)
2.6.5.1 Sydney
68(3)
2.6.5.2 Adelaide
71(2)
2.7 Summary
73(1)
References
74(7)
3 Application of Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) Processes for Desalination and Reuse of Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Effluent as Irrigation and Process Water
81(48)
Nalan Kabay
Mert Can Hacifazhoglu
Ilker Parlar
Horacio R. Tomasini
Nasim Jalilnejad Falizi
Taylan O. Pek
L. Bertin
Mithat Yiiksel
3.1 Introduction
81(7)
3.2 Desalination of MBR Effluent by NF and RO Processes for Agricultural Irrigation
88(13)
3.3 Utilization of MBR Effluent for Industrial Reuse after NF and RO Treatments
101(13)
3.4 Membrane Fouling and Concentrate Management for RO and NF Processes Used for Treatment of MBR Effluent
114(8)
3.5 Conclusions
122(1)
Acknowledgement
123(1)
References
123(6)
4 Polyelectrolyte Coagulants and Flocculants in Wastewater Treatment: A Fundamental Perspective
129(40)
Divya Jayaram Iyer
Advait Holkar
Samanvaya Srivastava
4.1 Introduction
129(2)
4.2 Coagulation & Flocculation in Water Treatment
131(11)
4.2.1 Colloidal interparticle interactions
132(4)
4.2.2 Mechanisms for coagulation and flocculation
136(2)
4.2.3 Factors influencing coagulation and flocculation
138(1)
4.2.3.1 Solution pH
138(2)
4.2.3.2 Dosage
140(2)
4.2.3.3 Temperature
142(1)
4.3 Polyelectrolyte Coagulants and Flocculants
142(15)
4.3.1 Polyelectrolyte-colloid interactions: A fundamental perspective
144(1)
4.3.1.1 Structure of polyelectrolyte-colloid mixtures
144(4)
4.3.1.2 Phase behavior of polyelectrolyte-colloidal particle mixtures
148(4)
4.3.2 Biopolymer flocculants
152(1)
4.3.2.1 Chitosan-based flocculants
152(1)
4.3.2.2 Starch-based flocculants
153(1)
4.3.3 Incorporation and performance of polyelectrolytes in wastewater treatment
154(3)
4.4 Summary and Future Perspectives
157(1)
References
157(12)
5 Pressure Retarded Osmosis: Modelling, Mirages and Prospects
169(24)
Robert W. Field
Jun Jie Wu
5.1 Background
169(4)
5.2 Modelling Elements
173(13)
5.2.1 Concentration polarisation in PRO
173(7)
5.2.2 Support layer
180(1)
5.2.3 Modelling of the barrier layer and overall equation
181(1)
5.2.4 Modelling PRO using the SKK model
182(2)
5.2.5 State of the art model for PRO
184(2)
5.3 Prospects for PRO
186(3)
5.4 Concluding Remarks
189(1)
References
189(4)
6 Modeling Ion Transport in Electrodialysis of Concentrated Solutions
193(34)
Soraya Honarparvar
Chau-Chyun Chen
Danny Reible
6.1 Introduction
193(3)
6.2 Modeling Framework
196(15)
6.2.1 Modeling transport in channels
198(3)
6.2.2 Modeling transport in membranes
201(4)
6.2.3 The ideal solution model
205(1)
6.2.4 Modeling flow
205(1)
6.2.4.1 Spacer-free channels
205(1)
6.2.4.2 Spacer-filled channels
205(1)
6.2.5 Boundary conditions
206(1)
6.2.6 Numerical method and mesh structure
207(1)
6.2.7 Comparison of the model results with the experimental data
208(3)
6.3 Results and Discussion
211(10)
6.3.1 Ideal solution-spacer-free cell
211(2)
6.3.2 Non-ideal solution impacts
213(4)
6.3.3 Spacer impacts
217(4)
6.4 Conclusion
221(1)
Acknowledgment
222(1)
References
222(5)
7 Membrane Distillation Pilot Units for Seawater Desalination
227(36)
F. Macedonio
A. Criscuoli
E. Drioli
7.1 Introduction
227(2)
7.2 Membrane Distillation Projects
229(9)
7.3 Commercial MD Modules for Pilot Scale Applications
238(4)
7.3.1 Scarab development AB (Sweden)
239(1)
7.3.2 Solar spring GmbH (Germany)
240(1)
7.3.3 Aquastill BV (The Netherlands)
241(1)
7.3.4 Memsys GmbH (Germany)
241(1)
7.3.5 Econity, INC (Korea))
242(1)
7.4 Membrane Distillation Pilot Plants
242(13)
7.4.1 Membrane Distillation pilots for seawater treatment
248(4)
7.4.2 Membrane Distillation pilots for RO brine treatment
252(1)
7.4.2.1 AGMD and PGMD/LGMD modules
252(2)
7.4.2.2 VMEMD modules
254(1)
7.5 Membrane Crystallization in Desalination
255(1)
7.6 Future Research and Main Conclusions
256(1)
References
257(6)
8 Energy Efficiency Metrics in Membrane Distillation
263(26)
David M. Warsinger
Sina Nejati
Hamid Fattahi Juybari
8.1 Introduction
263(2)
8.2 MD Energy Efficiency Metrics
265(16)
8.2.1 Flux
265(1)
8.2.2 First-law efficiency: GOR, evaporation efficiency, SEC
266(4)
8.2.3 Thermal efficiency
270(2)
8.2.4 Heat recovery parameter (e-NTU)
272(3)
8.2.5 Second law efficiency
275(2)
8.2.6 Relating performance parameters to one another
277(2)
8.2.7 Efficiency limits
279(2)
8.2.8 Performance metric summary
281(1)
8.3 Designing MD Configuration with MD Metrics
281(2)
Acknowledgements
283(1)
Nomenclature
283(2)
References
285(4)
9 Capacitive Deionization
289(48)
S. A. Hawks
D. I. Oyarzun
A. Ramachandran
P. G. Campbell
J. G. Santiago
M. Stadermann
9.1 Introduction to Capacitive Deionization
289(1)
9.2 How CDI Works
290(10)
9.2.1 Basic CDI architectures
292(2)
9.2.2 CDI with membranes
294(1)
9.2.3 Inverted CDI
295(2)
9.2.4 CDI operating methods
297(1)
9.2.4.1 Electrical control methods
297(2)
9.2.4.2 Flowrate control methods
299(1)
9.3 CDI Performance and Water Cost
300(15)
9.3.1 Energy consumption and thermodynamic efficiency
301(1)
9.3.2 Salinity reduction and water recovery
301(3)
9.3.3 Water cost
304(4)
9.3.4 Performance indicators: Charge efficiency
308(2)
9.3.5 Performance indicators: Capacitance and salt adsorption capacity
310(2)
9.3.6 Performance indicators: Resistance
312(3)
9.4 Selective Removal of Contaminant Ions
315(9)
9.4.1 Introduction
315(1)
9.4.2 Overview of selectivity in CDI and i-CDI
316(1)
9.4.3 Theory: Intrinsic and cycle ion selectivity
316(2)
9.4.4 Quantification of intrinsic selectivity
318(2)
9.4.5 Quantification of cycle selectivity in i-CDI
320(3)
9.4.6 Effect of regeneration voltage and the ratio of concentrations in cycle selectivity in i-CDI
323(1)
9.5 Outlook
324(1)
Acknowledgments
325(1)
References
325(12)
10 Surface Modified Reverse Osmosis Membranes
337(76)
Soomin Kim
Yoram Cohen
10.1 Overview of Reverse Osmosis (RO)
337(7)
10.1.1 Water and salt transport in RO membranes
337(2)
10.1.2 Polyamide (PA) thin film composite (TFC) membrane
339(1)
10.1.3 Water permeability and water/salt selectivity tradeoff
340(2)
10.1.4 Polyamide interfacial polymerization
342(1)
10.1.5 Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane fouling
343(1)
10.2 The Impact of PA Surface Modification on RO Desalination Performance
344(57)
10.2.1 Overview
344(1)
10.2.2 Coating (physical adsorption)
345(8)
10.2.3 Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly
353(13)
10.2.4 Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD)
366(8)
10.2.5 Polymer grafting ("Grafting to")
374(6)
10.2.6 Graft polymerization ("Grafting from")
380(21)
10.3 Salt Rejection-Permeability Tradeoff
401(4)
References
405(8)
11 Scale-up of Nanocomposite Membranes Embedded with Silver Nanoparticles: From Laboratory Scale to Production Scale
413(28)
Xiaobo Dong
Lillian Banks
Tequila A.L. Harris
Isabel C. Escobar
11.1 Background and Discussion
413(11)
11.1.1 Incorporation of AgNPs into polymeric membranes
415(1)
11.1.1.1 Blending AgNPs into the membrane matrix
416(1)
11.1.1.2 Surface modification
417(1)
11.1.1.3 Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly
418(1)
11.1.2 Scalable fabrication of AgNPs membranes in a production scale
419(1)
11.1.2.1 Comparison of doctor blade casting and slot die casting of nanocomposite membranes
420(1)
11.1.2.2 Advantage of slot die casting for scale up
421(3)
11.2 Fabricate AgNPs Membranes from Laboratory to Production Scale
424(10)
11.2.1 Performance of AgNPs membranes fabricated at laboratory and production scales
424(3)
11.2.2 Thiol-based covalent addition of AgNPs to membranes
427(3)
11.2.3 Scale-up work of thiol-based covalent addition of AgNPs to membranes
430(4)
11.3 Conclusions
434(1)
Acknowledgements
434(1)
References
434(7)
12 Application of MOFs Nanomaterials and MOFs-Membranes in Water Treatment
441(18)
Dipeshkumar D. Kachhadiya
Z. V. P. Murthy
12.1 Introduction
441(2)
12.2 Nanotechnology for Wastewater Treatment
443(8)
12.2.1 Nano-adsorbent
443(1)
12.2.1.1 Carbon based nano-adsorbents
443(2)
12.2.1.2 Metal-based nano-adsorbents
445(1)
12.2.1.3 Polymer-based nano-adsorbents
446(1)
12.2.2 Membrane and membrane-based processes
446(1)
12.2.2.1 MOFs
446(2)
12.2.2.2 MOF and MOF based membrane application for wastewater treatment
448(3)
12.3 Conclusions and Futuristic Aspects
451(1)
References
452(7)
13 Light Transmitting Substrates for Convenient Solar Illumination of Nanophotocatalyst Coatings on Membranes for Low Pressure Water Filtration
459(32)
Lavern T. Nyamutswa
Stephen F. Collins
Dimuth Navaratna
Mikel C. Duke
13.1 Introduction
459(2)
13.2 Background
461(4)
13.2.1 Titania as a photocatalyst in water treatment
461(2)
13.2.2 Photocatalytic membranes
463(2)
13.3 Light Transmitting Photocatalytic Membrane
465(16)
13.3.1 Titania immobilisation methods
465(1)
13.3.2 Choosing an appropriate substrate
466(1)
13.3.3 Light transparent substrates for photocatalytic membrane water treatment
466(1)
13.3.3.1 Sintered glass
467(1)
13.3.3.2 Phase separated porous glass
468(2)
13.3.3.3 Shirasu porous glass
470(2)
13.3.3.4 Other innovative light transmitting substrates
472(9)
13.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
481(1)
References
482(9)
14 Transport in Carbon Nanotube Pores: Implications for Next Generation Water Purification Technologies
491(38)
Aleksandr Noy
Yun-Chiao Yao
Xi Chen
14.1 Introduction: Biomimetic Nanopore Membranes
491(2)
14.2 Carbon Nanotubes
493(5)
14.2.1 Structure
494(1)
14.2.2 Synthesis
495(1)
14.2.3 Mechanical properties
496(1)
14.2.4 Vibrational spectra of CNTs
497(1)
14.3 Molecular Dynamic Simulations and Early Experimental Observation of Water in CNTs
498(3)
14.4 Experimental Platforms for Observing Transport in CNTs
501(7)
14.4.1 Aligned and semi-aligned carbon nanotube membranes
502(2)
14.4.2 Single CNT channel platforms
504(2)
14.4.3 Carbon nanotube porins: biomimetic CNT membrane pores
506(2)
14.5 Water Transport in Carbon Nanotube Channels
508(4)
14.6 Ion Transport, Ion Rejection, and Water/Ion Permselectivity in Carbon Nanotube Pores
512(8)
14.7 Outlook: Carbon Nanotube Pores in the Next Generation Advanced Water Purification Solutions
520(1)
Acknowledgments
521(1)
References
521(8)
15 Carbon Nanomaterials in Desalination Process
529(54)
Arpita Iddya
Unnati Rao
Jingbo Wang
Yiming Su
David Jassby
15.1 Background
529(1)
15.2 Desalination Technologies
530(9)
15.2.1 Temperature
531(1)
15.2.1.1 Multi effect distillation
531(1)
15.2.1.2 Multi-stage flash
532(2)
15.2.1.3 Membrane distillation
534(1)
15.2.1.4 Novel materials
535(4)
15.3 Pressure
539(12)
15.3.1 Reverse osmosis
539(1)
15.3.2 CNT-based membranes
540(1)
15.3.2.1 CNT-based membrane properties
540(6)
15.3.2.2 Advantages of CNT-based membranes
546(2)
15.3.2.3 Challenges and strategic research prospects of CNT membranes
548(2)
15.3.3 Graphene oxide based membranes
550(1)
15.4 Electrical Potential
551(9)
15.4.1 Electrodialysis
551(2)
15.4.1.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
553(1)
15.4.1.2 Graphene and its derivatives
554(1)
15.4.1.3 Carbon nanofibers (CNFs)
555(1)
15.4.1.4 Activated carbon
556(1)
15.4.2 Capacitive deionization
557(3)
15.5 Summary
560(1)
References
561(22)
16 Nanomaterials for Pressure Retarded Osmosis
583(36)
Arvin Shadravan
Pei Sean Goh
Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
16.1 Introduction
583(1)
16.2 Energy Generation through Salinity Gradient
584(3)
16.3 Pressure Retarded Osmosis
587(24)
16.3.1 Benefits, drawbacks and challenges in PRO
587(3)
16.3.2 Internal Concentration Polarization (ICP) impacts on PRO process
590(3)
16.3.3 PRO process design at estuaries
593(1)
16.3.4 PRO for power generation and desalination
594(1)
16.3.5 PRO membranes
595(2)
16.3.5.1 Thin Film Composite (TFC) membranes
597(3)
16.3.5.2 Thin Film Nanocomposite (TFN) membranes
600(11)
16.4 Conclusion and Perspective
611(1)
References
612(7)
Index 619