| Preface |
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v | |
| Tables of Statutes |
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xvii | |
| Table of Statutory Instruments |
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xxxv | |
| Table of EU Legislation |
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xlvii | |
| Table of Cases |
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li | |
| Section I Introduction |
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Chapter 1 Agricultural land tenure and protective legislation |
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3 | (23) |
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3 | (2) |
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1 'Agricultural Law' — its scope and objects |
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3 | (1) |
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2 Agricultural Tenancy Legislation |
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3 | (1) |
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3 Organisation of this Work |
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4 | (1) |
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B Agricultural Tenure: An Historical Introduction |
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5 | (4) |
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1 Development of statutory intervention |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (2) |
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3 The Agricultural Holdings Act 1984 |
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8 | (1) |
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C The Agricultural Holdings Act 1986 |
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9 | (4) |
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1 Consolidation and amendment |
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9 | (2) |
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2 Protective legislation — principles of protection |
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11 | (2) |
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D Farm Business Tenancies |
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13 | (4) |
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1 The Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995 |
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13 | (1) |
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2 Farm Business Tenancies and Farm Diversification |
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14 | (3) |
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E The Tenancy Reform Industry Group ('TRIG') |
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17 | (9) |
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1 TRIG: Establishment and Terms of Reference |
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17 | (1) |
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2 The TRIG Reform Proposals |
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17 | (2) |
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3 Implementation of TRIG Reform Proposals |
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19 | (7) |
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Chapter 2 Land use and the law of the Common Agricultural Policy |
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26 | (27) |
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A Agriculture, land use and the environment |
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26 | (4) |
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1 Designation of areas for protection |
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26 | (2) |
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2 Planning Policy and Development control |
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28 | (1) |
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3 Town and country planning: development rights |
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28 | (2) |
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B Land use and the Common Agricultural policy |
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30 | (10) |
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30 | (1) |
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2 The Common Agricultural Policy — Guiding Principles |
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31 | (1) |
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3 Land use and the Environment within the CAP |
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31 | (9) |
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C Rural Development and Agri-environmental Measures |
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40 | (13) |
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1 Agri-Environment Measures and the CAP |
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40 | (4) |
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2 The 2005 Rural Development Regulation |
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44 | (3) |
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3 Rural Development and the 2020 Reform Process |
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47 | (6) |
| Section II The Law of Land Tenure |
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Chapter 3 Farm Business Tenancies |
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53 | (65) |
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A Farm Business Tenancies Defined |
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53 | (2) |
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1 Application of Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995 |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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B Creating a Farm Business tenancy |
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55 | (15) |
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55 | (1) |
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2 The Agriculture Condition |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (7) |
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4 Preservation of Agricultural Holdings Act Status: the Exclusions |
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65 | (5) |
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70 | (33) |
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1 Introduction — Freedom of Contract |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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3 Obligations as to Husbandry |
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73 | (3) |
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4 Break Clauses and Repossession of Part |
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76 | (3) |
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5 Proviso for Re-entry and Forfeiture |
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79 | (1) |
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6 Covenant Against Alienation |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (2) |
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8 Agri-Environment Schemes |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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10 Repairing and Insurance Obligations |
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88 | (3) |
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11 Tenancy Agreements: Implications of the Basic Payment Scheme |
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91 | (12) |
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103 | (15) |
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1 Freedom of Contract or Statutory Review? |
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103 | (1) |
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2 Excluding Statutory Rent Reviews |
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104 | (3) |
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3 Frequency of Rent Review |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (4) |
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4 Procedure on Rent Review |
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114 | (4) |
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Chapter 4 Termination of Farm Business Tenancies |
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118 | (45) |
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118 | (13) |
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1 Terms over Two Years — Statutory Continuation |
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118 | (2) |
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2 Tenancies for Two Years or Less |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (8) |
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131 | (4) |
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131 | (2) |
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2 Other Periodic tenancies |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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C Other Modes of Termination |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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D Fixtures and Compensation |
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136 | (27) |
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1 The Legal Framework for Compensation |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (5) |
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3 Compensation for Improvements |
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142 | (21) |
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Chapter 5 Agricultural Holdings |
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163 | (46) |
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A Scope of Agricultural Holdings Act 1986 |
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163 | (1) |
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B 'Agricultural Holding' Defined |
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164 | (10) |
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1 Aggregate of agricultural land |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (1) |
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4 'Substantial' agricultural user |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (5) |
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7 Use in connection with a trade or business |
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174 | (1) |
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C Legal Interests Protected |
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174 | (12) |
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1 The protected annual tenancy |
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174 | (1) |
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2 Statutory extension of tenure |
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175 | (8) |
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3 Tenancies for two years or more |
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183 | (1) |
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4 Extension in lieu of claim for emblements |
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184 | (1) |
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5 Arbitration as to terms of tenancy |
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184 | (1) |
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6 Street v Mountford and agricultural tenure |
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184 | (2) |
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D Exceptions to Statutory Protection |
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186 | (8) |
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1 Grazing and Mowing Agreements |
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186 | (4) |
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190 | (2) |
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3 Agreements made before 1 March, 1948 |
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192 | (1) |
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4 Tenancies or licences granted by persons with limited interests |
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193 | (1) |
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5 Lettings for fixed periods of between one and two years ('Gladstone v Bower tenancies') |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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7 Tenancies granted to office holders |
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194 | (1) |
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E Alternative Modes of Tenure |
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194 | (6) |
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1 Joint ventures and share farming |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (3) |
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F Agricultural Holdings and Other Protective Codes |
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200 | (9) |
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1 Agricultural Holdings and the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 |
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200 | (3) |
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2 Agricultural Holdings and the Rent Acts |
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203 | (6) |
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Chapter 6 Agricultural Holdings: The Tenancy Agreement |
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209 | (64) |
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209 | (1) |
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1 A Framework of Statutory Rights |
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209 | (1) |
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2 The Tenancy Agreement: Formalities for Creation |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (20) |
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1 Right to a written tenancy |
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210 | (5) |
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2 Husbandry and estate management: statutory standards |
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215 | (3) |
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3 Express covenants: statutory variation |
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218 | (2) |
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4 Miscellaneous statutory rights |
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220 | (2) |
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5 Express Leasehold Covenants |
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222 | (8) |
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230 | (19) |
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1 Direction to provide or alter fixed equipment |
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231 | (1) |
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2 Maintenance and Repair of Fixed Equipment: the 'Model Clauses' |
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232 | (15) |
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3 Fixtures and Buildings — Right of Removal |
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247 | (2) |
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4 Record of condition of holding and fixed equipment |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (24) |
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1 Procedure on Rent Review |
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250 | (5) |
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2 Frequency of rent reviews |
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255 | (3) |
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258 | (13) |
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4 Distress for unpaid rent |
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271 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Agricultural Holdings: Security of Tenure |
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273 | (67) |
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A Restrictions on Notices to Quit |
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273 | (15) |
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273 | (1) |
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2 Validity of notice to quit: issues of construction |
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274 | (4) |
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3 Length of notice: statutory requirements |
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278 | (3) |
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4 Unqualified notice to quit: counter notice |
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281 | (1) |
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5 Tribunal consent to operation of notice to quit |
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282 | (6) |
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B Repossession of part of a holding |
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288 | (2) |
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288 | (2) |
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2 Enlargement of notice to quit |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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C Removal of Security: The Cases for Possession |
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290 | (6) |
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1 Notice to quit and preliminary notices |
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290 | (3) |
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2 Arbitration on notices to quit |
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293 | (1) |
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3 Lapse of demand for arbitration |
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294 | (1) |
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4 Notice to quit in alternative |
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294 | (1) |
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5 Postponement of notice to quit |
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295 | (1) |
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6 Arbitration on notices to remedy |
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295 | (1) |
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D The Cases for Possession |
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296 | (30) |
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Case A: Retirement of Statutory Smallholders |
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296 | (1) |
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Case B Non Agricultural Use |
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297 | (5) |
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Case C: Certificate of Bad Husbandry |
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302 | (3) |
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Case D: Remediable Breach of Tenancy |
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305 | (15) |
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Case E: Irremediable Breach of Tenancy |
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320 | (2) |
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Case F: Insolvency of Tenant |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (3) |
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Case H: Ministry Certificate |
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325 | (1) |
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D Proviso for re-entry and forfeiture |
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326 | (2) |
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1 Relevance of the General Law |
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326 | (1) |
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2 Forfeiture and the Agricultural Holdings Acts |
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327 | (1) |
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E Joint and derivative interests |
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328 | (12) |
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1 Joint tenancies: some problems defined |
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328 | (7) |
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2 Sub-tenancies of Agricultural land |
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335 | (5) |
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Chapter 8 Statutory succession to agricultural holdings |
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340 | (39) |
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A Scope of statutory succession scheme |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (25) |
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342 | (1) |
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2 More than one application |
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342 | (2) |
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3 Exclusion of insecure interests |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (2) |
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4.1 Succession Events that 'Count' |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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5 Succession limited to close relatives |
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347 | (1) |
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6 Eligibility for succession |
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348 | (1) |
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7 The 'livelihood condition' |
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348 | (7) |
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8 The Occupancy Condition |
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355 | (6) |
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9 Succession to one commercial unit only |
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361 | (1) |
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10 'Suitability' for succession |
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361 | (1) |
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11 Applications re more than one holding |
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362 | (1) |
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12 Landlord's notice to quit |
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363 | (1) |
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13 Direction for succession tenancy: effects |
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364 | (2) |
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14 Arbitration on terms of new tenancy |
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366 | (1) |
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C Succession on retirement |
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367 | (12) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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3 Eligibility of the nominated successor |
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369 | (1) |
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4 Application for tenancy |
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370 | (2) |
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5 Retirement notice and notices to quit |
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372 | (3) |
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6 Landlord's notice to quit |
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375 | (1) |
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7 Dismissal of application |
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375 | (1) |
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8 Effect of direction entitling the nominated successor to a tenancy of the holding |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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10 Arbitration on the terms of the new tenancy |
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376 | (1) |
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11 Death of retiring tenant |
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376 | (1) |
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12 Effect of direction on succession to other holdings |
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377 | (1) |
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13 Interaction of retirement and death provisions |
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377 | (1) |
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14 Voluntary succession on retirement |
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377 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Agricultural Holdings: Compensation on Termination of enancy |
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379 | (27) |
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379 | (2) |
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1 Compensation for Agricultural Improvements |
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379 | (1) |
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2 Notice of intention to claim |
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380 | (1) |
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3 Surrender and Regrant: Preservation of Compensation Claims |
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381 | (1) |
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B Landlord's claims on Termination |
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381 | (6) |
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1 Statutory claim for dilapidations |
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382 | (2) |
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2 Claim under contract of tenancy |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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6 Compensation as to part of holding |
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387 | (1) |
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C Tenant's claims on Termination |
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387 | (19) |
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1 Compensation for new ('relevant') improvements |
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388 | (5) |
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2 Short-term improvements |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (2) |
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4 Compensation for adoption of special system of farming |
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396 | (1) |
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5 Compensation for disturbance |
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397 | (5) |
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8 Early resumption clauses |
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402 | (1) |
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9 Notice to quit part of holding |
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403 | (1) |
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10 Severance of reversion |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Market Gardens, Smallholdings and Allotments |
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406 | (11) |
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406 | (3) |
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1 Market gardens — definition |
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406 | (1) |
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2 Special rights of tenant |
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407 | (2) |
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409 | (3) |
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1 Smallholdings authorities |
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409 | (1) |
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2 Tenancies of smallholdings |
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410 | (2) |
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412 | (5) |
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1 Allotments and allotment gardens: definition |
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412 | (1) |
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2 Compensation on termination |
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413 | (2) |
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3 Allotment gardens: notice to quit |
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415 | (1) |
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4 Removal of fruit trees, bushes, etc |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (38) |
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417 | (1) |
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B Protected Agricultural Occupancies |
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418 | (13) |
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1 Qualifying for Protection |
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418 | (6) |
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424 | (3) |
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427 | (2) |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (2) |
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C Transitional Provisions |
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431 | (1) |
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D Assured Agricultural Occupancies |
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432 | (10) |
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1 Qualifying for Protection |
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432 | (3) |
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2 The Agricultural Worker Condition |
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435 | (4) |
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3 Security of Tenure and Rent Control |
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439 | (3) |
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E Assured Shorthold Tenancies |
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442 | (6) |
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1 Shortholds and the Tied Cottage legislation |
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442 | (1) |
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2 Granting an Assured Shorthold Tenancy |
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443 | (2) |
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3 Terminating an Assured Shorthold Tenancy |
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445 | (3) |
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F Rehousing Former Agricultural Workers |
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448 | (2) |
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G Availability of Premises for Tied Lettings |
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450 | (5) |
| Section III The Law of Land Use |
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Chapter 12 Planning Law and Development Control |
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455 | (84) |
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A Agricultural Land Use and Development Control |
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456 | (20) |
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456 | (1) |
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2 Planning policy, the rural economy and the environment |
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457 | (6) |
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3 Planning Permission and Development Control |
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463 | (10) |
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473 | (3) |
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B Permitted Agricultural Development Rights |
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476 | (3) |
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1 The General Development Order ('GDO') |
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476 | (1) |
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2 Limitation of development rights |
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477 | (2) |
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3 Two Categories of Development Rights |
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479 | (1) |
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C Class A: development on units of 5 hectares or more |
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479 | (26) |
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479 | (1) |
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2 Development not permitted |
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479 | (1) |
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2 Scope of Class A rights |
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480 | (4) |
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484 | (1) |
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4 Nature of Permitted Development Under Class A |
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485 | (1) |
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5 Limitations on Permitted Development |
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486 | (3) |
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6 Conditions on Permitted Development Rights |
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489 | (2) |
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7 Notification requirements |
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491 | (4) |
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Class B: development on units of less than 5 hectares |
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495 | (6) |
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495 | (4) |
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2 Scope of Class B rights |
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499 | (1) |
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499 | (2) |
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Class C: Mineral working for agricultural purposes |
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501 | (4) |
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501 | (1) |
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Conversion of Former Agricultural Buildings |
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502 | (1) |
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1 Conversion of Agricultural Buildings to Dwelling House(s) |
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502 | (1) |
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2 Conversion of Agricultural Buildings to School or Nursery Use |
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503 | (1) |
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3 Conversion of Agricultural Buildings to Flexible Commercial Use |
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504 | (1) |
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4 Relationship with Part 6 Development Rights |
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505 | (1) |
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D Environmental impact assessment |
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505 | (27) |
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1 The Environmental Assessment Directive |
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505 | (4) |
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2 Planning Applications for 'EIA Development' |
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509 | (1) |
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3 Screening of Development Consent Applications |
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510 | (3) |
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4 Projects subject to Environmental Impact Assessment |
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513 | (6) |
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5 The Environmental Statement |
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519 | (2) |
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6 Unauthorised Development |
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521 | (1) |
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7 Withdrawal of Permitted Development Rights |
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522 | (1) |
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8 The Agriculture EIA Regulations — Rural Land Projects |
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522 | (10) |
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E Tree Preservation Orders |
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532 | (4) |
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1 Power to Make Tree Preservation Orders |
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532 | (3) |
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2 Trees in Conservation Areas |
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535 | (1) |
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F Protection of Hedgerows |
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536 | (3) |
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1 Scope of Hedgerow Protection |
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536 | (1) |
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2 Restrictions on Hedgerow Operations |
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537 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Agriculture, Nature Conservation and Land Use |
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539 | (77) |
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A Nature Conservation legislation |
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539 | (5) |
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1 The 'Voluntary' Principle. |
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539 | (1) |
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2 The UK Conservation Bodies |
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540 | (4) |
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B Designation of special areas for protection |
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544 | (38) |
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1 Sites of Special Scientific Interest ('SSSIs') |
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544 | (25) |
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569 | (6) |
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3 Environmentally Sensitive Areas ('ESAs') |
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575 | (1) |
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575 | (2) |
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5 Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty |
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577 | (3) |
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580 | (1) |
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7 Limestone Pavement Orders |
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|
581 | (1) |
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582 | (21) |
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1 Availability of management agreements |
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|
582 | (12) |
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2 Land Tenure and management agreements |
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594 | (5) |
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3 Payments under management agreements |
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599 | (4) |
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D Nature conservation and development control |
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603 | (13) |
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1 Land Use Planning and Nature Conservation |
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603 | (1) |
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603 | (2) |
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3 Development Control in SSSIs |
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605 | (3) |
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4 Development Control in European Sites |
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608 | (6) |
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5 Permitted Development Rights in European Sites |
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614 | (2) |
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Chapter 14 Pollution Control and Land Use |
|
|
616 | (48) |
|
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
|
617 | (23) |
|
1 Agricultural pollution — the problems. |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
2 Legislative policies towards agricultural pollution |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
3 Water quality standards and environmental permits |
|
|
619 | (3) |
|
4 Water pollution offences |
|
|
622 | (5) |
|
5 Preventive measures — silage and slurry storage |
|
|
627 | (4) |
|
6 Implementing the European Nitrates Directive |
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
7 Nitrate Sensitive Areas |
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
8 Nitrate Vulnerable Zones |
|
|
635 | (4) |
|
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
10 Code of Good Agricultural Practice. |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
|
640 | (12) |
|
|
|
640 | (3) |
|
2 Integrated pollution prevention and control: Pig and poultry installations |
|
|
643 | (5) |
|
3 Burning of crop residues |
|
|
648 | (3) |
|
4 Heather and Grass Burning |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
|
652 | (7) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
2 Definition of agricultural 'waste' |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
4 Temporary storage of waste |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
5 Disposal of waste off-farm |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
6 Disposal by waste management companies |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
7 Licence exemptions for low-risk waste |
|
|
657 | (2) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
E Pollution control and 'good agricultural practice' |
|
|
659 | (5) |
|
1 Good practice and the 'right to farm' |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
2 The Code of Good Agricultural Practice |
|
|
660 | (4) |
|
Chapter 15 Land Use and the Common Agricultural Policy |
|
|
664 | (37) |
|
A The basic payment scheme |
|
|
664 | (17) |
|
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
2 The basic payment scheme — European law |
|
|
665 | (7) |
|
3 Implementation of the Basic Payment Scheme |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
4 Unlocking the Basic Payment — Qualifying Rules |
|
|
673 | (5) |
|
5 Appeals against Determinations by the Secretary of State |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
6 Integrated Administration and Control System |
|
|
679 | (2) |
|
B 'Cross compliance' and land management |
|
|
681 | (30) |
|
1 Cross compliance and payment conditionality |
|
|
681 | (2) |
|
2 Requirement to maintain land in good agricultural and environmental condition ('GAEC') |
|
|
683 | (2) |
|
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
4 Protection of watercourses |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
5 Protection of hedgerows and trees |
|
|
687 | (2) |
|
6 Protection of stone walls and banks |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
7 Compliance with statutory obligations |
|
|
689 | (5) |
|
8 Compliance and Non-Compliance — Defences |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
9 Penalties for Non Compliance |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
10 Cross-compliance and the Polluter Pays Principle |
|
|
696 | (5) |
| Appendix Dispute resolution |
|
|
Appendix 1 Agricultural Holdings: Table of Time Limits for Service of Notices, etc |
|
|
701 | (10) |
|
Appendix 2 Dispute Resolution |
|
|
711 | (68) |
|
|
|
711 | (2) |
|
2.1.1 Agricultural holdings and farm business tenancies: matters referable to arbitration under the Arbitration Act 1996 |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
2.1.2 Arbitration Act 1996 |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
|
713 | (66) |
|
2.2.1 Tribunal jurisdictions |
|
|
713 | (2) |
|
2.2.2 The First-Tier Tribunal (England) |
|
|
715 | (36) |
|
2.2.3 The Agricultural Land Tribunal (Wales only) |
|
|
751 | (28) |
|
Appendix 3 Maintenance and Repair of Fixed Equipment: the Model Clauses for Tenancy Agreements |
|
|
779 | (14) |
| Index |
|
793 | |
