1 Aircraft Equations of Motion |
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1 | (36) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Reference Frames and Assumptions |
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2 | (1) |
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1.3 Conservation of the Linear Momentum Equations (CLMEs) |
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3 | (3) |
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1.4 Conservation of the Angular Momentum Equations (CAMEs) |
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6 | (4) |
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1.5 Conservation of the Angular Momentum Equations (CAMEs) with Rotor Effects |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.7 Flight Path Equations (FPEs) |
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12 | (2) |
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1.8 Kinematic Equations (KEs) |
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14 | (2) |
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1.9 Gravity Equations (GEs) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.10 Summary of the Aircraft Equations of Motion |
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16 | (1) |
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1.11 Definition of Steady-State and Perturbation Conditions |
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17 | (1) |
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1.12 Aircraft Equations of Motion at Steady-State Conditions |
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18 | (1) |
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1.13 Aircraft Equations of Motion at Perturbed Conditions |
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19 | (3) |
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1.14 Small Perturbation Equations from a Steady-State Level Flight |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (3) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (6) |
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32 | (5) |
2 Review of Basic Concepts of Aerodynamic Modeling |
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37 | (41) |
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37 | (1) |
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2.2 Review of Key Aerodynamic Characteristics for Wing Sections |
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37 | (5) |
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2.3 Wing Planforms and Wing Lift Curve Slope |
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42 | (6) |
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2.4 Review of the Downwash Effect and Effectiveness of Control Surfaces |
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48 | (5) |
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2.5 Determination of the Aerodynamic Center for Wing and Wing + Fuselage |
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53 | (4) |
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2.6 Approaches to the Modeling of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments |
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57 | (3) |
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2.6.1 Wind Tunnel Analysis |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Parameter IDentification from Flight Data |
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59 | (1) |
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2.6.4 Correlation from Wind Tunnel Data and Empirical "Build-Up" Analysis |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (13) |
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75 | (3) |
3 Modeling of Longitudinal Aerodynamic Forces and Moments |
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78 | (57) |
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78 | (1) |
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3.2 Aircraft Stability Axes |
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79 | (1) |
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3.3 Modeling of the Longitudinal Steady-State Aerodynamic Forces and Moment |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (4) |
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87 | (2) |
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3.7 Aircraft Aerodynamic Center |
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89 | (2) |
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3.8 Summary of the Longitudinal Steady-State Aerodynamic Forces and Moment |
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91 | (1) |
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3.9 Modeling of the Longitudinal Small Perturbation Aerodynamic Forces and Moments |
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91 | (5) |
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3.9.1 Modeling of (cD1, cL1, cm1) |
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93 | (1) |
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3.9.2 Modeling of (cDu, cLu, cmu) |
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93 | (1) |
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3.9.3 Modeling of (cDα, cLα, cmα) and (cDq, cLq, cmq) |
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94 | (2) |
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3.10 Summary of Longitudinal Stability and Control Derivatives |
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96 | (4) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (9) |
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110 | (17) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (7) |
4 Modeling of Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Forces and Moments |
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135 | (133) |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (12) |
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4.2.1 Conceptual Modeling of CYβ |
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138 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Mathematical Modeling of CYβ |
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140 | (7) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (19) |
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4.3.1 Conceptual Modeling of clβ |
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150 | (5) |
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4.3.2 Mathematical Modeling of clβ |
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155 | (5) |
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160 | (6) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (9) |
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4.4.1 Conceptual Modeling of cnβ |
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169 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Mathematical Modeling of cnβ |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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4.5 Summary of the Lateral Directional Steady-State Force and Moments |
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177 | (1) |
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4.6 Modeling of the Small Perturbation Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Force and Moments |
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178 | (11) |
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4.6.1 Modeling of cYβ, clβ, cnβ |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (2) |
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4.7 Summary of Longitudinal and Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Stability and Control Derivatives |
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189 | (7) |
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4.8 Final Overview and Ranking of the Importance of the Aerodynamic Coefficients |
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196 | (2) |
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4.9 Summary of the Modeling of the Longitudinal and Lateral-Directional Aerodynamic Forces and Moments |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (36) |
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236 | (26) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (5) |
5 Review of Basic Aircraft Performance and Modeling of Thrust Forces and Moments |
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268 | (37) |
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268 | (1) |
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5.2 Review of Different Aircraft Propulsion Systems |
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268 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Piston Engine (Propeller) Aircraft Engines |
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269 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Turboprop Aircraft Engines |
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270 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Turbojet Aircraft Engines |
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271 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Turbofan Aircraft Engines |
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272 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Ramjet Aircraft Engines |
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273 | (1) |
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5.3 Review of Basic Aircraft Performance |
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273 | (1) |
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5.4 Power at Level Flight |
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274 | (5) |
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5.4.1 Maximum Aerodynamic Efficiency |
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275 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Minimum Aerodynamic Drag |
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275 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Minimum Power Required |
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277 | (2) |
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5.5 Determination of Power Required |
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279 | (3) |
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5.6 Determination of Power Available |
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282 | (5) |
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5.7 Modeling of the Thrust Forces and Moments |
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287 | (7) |
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5.7.1 Modeling of the Steady-State Thrust Forces and Moments |
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288 | (3) |
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5.7.2 Modeling of the Small Perturbation Thrust Forces and Moments |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (8) |
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304 | (1) |
6 Aircraft Stability and Design for Trim Conditions |
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305 | (47) |
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305 | (1) |
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6.2 Concept of Aircraft Stability |
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305 | (1) |
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6.3 Criteria for Aircraft Static Stability |
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306 | (7) |
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6.3.1 Static Stability Criteria #1 (SSC #1) |
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307 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Static Stability Criteria #2 (SSC #2) |
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308 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Static Stability Criteria #3 (SSC #3) |
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308 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Static Stability Criteria #4 (SSC #4) |
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309 | (1) |
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6.3.5 Static Stability Criteria #5 (SSC #5) |
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310 | (1) |
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6.3.6 Static Stability Criteria #5, #6, and #7 (SSC #5, SSC #6, SSC #7) |
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311 | (1) |
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6.3.7 Static Stability Criteria #9 (SSC #9) |
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311 | (1) |
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6.3.8 Static Stability Criteria #10 (SSC #10) |
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312 | (1) |
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6.4 Longitudinal Analysis of Steady-State Straight Flight |
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313 | (9) |
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6.5 Lift Chart and Trim Diagram |
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322 | (10) |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (5) |
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6.5.3 Trim Diagrams for Different Classes of Aircraft |
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329 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Trim Diagrams for Thrust Axis Above/Below Center of Gravity |
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329 | (3) |
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6.6 Lateral Directional Analysis of Steady-State Straight Flight |
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332 | (8) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (9) |
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349 | (3) |
7 Solution of the Aircraft Equations of Motion Based on Laplace Transformations and Transfer Functions |
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352 | (80) |
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352 | (1) |
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7.2 Application of Laplace Transformations to the Longitudinal Small Perturbation Equations |
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353 | (5) |
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7.3 Routh-Hurwitz Analysis of the Longitudinal Stability |
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358 | (2) |
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7.4 Longitudinal Dynamic Modes: Short Period and Phugoid |
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360 | (1) |
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7.5 Solution of the Longitudinal Equations |
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361 | (2) |
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7.6 Short Period Approximation |
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363 | (3) |
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7.7 Phugoid Approximation |
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366 | (3) |
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7.8 Summary of the Longitudinal Equations |
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369 | (2) |
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7.9 Application of Laplace Transformations to the Lateral Directional Small Perturbation Equations |
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371 | (5) |
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7.10 Routh-Hurwitz Analysis of the Lateral Directional Stability |
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376 | (1) |
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7.11 Lateral Directional Dynamic Modes: Rolling, Spiral, and Dutch Roll |
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377 | (2) |
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7.12 Solution of the Lateral Directional Equations |
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379 | (3) |
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7.13 Rolling Approximation |
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382 | (3) |
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7.14 Summary of Lateral Directional Equations |
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385 | (1) |
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7.15 Sensitivity Analysis for the Aircraft Dynamics |
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386 | (21) |
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7.15.1 Short Period Sensitivity Analysis |
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387 | (7) |
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7.15.2 Phugoid Sensitivity Analysis |
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394 | (4) |
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7.15.3 Sensitivity Analysis for the Lateral Directional Parameters |
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398 | (9) |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (23) |
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430 | (2) |
8 State Variable Modeling of the Aircraft Dynamics |
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432 | (44) |
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432 | (1) |
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8.2 Introduction to State Variables for Nonlinear Systems |
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433 | (1) |
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8.3 Introduction to State Variables for Linear/Linearized Systems |
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433 | (2) |
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8.4 State Variable Modeling of the Longitudinal Dynamics |
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435 | (5) |
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8.5 State Variable Modeling of the Lateral Directional Dynamics |
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440 | (5) |
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8.6 Augmentation of the Aircraft State Variable Modeling |
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445 | (2) |
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8.6.1 Modeling of the Altitude (h) |
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445 | (1) |
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8.6.2 Modeling of the Flight Path Angle (γ) |
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446 | (1) |
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8.6.3 Modeling of the Engine Dynamics |
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446 | (1) |
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8.6.4 Modeling of the Actuator Dynamics |
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446 | (1) |
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8.6.5 Modeling of the Atmospheric Turbulence |
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447 | (1) |
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8.7 Summary of State Variable Modeling of the Aircraft Dynamics |
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447 | (3) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (20) |
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470 | (6) |
9 Introduction to Modern Flight Simulation Codes |
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476 | (47) |
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476 | (3) |
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9.2 Introduction to the Flight Dynamics & Control (FDC) Toolbox |
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479 | (24) |
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9.2.1 Equations of Motion within the FDC Simulation Environment |
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479 | (4) |
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9.2.2 FDC Modeling of Beaver Aerodynamic Forces and Moments |
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483 | (2) |
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9.2.3 Alternative Approach for FDC Modeling of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments |
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485 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Case Study #1: FDC Modeling of Look-Up Tables Based Aerodynamic Coefficients |
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486 | (7) |
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9.2.5 FDC Modeling of the Gravity Force |
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493 | (1) |
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9.2.6 FDC Modeling of the Atmospheric Turbulence Force |
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493 | (1) |
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9.2.7 FDC Modeling of the Beaver Propulsive Forces and Moments |
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494 | (2) |
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9.2.8 Case Study #2: FDC Modeling of Propulsive Forces and Moments |
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496 | (2) |
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9.2.9 Auxiliary FDC Blocks |
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498 | (5) |
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9.2.10 Additional FDC Blocks |
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503 | (1) |
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9.3 Introduction to the Aerospace Blockset by Mathworks |
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503 | (9) |
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9.3.1 General Organization of the Aerospace Blockset |
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503 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Introduction to the Environment Library |
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504 | (2) |
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9.3.3 Introduction to the Flight Parameters Library |
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506 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Introduction to the Equations of Motion Library |
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506 | (2) |
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9.3.5 Introduction to the Aerodynamics Library |
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508 | (1) |
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9.3.6 Introduction to the Propulsion Library |
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508 | (1) |
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9.3.7 Introduction to the Utilities Library |
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509 | (1) |
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9.3.8 Introduction to the Mass Properties Library |
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510 | (1) |
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9.3.9 Introduction to the Actuators Library |
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511 | (1) |
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9.3.10 Introduction to the GNC and Animation Libraries |
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511 | (1) |
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9.4 Introduction to AIRLIB |
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512 | (6) |
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512 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Generic Aircraft Model: Continuous-time Block |
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512 | (3) |
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9.4.3 Generic Aircraft Model: Discrete-time Block |
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515 | (1) |
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9.4.4 Collection of Aircraft Models |
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516 | (1) |
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9.4.5 Alternative Model Implementation |
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517 | (1) |
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9.4.6 Additional Tools within AIRLIB: The Function 'air3m' |
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517 | (1) |
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9.4.7 Additional Tools within AIRLIB: The Function 'ab2dv' |
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518 | (1) |
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518 | (1) |
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518 | (1) |
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519 | (4) |
10 Pilot Ratings and Aircraft Handling Qualities |
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523 | (18) |
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523 | (1) |
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10.2 Aircraft Flight Envelope |
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524 | (2) |
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10.3 Levels of Aircraft Flying Qualities: Cooper-Harper Pilot Rating |
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526 | (5) |
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10.3.1 Aircraft Control Authority |
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526 | (1) |
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526 | (3) |
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10.3.3 Pilot Compensation |
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529 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Levels of Flying Qualities |
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529 | (2) |
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531 | (1) |
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10.5 Classification of Aircraft Maneuvers and Mission Profile |
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531 | (1) |
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10.6 Flying Quality Requirements for the Longitudinal Dynamics |
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532 | (4) |
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10.6.1 Longitudinal Control Forces |
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533 | (2) |
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10.6.2 Requirements for the Damping for the Phugoid Mode |
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535 | (1) |
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10.6.3 Requirements for the Short Period Mode |
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536 | (1) |
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10.7 Flying Quality Requirements for the Lateral Directional Dynamics |
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536 | (5) |
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10.7.1 Lateral Directional Control Forces |
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536 | (2) |
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10.7.2 Requirements for the Dutch Roll Mode |
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538 | (1) |
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10.7.3 Requirements for the Spiral Mode |
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539 | (1) |
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10.7.4 Requirements for the Rolling Mode |
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539 | (1) |
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10.7.5 Requirements for the Roll Control Effectiveness |
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539 | (2) |
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10.7.6 Additional Requirements for Steady Sideslips |
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541 | (1) |
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541 | (1) |
References |
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541 | (2) |
Appendix A Review of Useful Topics |
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543 | (41) |
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Appendix A.1 Review of Vector Operations |
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544 | (4) |
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Appendix A.2 Review of Matrix Operations |
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548 | (10) |
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Appendix A.3 Review of Center of Gravity and Inertial Properties |
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558 | (6) |
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Appendix A.4 Review of Application of Laplace Transform to Linear Constant Coefficients Differential Equations |
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564 | (11) |
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Appendix A.5 Review of First and Second Order Systems |
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575 | (6) |
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Appendix A.6 Review of Standard Atmospheric Model |
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581 | (3) |
Appendix B Data for Different Aircraft |
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584 | (32) |
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Appendix B.1 Introduction |
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584 | (2) |
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Appendix B.2 Aircraft 1 Cessna 182 |
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586 | (3) |
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Appendix B.3 Aircraft 2 Cessna 310 |
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589 | (3) |
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Appendix B.4 Aircraft 3 Beech 99 |
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592 | (3) |
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Appendix B.5 Aircraft 4 Cessna T37-A |
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595 | (3) |
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Appendix B.6 Aircraft 5 Cessna 620 |
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598 | (3) |
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Appendix B.7 Aircraft 6 Learjet 24 |
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601 | (3) |
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Appendix B.8 Aircraft 7 Boeing 747-200 |
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604 | (3) |
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Appendix B.9 Aircraft 8 SIAI Marchetti S-211 |
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607 | (3) |
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Appendix B.10 Aircraft 9 Lockheed F-104 |
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610 | (3) |
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Appendix B.11 Aircraft 10 McDonnell Douglas F-4 |
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613 | (2) |
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615 | (1) |
Appendix C Detailed Drawings for Different Aircraft |
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616 | (87) |
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Appendix C.1 Introduction |
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617 | (1) |
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Appendix C.2 Aircraft 1 Aeritalia Fiat G-91 |
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618 | (3) |
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Appendix C.3 Aircraft 2 Beech 99 |
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621 | (3) |
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Appendix C.4 Aircraft 3 Boeing B52 |
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624 | (3) |
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Appendix C.5 Aircraft 4 Boeing B727-200 |
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627 | (3) |
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Appendix C.6 Aircraft 5 Boeing B737-600 |
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630 | (3) |
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Appendix C.7 Aircraft 6 Boeing B747-200 |
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633 | (4) |
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Appendix C.8 Aircraft 7 Boeing B757-200 |
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637 | (3) |
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Appendix C.9 Aircraft 8 Boeing B767-200 |
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640 | (3) |
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Appendix C.10 Aircraft 9 Cessna Citation CJ3 |
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643 | (2) |
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Appendix C.11 Aircraft 10 Cessna T37 |
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645 | (4) |
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Appendix C.12 Aircraft 11 General Dynamics F-16 |
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649 | (3) |
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Appendix C.13 Aircraft 12 Grumman F-14 |
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652 | (3) |
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Appendix C.14 Aircraft 13 Learjet 24 |
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655 | (3) |
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Appendix C.15 Aircraft 14 Lockheed F-104 |
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658 | (3) |
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Appendix C.16 Aircraft 15 Lockheed F-22 |
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661 | (3) |
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Appendix C.17 Aircraft 16 Lockheed L-1011 |
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664 | (3) |
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Appendix C.18 Aircraft 17 McDonnell Douglas C-17 |
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667 | (3) |
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Appendix C.19 Aircraft 18 McDonnell Douglas DC-8 |
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670 | (3) |
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Appendix C.20 Aircraft 19.1 McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 10 |
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673 | (4) |
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Appendix C.21 Aircraft 19.2 McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 30 |
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677 | (2) |
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Appendix C.22 Aircraft 19.3 McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 40 |
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679 | (2) |
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Appendix C.23 Aircraft 19.4 McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 50 |
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681 | (2) |
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Appendix C.24 Aircraft 20 McDonnell Douglas DC-10 |
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683 | (3) |
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Appendix C.25 Aircraft 21 McDonnell Douglas F-4 |
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686 | (3) |
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Appendix C.26 Aircraft 22 McDonnell Douglas F-15 |
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689 | (3) |
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Appendix C.27 Aircraft 23 Rockwell B-1 |
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692 | (3) |
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Appendix C.28 Aircraft 24 SIAI Marchetti S211 |
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695 | (4) |
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Appendix C.29 Aircraft 25 Supermarine Spitfire |
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699 | (4) |
Index |
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703 | |