Preface to the Third Edition |
|
xi | |
1 Introduction |
|
1 | (32) |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
1.2 Turbulence-Miscellaneous Remarks |
|
|
3 | (4) |
|
1.3 The Ubiquity of Turbulence |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
1.4 The Continuum Hypothesis |
|
|
8 | (3) |
|
1.5 Measures of Turbulence-Intensity |
|
|
11 | (3) |
|
1.6 Measures of Turbulence-Scale |
|
|
14 | (5) |
|
1.7 Measures of Turbulence-The Energy Spectrum |
|
|
19 | (3) |
|
1.8 Measures of Turbulence-Intermittency |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
1.9 The Diffusive Nature of Turbulence |
|
|
23 | (3) |
|
1.10 Turbulence Simulation |
|
|
26 | (5) |
|
|
31 | (2) |
2 Conservation Equations for Compressible Turbulent Flows |
|
33 | (20) |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
2.2 The Navier-Stokes Equations |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
2.3 Conventional Time-Averaging and Mass-Weighted-Averaging Procedures |
|
|
35 | (4) |
|
2.4 Relation Between Conventional Time-Averaged Quantities and Mass-Weighted-Averaged Quantities |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
2.5 Continuity and Momentum Equations |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
2.7 Mean-Kinetic-Energy Equation |
|
|
42 | (2) |
|
2.8 Reynolds-Stress Transport Equations |
|
|
44 | (4) |
|
2.9 Reduced Forms of the Navier-Stokes Equations |
|
|
48 | (3) |
|
|
51 | (2) |
3 Boundary-Layer Equations |
|
53 | (36) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
3.2 Boundary-Layer Approximations for Compressible Flows |
|
|
54 | (10) |
|
|
55 | (4) |
|
|
59 | (5) |
|
3.3 Continuity, Momentum, and Energy Equations |
|
|
64 | (9) |
|
3.3.1 Two-Dimensional Flows |
|
|
64 | (5) |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
3.3.3 Three-Dimensional Flows |
|
|
71 | (2) |
|
3.4 Mean-Kinetic-Energy Flows |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
3.5 Reynolds-Stress Transport Equations |
|
|
74 | (4) |
|
3.6 Integral Equations of the Boundary Layer |
|
|
78 | (9) |
|
3.6.1 Momentum Integral Equation |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
3.6.2 Mean Energy Integral Equation |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
3.6.3 Turbulent Energy Integral Equation |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
3.6.4 Energy Integral Equation |
|
|
82 | (5) |
|
|
87 | (2) |
4 General Behavior of Turbulent Boundary Layers |
|
89 | (66) |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
4.2 Composite Nature of a Turbulent Boundary Layer |
|
|
90 | (9) |
|
4.3 Eddy-Viscosity, Mixing-Length, Eddy-Conductivity and Turbulent Prandtl Number Concepts |
|
|
99 | (5) |
|
4.4 Mean-Velocity and Temperature Distributions in Incompressible Flows on Smooth Surfaces |
|
|
104 | (19) |
|
4.4.1 Viscous and Conductive Sublayers |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
4.4.2 Fully Turbulent Part of the Inner Region |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
|
109 | (3) |
|
|
112 | (4) |
|
4.4.5 Equilibrium Boundary Layers |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
4.4.6 Velocity and Temperature Distributions for the Whole Layer Velocity Profile |
|
|
117 | (6) |
|
4.5 Mean-Velocity Distributions in Incompressible Turbulent Flows on Rough Surfaces with Zero Pressure Gradient |
|
|
123 | (6) |
|
4.6 Mean-Velocity Distribution on Smooth Porous Surfaces with Zero Pressure Gradient |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
4.7 The Crocco Integral for Turbulent Boundary Layers |
|
|
131 | (4) |
|
4.8 Mean-Velocity and Temperature Distributions in Compressible Flows with Zero Pressure Gradient |
|
|
135 | (10) |
|
4.8.1 The Law-of-the-Wall for Compressible Plows |
|
|
135 | (4) |
|
4.8.2 Van Driest Transformation for the Law of the Wall |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
4.8.3 Transformations for Compressible Turbulent Flows |
|
|
140 | (3) |
|
4.8.4 Law of the Wall for Compressible Flow with Mass Transfer |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
4.9 Effect of Pressure Gradient on Mean-Velocity and Temperature Distributions in Incompressible and Compressible Flows |
|
|
145 | (5) |
|
|
150 | (5) |
5 Algebraic Turbulence Models |
|
155 | (56) |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
5.2 Eddy Viscosity and Mixing Length Models |
|
|
156 | (4) |
|
|
160 | (15) |
|
5.3.1 Effect of Low Reynolds Number |
|
|
161 | (4) |
|
5.3.2 Effect of Transverse Curvature |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
5.3.3 Effect of Streamwise Wall Curvature |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
5.3.4 The Effect of Natural Transition |
|
|
168 | (4) |
|
5.3.5 Effect of Roughness |
|
|
172 | (3) |
|
5.4 Extension of the CS Model to Strong Pressure-Gradient Flows |
|
|
175 | (6) |
|
5.4.1 Johnson-King Approach |
|
|
175 | (3) |
|
5.4.2 Cebeci-Chang Approach |
|
|
178 | (3) |
|
5.5 Extensions of the CS Model to Navier-Stokes Methods |
|
|
181 | (4) |
|
5.6 Eddy Conductivity and Turbulent Prandtl Number Models |
|
|
185 | (9) |
|
5.7 CS Model for Three-Dimensional Flows |
|
|
194 | (9) |
|
5.7.1 Infinite Swept Wing Flows |
|
|
196 | (3) |
|
5.7.2 Full Three-Dimensional Flows |
|
|
199 | (4) |
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
|
205 | (6) |
6 Transport-Equation Turbulence Models |
|
211 | (26) |
|
|
211 | (4) |
|
|
215 | (11) |
|
|
215 | (6) |
|
|
221 | (3) |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
|
226 | (4) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
6.3.2 Spalart-Allmaras Model |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
6.4 Stress-Transport Models |
|
|
230 | (5) |
|
|
235 | (2) |
7 Short Cut Methods |
|
237 | (56) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
7.2 Flows with Zero-Pressure Gradient |
|
|
238 | (19) |
|
7.2.1 Incompressible Flow on a Smooth Flat Plate |
|
|
239 | (9) |
|
7.2.2 Incompressible Flow on a Rough Flat Plate |
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
7.2.3 Compressible Flow on a Smooth Flat Plate |
|
|
250 | (6) |
|
7.2.4 Compressible Flow on a Rough Flat Plate |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
7.3 Flows with Pressure Gradient: Integral Methods |
|
|
257 | (7) |
|
7.4 Prediction of Flow Separation in Incompressible Flows |
|
|
264 | (4) |
|
|
268 | (13) |
|
7.5.1 Two-Dimensional Turbulent Jet |
|
|
268 | (5) |
|
7.5.2 Turbulent Mixing Layer Between Two Uniform Streams at Different Temperatures |
|
|
273 | (7) |
|
7.5.3 Power Laws for the Width and the Centerline Velocity of Similar Free Shear Layers |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Appendix 7A Gamma, Beta and Incomplete Beta Functions |
|
|
281 | (10) |
|
|
291 | (2) |
8 Differential Methods with Algebraic Turbulence Models |
|
293 | (64) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
8.2 Numerical Solution of the Boundary-Layer Equations with Algebraic Turbulence Models |
|
|
295 | (10) |
|
8.2.1 Numerical Formulation |
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
8.2.3 Block-Elimination Method |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (3) |
|
8.3 Prediction of Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flows |
|
|
305 | (10) |
|
8.3.1 Impermeable Surface with Zero Pressure Gradient |
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
8.3.2 Permeable Surface with Zero Pressure Gradient |
|
|
307 | (3) |
|
8.3.3 Impermeable Surface with Pressure Gradient |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
8.3.4 Permeable Surface with Pressure Gradient |
|
|
312 | (3) |
|
8.4 Axisymmetric Incompressible Flows |
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
8.5 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flows |
|
|
317 | (5) |
|
8.5.1 Impermeable Surface with Zero Pressure Gradient |
|
|
317 | (3) |
|
8.5.2 Permeable Surface with Zero Pressure Gradient |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
8.5.3 Impermeable Surface with Pressure Gradient |
|
|
320 | (2) |
|
8.6 Axisymmetric Compressible Flows |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
8.7 Prediction of Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flows with Separation |
|
|
322 | (4) |
|
8.7.1 Interaction Problem |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
8.8 Numerical Solution of the Boundary-Layer Equations in the Inverse Mode with Algebraic Turbulence Models |
|
|
326 | (7) |
|
8.8.1 Numerical Formulation |
|
|
328 | (5) |
|
8.9 Hess-Smith (HS) Panel Method |
|
|
333 | (11) |
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
8.9.2 Flowfield Calculation in the Wake |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
8.10 Results for Airfoil Flows |
|
|
344 | (3) |
|
8.11 Prediction of Three-Dimensional Flows with Separation |
|
|
347 | (7) |
|
|
354 | (3) |
9 Differential Methods with Transport-Equation Turbulence Models |
|
357 | (52) |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
9.2 Zonal Method for k-element of Model |
|
|
358 | (13) |
|
9.2.1 Turbulence Equations and Boundary Conditions |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (11) |
|
9.3 Solution of the k-element of Model Equations with and without Wall Functions |
|
|
371 | (4) |
|
9.3.1 Solution of the k-element of Model Equations without Wall Functions |
|
|
371 | (3) |
|
9.3.2 Solution of the k-element of Model Equations with Wall Functions |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
9.4 Solution of the k-w and SST Model Equations |
|
|
375 | (3) |
|
9.5 Evaluation of Four Turbulence Models |
|
|
378 | (14) |
|
|
379 | (5) |
|
9.5.2 Attached and Separated Turbulent Boundary Layers |
|
|
384 | (5) |
|
|
389 | (3) |
|
Appendix: Coefficients of the Linearized Finite-Difference Equations for the k-element of Model |
|
|
392 | (15) |
|
|
407 | (2) |
10 Companion Computer Programs |
|
409 | (38) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
10.2.2 Smith-Spalding Method |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
10.3 Differential Method with CS Model: Two-Dimensional Laminar and Turbulent Flows |
|
|
413 | (5) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (2) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
10.4 Hess-Smith Panel with Viscous Effects |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
10.5 Differential Method with CS Model: Two-Dimensional Flows with Heat Transfer |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
10.6 Differential Method with CS Model: Infinite Swept-Wing Flows |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
10.7 Differential Method with CS and k-element of Models: Components of the Computer Program Common to both Models |
|
|
421 | (3) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
10.8 Differential Method with CS and k-element of Models: CS Model |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
10.8.3 Subroutines EDDY, GAMCAL, CALFA |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
10.9 Differential Method with CS and k-element of Models: k-element of Model |
|
|
425 | (6) |
|
10.9.1 Subroutines KECOEF, KEPARM, KEDEF and KEDAMP |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
10.9.2 Subroutine KEINITK |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
10.9.3 Subroutine KEINITG |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
10.9.6 Test Cases for the CS and k-element of Models |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
10.9.7 Solution Algorithm |
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
10.10 Differential Method with CS and k-element of Models: Basic Tools |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
10.11 Differential Method with SA Model |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
10.12 Differential Method for a Plane Jet |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
10.14 Differential Method for Inverse Boundary-Layer Flows with CS Model |
|
|
432 | (3) |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
10.15 Comparison Computer Programs |
|
|
435 | (11) |
|
10.15.1 Sample Calculations for the Panel Method without Viscous Effects |
|
|
435 | (3) |
|
10.15.2 Sample Calculations for the Inverse Boundary-Layer Program |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
10.15.3 Sample Calculations with the Interactive Boundary-Layer program |
|
|
439 | (7) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
Index |
|
447 | |