| Executive Summary |
|
xiii | |
| Preface |
|
xv | |
| Acknowledgements and Dedication |
|
xvii | |
| Color Illustrations |
|
xix | |
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1 | (4) |
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Presentation Format for the 87 Species of Medicago |
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1 | (3) |
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Full Scientific Name, Including Authorities |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Notes regarding format of nomenclatural presentation |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Geographical Distribution |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Habitat and Environmental Adaptation |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Nodulation and mycorrhizae |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Economic History, Cultivars, and Uses |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Green manure, rotation crop, ground cover |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Genetic Relationships and Gene Transferability |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Exchange by advanced biotechnology |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Research Problems and Priorities |
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4 | (1) |
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Representative Collections |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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About the Guide to Scientific Synonyms |
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4 | (1) |
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2 The Economic Importance of Medicago |
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5 | (10) |
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Definitions of Forage, Fodder, Pasture, and Related Terms |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (4) |
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6 | (2) |
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Alfalfa's Public Image Problem |
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8 | (2) |
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Other Perennial Species of Medicago |
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10 | (1) |
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Annual Medicago Crops: the Medics |
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10 | (5) |
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10 | (1) |
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The Mediterranean Adaptation of Commercial Medics |
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10 | (1) |
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The Role of Medics in Improving Natural Grazing Land |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Medics in the European Mediterranean region |
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11 | (1) |
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Medics in continental climates |
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11 | (1) |
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The Australian Contribution to Medic Development |
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12 | (1) |
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Medics and the ley farming system in Australia |
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12 | (1) |
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Medics and phase farming in Australia |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Summary of the Values of Medics |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (8) |
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The Importance of Germplasm |
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15 | (1) |
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Germplasm Holdings of Institutions with Large Collections of Medicago |
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15 | (3) |
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Other Notable Germplasm Collections and Databases |
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18 | (1) |
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Germplasm of Perennial Medicago |
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18 | (2) |
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Germplasm of Annual Medicago |
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20 | (1) |
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Degradation of the Environment and Associated Reduction and Extermination of Germplasm Resources in situ |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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THE EVOLUTION OF MEDICAGO |
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23 | (12) |
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23 | (4) |
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The Annual Species without Pulvinate (Jointed) Cotyledons |
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27 | (1) |
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The Annual Species with Pulvinate (Jointed) Cotyledons |
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28 | (2) |
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Biogeographical Relationships among the Perennial and Annual Groups |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Human Influences on the Distribution of Medicago |
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31 | (1) |
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Relative Frequency of Recognition of New Species of Medicago from 1753 to 2000, in Relation to the Size of the Geographical Areas Occupied |
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32 | (1) |
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Adaptive Character Biogeography: the Example of Glandular Hairs in Medicago |
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32 | (1) |
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Relationships among Geography, Morphology, and Interfertility in Medicago |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (4) |
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Chromosome number in Medicago |
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35 | (4) |
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39 | (4) |
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7 Adaptations in Medicago |
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43 | (24) |
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The Taxonomic Importance of Adaptations in Medicago |
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43 | (1) |
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The Ecological Importance of Adaptations to Herbivorous Animals |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (23) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Hard versus succulent tissues |
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45 | (1) |
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Erect versus prostrate habit |
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45 | (1) |
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Numerous slim stems versus fewer thick stems |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Simple and glandular hairs |
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47 | (3) |
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Pubescence pattern of trifoliolate leaves |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Explosive versus passive tripping |
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50 | (1) |
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Explosive tripping in Medicago flowers in relation to the alfalfa leafcutter bee |
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51 | (2) |
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The bee genus Megachile and its special relationship to Medicago |
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53 | (2) |
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Adaptations of wing petal surface topography as a landing platform for pollinators |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Between-seed mechanical separation within fruits |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Seed size and number per pod |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Seed survival after ingestion by mammals |
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61 | (1) |
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The correlation of protective seed surface thickenings and fruit dehiscence |
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62 | (1) |
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Conjoined seeds: the dispersal of multi-seeded indehiscent fruit |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Some Key Physiological Adaptations |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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The correlation between drought and cold resistance in perennial Medicago |
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64 | (1) |
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Soil adaptation in Medicago |
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65 | (1) |
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The correlation between drought resistance and soil infertility tolerance in perennial Medicago |
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65 | (1) |
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Salt Adaptation in Medicago |
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65 | (2) |
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8 Coevolution with Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria |
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67 | (4) |
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THE CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MEDICAGO |
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9 Circumscription of the Genus Medicago and its Classification in the Fabaceae |
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71 | (24) |
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Origin of the Latin Name Medicago |
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71 | (1) |
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Tribal Position in the Fabaceae |
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71 | (2) |
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Genera That Have Included at Least One Species of Medicago in the Past |
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73 | (2) |
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Notable Contributions to the Circumscription of Medicago |
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75 | (5) |
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The Misleading Nature of Fruit Characters in Defining Medicago |
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80 | (1) |
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Key Recent Evidence that Separates Medicago from Allied Genera |
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80 | (10) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Description of the Genus Medicago |
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90 | (1) |
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Misassignments to Medicago |
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90 | (1) |
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Species Excluded from Medicago |
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91 | (1) |
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Key to Genera of Fabaceae, Tribe Trifolieae |
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92 | (3) |
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10 Phylogenetic Lineages and Their Classification into Sections and Subsections |
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95 | (18) |
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Key Classical Morphological Analyses |
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95 | (1) |
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Nucleotide Sequence Analyses |
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95 | (2) |
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Incongruence among Deduced Phylogenetic Analyses |
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97 | (1) |
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Annuals Versus Perennials: Are they Monophyletic Groups? |
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97 | (6) |
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Key to the Sections of Medicago Provisionally Accepted in This Monograph |
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103 | (1) |
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Provisional Sections and Subsections of Medicago: Nomenclature, Diagnoses, and Merit in the Light of Nucleic Acid Sequence Analyses of Relationships |
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104 | (7) |
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Medicago Section Medicago |
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104 | (1) |
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Key to the subsections of Medicago section Medicago |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Medicago Section Carstienses |
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105 | (1) |
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Medicago Section Dendrotelis |
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105 | (1) |
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Medicago Section Platycarpae |
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105 | (1) |
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Medicago Section Spirocarpos |
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106 | (1) |
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Key to the subsections of Medicago section Spirocarpos |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Medicago Section Lanigerae |
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108 | (1) |
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Medicago Section Geocarpa |
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108 | (1) |
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Medicago Section Heynianae |
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109 | (1) |
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Medicago Section Orbiculares |
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109 | (1) |
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Medicago Section Hymenocarpos |
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109 | (1) |
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Medicago Section Pectinatae |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Key to the subsections of Medicago section Buceras |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Summary of the Contributions of Molecular Studies to the Classification of Medicago |
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111 | (1) |
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Key Problems Remaining in the Infrageneric Classification of Medicago |
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112 | (1) |
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11 Identification of Species and Infraspecific Taxa |
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113 | (14) |
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Fruit Characters Critical for Identification |
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113 | (2) |
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Difficulties of Identification Due to Considerable Variation within Species |
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115 | (1) |
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Difficulties of Identification Due to Hybridization |
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115 | (1) |
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Difficulties of Identification Due to Incomplete Taxonomic Knowledge |
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115 | (1) |
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Medicago polymorpha: The Most Frequently Misidentified Species |
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115 | (1) |
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Medicago Section Spirocarpos Subsection Pachyspirae: The Most Difficult Species to Identify |
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116 | (2) |
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Key to Species and Infraspecific Taxa of Medicago |
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118 | (9) |
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127 | (64) |
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Overview of the Infraspecific Taxonomy of Medicago sativa |
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127 | (1) |
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Comparison of the Present Circumscriptions of Taxa of Medicago sativa with the Questionable Circumscriptions and/or Nomenclature of Some Key Recent Taxonomists |
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128 | (2) |
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Brief Summary of Infraspecific Taxa of Medicago sativa Recognized in this Volume |
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130 | (1) |
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Groups lacking glandular hairs on the fruits |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, caerulea |
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130 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, falcata |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Groups with glandular hairs on the fruits |
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130 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, viscosa |
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130 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, glomerata |
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130 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, sativa x subsp, glomerata |
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130 | (1) |
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Keys to Subordinate Taxa of Medicago sativa |
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131 | (8) |
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131 | (1) |
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Key to plants growing outside of Eurasia |
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131 | (8) |
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Excessive Taxonomic Splitting of Medicago sativa by some Russian Taxonomists |
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139 | (4) |
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Type Specimens (for taxa recognized in this monograph) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, caerulea |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, glomerata |
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144 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, viscosa |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (10) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, caerulea |
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144 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, glomerata |
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145 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, falcata |
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145 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, viscosa |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, caerulea |
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146 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, glomerata |
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147 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, falcata |
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148 | (3) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, viscosa |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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M. sativa subsp, sativa x subsp, glomerata |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, caerulea |
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154 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, glomerata |
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154 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, falcata |
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154 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, viscosa |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, sativa x subsp, glomerata |
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154 | (1) |
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Geographical Distribution |
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154 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, caerulea |
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155 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, glomerata |
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155 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, falcata |
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155 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, viscosa |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, sativa x subsp, glomerata |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Habitat and Environmental Adaptation |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, caerulea |
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157 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, glomerata |
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157 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, falcata |
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157 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, viscosa |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Nodulation and mycorrhizae |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
|
Economic History, Cultivars, and Uses |
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160 | (11) |
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Difficulties in tracing alfalfa domestication |
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162 | (1) |
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Early evolution of purple-flowered alfalfa |
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162 | (1) |
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Evolution of purple-flowered alfalfa in historical times |
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162 | (1) |
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Evolution of yellow-flowered alfalfa |
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163 | (1) |
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Evolution of variegated alfalfa |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Comparison of wild and cultivated alfalfa |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Morphological differences |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Forage versus fodder adaptation |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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Green manure, rotation crop, ground cover |
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168 | (1) |
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The hydrological use of alfalfa in reduction of soil salinization in Australia |
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169 | (1) |
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Other uses (salad sprouts, ornamental, plant products, etc.) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, caerulea |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
|
M. sativa subsp, falcata var, falcata |
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171 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, viscosa |
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172 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, glomerata |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
|
M. sativa subsp, sativa x subsp, glomerata |
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172 | (1) |
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Genetic Relationships and Gene Transferability |
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172 | (2) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
|
Exchange by advanced biotechnology |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Sources of drought-resistant genes for alfalfa |
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175 | (1) |
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Research Problems and Priorities |
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175 | (1) |
|
General References on Alfalfa Agronomy and Technology |
|
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176 | (1) |
|
Representative Collections |
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|
176 | (3) |
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176 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, caerulea |
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177 | (1) |
|
M. sativa subsp, glomerata |
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177 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, falcata |
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177 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, falcata var, viscosa |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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M. sativa subsp, sativa x subsp, glomerata |
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179 | (1) |
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The Evolution of Medicago sativa in Relation to the Horse |
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179 | (12) |
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Wild Horses and Their Relationships to Domesticated Horses |
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179 | (2) |
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Predomestication Relationships of Alfalfa and Horses |
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181 | (1) |
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Place and Time of Horse Domestication and Their Bearing on Alfalfa Domestication |
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182 | (2) |
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The Co-Domestication of Alfalfa and Horses |
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184 | (1) |
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A Dietary Explanation for Why Domesticated Horses Thrive on Alfalfa Better Than Other Domesticated Herbivores |
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184 | (3) |
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Alfalfa Saponins and Their Possible Significance in the Co-Domestication of Alfalfa and the Horse |
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187 | (4) |
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THE OTHER SPECIES (`indicates a species of uncertain status) |
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191 | (6) |
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197 | (6) |
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203 | (4) |
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207 | (4) |
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211 | (4) |
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215 | (4) |
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219 | (6) |
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M. bonarotiana x M. rotata |
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222 | (3) |
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225 | (4) |
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229 | (4) |
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233 | (4) |
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237 | (4) |
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241 | (6) |
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247 | (6) |
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253 | (4) |
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257 | (6) |
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263 | (4) |
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267 | (4) |
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271 | (4) |
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275 | (4) |
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279 | (6) |
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285 | (6) |
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291 | (4) |
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295 | (4) |
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299 | (4) |
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303 | (4) |
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307 | (4) |
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311 | (4) |
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315 | (4) |
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319 | (4) |
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323 | (6) |
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329 | (4) |
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333 | (8) |
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341 | (6) |
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347 | (4) |
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351 | (4) |
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355 | (8) |
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363 | (10) |
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373 | (6) |
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379 | (6) |
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385 | (8) |
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393 | (8) |
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401 | (6) |
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407 | (6) |
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413 | (4) |
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417 | (4) |
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421 | (8) |
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429 | (6) |
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435 | (4) |
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439 | (4) |
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443 | (8) |
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M. papillosa subsp, papillosa |
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444 | (1) |
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M. papillosa subsp, macrocarpa |
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444 | (7) |
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451 | (4) |
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455 | (6) |
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461 | (4) |
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465 | (6) |
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471 | (4) |
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475 | (6) |
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481 | (12) |
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493 | (4) |
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497 | (4) |
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501 | (8) |
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M. prostrata subsp, prostrata |
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501 | (1) |
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M. prostrata subsp, pseudorupestris |
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501 | (8) |
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509 | (6) |
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515 | (4) |
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519 | (4) |
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523 | (4) |
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527 | (4) |
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531 | (8) |
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539 | (6) |
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545 | (4) |
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549 | (6) |
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550 | (2) |
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552 | (3) |
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555 | (6) |
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561 | (4) |
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565 | (6) |
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571 | (4) |
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575 | (4) |
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579 | (8) |
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587 | (4) |
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591 | (4) |
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595 | (6) |
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601 | (4) |
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605 | (6) |
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611 | (6) |
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617 | (8) |
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M. suffruticosa subsp, suffruticosa |
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619 | (1) |
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M. suffrutricosa subsp, leiocarpa |
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619 | (6) |
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625 | (6) |
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631 | (4) |
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635 | (12) |
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M. truncatula var, truncatula |
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635 | (9) |
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M. truncatula var, laxicycla |
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644 | (3) |
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647 | (54) |
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653 | (48) |
| Glossary |
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701 | (8) |
| Guide to Scientific Synonyms |
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709 | (14) |
| Comprehensive Index of English Common Names |
|
723 | (2) |
| Comprehensive Index of French Common Names |
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725 | (2) |
| Comprehensive Index of Cultivars Cited in the Monograph |
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727 | |
