1 Preliminaries |
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1 | (6) |
2 Application Layer |
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7 | (138) |
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7 | (2) |
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2.2 First-Order DC Response |
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9 | (11) |
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2.2.1 First-Order Open-Loop DC Transfer Characteristic and Range Limitations |
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9 | (2) |
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2.2.2 DC Analysis with Virtual-Short Approximation |
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11 | (9) |
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2.3 Unified Closed-Loop Model |
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20 | (5) |
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2.3.1 A Generalized External-Network Model |
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20 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Extraction Procedures for Feedback and Input Factors |
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22 | (3) |
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2.4 Accurate Modeling of DC Response |
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25 | (11) |
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2.4.1 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (9) |
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36 | (18) |
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2.5.1 Small-Signal Frequency Response |
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37 | (8) |
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2.5.2 Slew-Limited Bandwidth |
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45 | (4) |
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2.5.3 Harmonic Distortion |
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49 | (5) |
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54 | (7) |
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2.6.1 Slew-Free Step Response |
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54 | (3) |
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2.6.2 Slew-Limited Step Response |
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57 | (4) |
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2.7 Multi-Pole Dynamic Response and Stability |
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61 | (9) |
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2.7.1 Two-Pole Dynamic Response |
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62 | (3) |
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2.7.2 Loop Gain, Phase Margin, and Stability |
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65 | (5) |
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2.8 Effect of External Network on Differential Gain |
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70 | (4) |
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74 | (9) |
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74 | (1) |
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2.9.2 Fundamentals of Inherent Noise Analysis |
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75 | (3) |
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2.9.3 Closed-Loop Noise Analysis |
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78 | (5) |
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2.10 Fully-Differential Continuous-Time Amplifiers |
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83 | (22) |
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2.10.1 First-Order DC Response and Range Limitations |
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83 | (6) |
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2.10.2 Unified Closed-Loop Model |
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89 | (4) |
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2.10.3 Accurate Modeling of DC Response |
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93 | (5) |
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2.10.4 Frequency Response and Step Response |
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98 | (2) |
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2.10.5 Loop Gain, Differential Gain, and Noise |
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100 | (5) |
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2.11 Discrete-Time Amplifiers |
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105 | (27) |
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2.11.1 DC Analysis with Charge Conservation |
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105 | (5) |
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2.11.2 Unified Closed-Loop Model |
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110 | (5) |
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2.11.3 Accurate Modeling of DC Response |
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115 | (3) |
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2.11.4 Transient Response |
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118 | (11) |
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2.11.5 Loop-Gain Extraction |
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129 | (3) |
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2.12 Fully-Differential Discrete-Time Amplifiers |
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132 | (9) |
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2.12.1 DC Analysis with Charge Conservation |
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132 | (2) |
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2.12.2 Unified Closed-Loop Model |
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134 | (1) |
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2.12.3 Accurate Modeling of DC Response |
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134 | (3) |
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2.12.4 Transient Analysis and Loop-Gain Extraction |
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137 | (4) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (4) |
3 Device Layer |
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145 | (124) |
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145 | (3) |
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148 | (11) |
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3.2.1 Structure and Electrical Ports |
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148 | (9) |
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3.2.2 Performance Metrics and Design Variables |
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157 | (2) |
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3.3 NMOS Design Relations and Tools |
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159 | (17) |
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3.3.1 Long-Channel Models |
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159 | (4) |
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163 | (2) |
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3.3.3 Drain-Source Saturation Voltage |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (2) |
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3.3.5 Transconductance Efficiency |
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169 | (3) |
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3.3.6 Output Resistance and Early Voltage |
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172 | (4) |
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3.4 PMOS Design Relations and Tools |
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176 | (10) |
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3.4.1 Strong-Inversion Model |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Drain-Source Saturation Voltage, Sheet Current, and Transconductance Efficiency |
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179 | (2) |
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3.4.5 Output Resistance and Early Voltage |
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181 | (5) |
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186 | (2) |
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3.6 Biasing and Sizing a MOSFET with Design Tools |
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188 | (6) |
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3.7 Small-Signal Modeling and Circuit Analysis |
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194 | (31) |
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3.7.1 MOSFET DC Small-Signal Model |
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195 | (1) |
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3.7.2 DC Small-Signal Circuit Analysis |
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196 | (16) |
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3.7.3 MOSFET Capacitances and High-Frequency Small-Signal Model |
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212 | (13) |
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225 | (7) |
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232 | (6) |
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3.9.1 Single-Device and Transmission-Gate Switch Properties |
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232 | (1) |
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3.9.2 Charge Injection and Clock Feedthrough |
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233 | (5) |
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238 | (15) |
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3.10.1 Resistor Structures and Resistance Modeling |
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238 | (5) |
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3.10.2 Design Techniques for Accuracy and Precision |
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243 | (5) |
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3.10.3 MOSFET as a Resistor |
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248 | (5) |
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253 | (8) |
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254 | (3) |
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3.11.2 MOSFET as a Capacitor |
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257 | (4) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (8) |
4 Circuit Layer |
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269 | (280) |
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269 | (1) |
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4.2 Current Sources, Sinks, and Mirrors |
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269 | (34) |
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4.2.1 Fundamental Concepts and Performance Metrics |
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269 | (4) |
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4.2.2 Accuracy and Precision in Current Mirroring |
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273 | (8) |
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281 | (14) |
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4.2.4 Low-Voltage Cascoding |
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295 | (2) |
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4.2.5 Regulated Cascoding |
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297 | (3) |
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300 | (3) |
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4.3 Current and Voltage References |
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303 | (20) |
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4.3.1 Voltage-Divider Current Reference |
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303 | (4) |
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4.3.2 Beta-Multiplier Current Reference |
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307 | (6) |
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4.3.3 Bandgap Voltage Reference |
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313 | (10) |
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4.4 Basic Amplifier Stages |
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323 | (27) |
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4.4.1 Common-Source Stage |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (7) |
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4.4.3 Basic Differential Pair |
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332 | (10) |
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4.4.4 Source-Degenerated Differential Pair |
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342 | (3) |
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4.4.5 Super-GM Differential Pair |
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345 | (5) |
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350 | (25) |
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4.5.1 DC Transfer Characteristic as a Voltage Amplifier |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (2) |
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4.5.3 DC Differential Gain and Offset |
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353 | (2) |
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4.5.4 Frequency Response and Step Response |
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355 | (2) |
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4.5.5 Noise-Related Properties |
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357 | (18) |
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375 | (36) |
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4.6.1 Topology and DC Transfer Characteristic |
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375 | (2) |
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377 | (1) |
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4.6.3 DC Differential Gain and Offset |
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378 | (1) |
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4.6.4 Frequency Response and Step Response |
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379 | (15) |
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4.6.5 Noise-Related Properties |
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394 | (4) |
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4.6.6 Cascoded-Symmetrical OTA |
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398 | (13) |
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411 | (33) |
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4.7.1 Topology and DC Transfer Characteristic |
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412 | (1) |
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4.7.2 DC Differential Gain and Range Limitations |
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413 | (2) |
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4.7.3 Frequency Response, Step Response, and Noise-Related Properties |
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415 | (9) |
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4.7.4 Rail-to-Rail Folded-Cascode OTA |
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424 | (20) |
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444 | (31) |
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4.8.1 Topology and DC Response |
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444 | (2) |
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4.8.2 Frequency Response and Noise-Related Properties |
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446 | (10) |
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456 | (19) |
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4.9 Opamp with a Push-Pull Source-Follower Output Stage |
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475 | (21) |
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4.9.1 Topologies and Operation |
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476 | (2) |
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478 | (2) |
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4.9.3 Frequency Response, Step Response, and Noise |
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480 | (16) |
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4.10 Opamp with a Push-Pull Common-Source Output Stage |
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496 | (17) |
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4.11 Fully-Differential OTAs and Opamps |
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513 | (32) |
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4.11.1 Core Topologies and Properties |
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513 | (5) |
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4.11.2 Common-Mode Feedback Circuits |
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518 | (5) |
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523 | (22) |
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545 | (1) |
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546 | (3) |
Index |
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549 | |