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xii | |
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xv | |
Acknowledgements |
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xvii | |
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1 | (17) |
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1.1 Sojourning abroad in an age of global English |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 Anglophone traditions in the language-learning sojourn |
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4 | (3) |
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1.3 Researching the Anglophone language-learning sojourn |
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7 | (3) |
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1.3.1 An SLA research tradition |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Studying the context for L2 development |
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8 | (1) |
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1.3.3 An emergent sociocultural tradition |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (7) |
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2 Language learning during residence abroad: Key constructs |
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18 | (34) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (10) |
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2.2.1 The target language construct and the goals of language education |
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18 | (1) |
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2.2.2 The ideal of "immersion" |
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19 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Language variation and plurilingualism in everyday practice |
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20 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Sojourner perspectives on target language variation and multilingualism |
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21 | (2) |
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2.2.5 Empirical studies of sojourners' language practices |
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23 | (1) |
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2.2.6 Language learning and development during the sojourn abroad |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (9) |
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2.3.1 Views of identity in SLA |
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28 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Identity in study abroad research |
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30 | (6) |
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2.3.3 Identity: A summing up |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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2.4.1 Conceptualizations of culture in language education |
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37 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Intercultural learning in study abroad |
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37 | (1) |
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2.5 Communities and social networks |
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38 | (6) |
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2.5.1 Student communities and social relations |
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38 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Role-related settings and practices for the sojourn abroad |
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39 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Domestic settings during the sojourn |
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40 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Leisure practices during the sojourn |
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41 | (1) |
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2.5.5 Social networking during the sojourn |
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41 | (2) |
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2.5.6 Home contacts and communication practices |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (8) |
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3 The LANGSNAP project: Design and methodology |
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52 | (20) |
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52 | (1) |
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3.2 Project aims and design |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (3) |
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3.4 Procedure for data collection |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (8) |
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3.5.1 Elicited Imitation Test (EIT) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Oral picture-based narratives |
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59 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Argumentative essay |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.5.6 The Language Engagement Questionnaire (LEQ) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.5.7 The Social Networks Questionnaire (SNQ) |
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62 | (2) |
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3.5.8 The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) |
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64 | (1) |
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3.5.9 Reflective interview |
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64 | (1) |
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3.5.10 Additional data sources |
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64 | (1) |
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3.6 Creation of learner corpus |
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65 | (1) |
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3.7 Analysis of complexity, accuracy and fluency (CAF) |
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66 | (2) |
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3.7.1 Syntactic complexity |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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3.8 Analyses of social data |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (3) |
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4 Linguistic development in French |
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72 | (33) |
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72 | (1) |
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4.2 L2 French development during study abroad |
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72 | (6) |
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4.2.1 Sociolinguistic development |
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73 | (1) |
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4.2.2 General proficiency in L2 French |
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74 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Fluency in L2 French |
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74 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Accuracy in L2 French |
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75 | (1) |
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4.2.5 Syntactic complexity in L2 French |
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76 | (1) |
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4.2.6 Lexical development in L2 French |
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77 | (1) |
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4.2.7 Summary of the literature |
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78 | (1) |
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4.3 French language development in the LANGSNAP project |
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78 | (20) |
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4.3.1 Measurement of overall proficiency: The French Elicited Imitation Test |
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79 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Fluency development: French group |
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80 | (4) |
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4.3.3 Accuracy development in speech: French group |
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84 | (5) |
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4.3.4 Accuracy development in uniting: French group |
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89 | (2) |
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4.3.5 Development of syntactic complexity: French group |
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91 | (5) |
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4.3.6 Development of lexical complexity: French group |
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96 | (1) |
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4.3.7 Receptive lexical development: French group |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (7) |
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5 Linguistic development in Spanish |
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105 | (29) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (5) |
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5.2.1 General proficiency in L2 Spanish |
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106 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Fluency in L2 Spanish (oral and written) |
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106 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Accuracy in L2 Spanish (oral and written) |
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107 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Syntactic complexity in L2 Spanish |
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108 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Lexical complexity in L2 Spanish |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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5.3 Spanish language development in the LANGSNAP project |
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110 | (17) |
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5.3.1 Measurement of overall proficiency: The Spanish Elicited Imitation Test |
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110 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Fluency development in speech: Spanish group |
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111 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Fluency development in writing: Spanish group |
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113 | (2) |
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5.3.4 Accuracy development in speech: Spanish group |
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115 | (4) |
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5.3.5 Accuracy development in writing: Spanish group |
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119 | (2) |
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5.3.6 Development of syntactic complexity: Spanish group |
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121 | (2) |
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5.3.7 Development of lexical complexity: Spanish group |
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123 | (2) |
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5.3.8 Receptive lexical development: Spanish group |
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125 | (2) |
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5.4 Comparing linguistic development in the French and Spanish groups |
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127 | (7) |
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6 Social networks and social relationships during the sojourn |
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134 | (31) |
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134 | (1) |
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6.2 Social networking: The quantitative findings |
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134 | (8) |
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6.2.1 Size of sojourners' social networks |
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134 | (3) |
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6.2.2 Strength of network ties |
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137 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Intensity of social networks: The "Top 5" |
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137 | (2) |
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6.2.4 Two Social Networking Indices |
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139 | (3) |
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6.3 Making and sustaining social relationships during the sojourn |
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142 | (21) |
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142 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Potential for early social contacts: The domestic and leisure domains |
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144 | (2) |
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6.3.3 Friendships with international peers |
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146 | (4) |
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6.3.4 Friendships with local peers |
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150 | (6) |
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6.3.5 Informal social relations with other age groups |
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156 | (3) |
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6.3.6 Gender and romantic partnerships |
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159 | (3) |
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6.3.7 Sustaining relationships with home friends and family |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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7 Language practices insojourn |
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165 | (31) |
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165 | (1) |
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7.2 Language engagement: The quantitative survey |
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165 | (6) |
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7.2.1 French and English use in France |
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165 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Spanish and English use in Spain |
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167 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Spanish and English use in Mexico |
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169 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Other languages used in France, Spain and Mexico |
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170 | (1) |
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7.3 Qualitative accounts of language practices |
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171 | (23) |
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7.3.1 Introduction: Structure and agency in language choice |
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171 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Negotiating the use of French and Spanish |
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171 | (18) |
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189 | (3) |
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7.3.4 Using additional languages |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (2) |
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8 L2 identity and the ideal L2 self |
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196 | (26) |
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8.1 Introduction: The foundations of L2 identity |
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196 | (1) |
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8.2 Traditional demographic factors: Gender, nationality, culture and social class |
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197 | (8) |
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197 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Nationality and culture |
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199 | (4) |
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8.2.3 Social class and ethnicity |
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203 | (2) |
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8.2.4 Traditional demographic factors: Conclusion |
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205 | (1) |
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8.3 The sojourner identity |
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205 | (5) |
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8.3.1 The temporary sojourner |
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205 | (1) |
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8.3.2 The student identity downshifted |
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206 | (3) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (5) |
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8.4.1 Identity-related L2 proficiency |
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210 | (4) |
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8.4.2 An interim ideal L2 self |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (4) |
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8.5.1 Foregrounding of student identity |
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215 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Transnational futures |
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216 | (3) |
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219 | (3) |
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9 The L2 impact of the sojourn experience |
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222 | (27) |
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222 | (1) |
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9.2 Relations among social networking, language engagement and L2 development: The quantitative evidence |
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222 | (1) |
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9.2.1 Relations between SNI, LEQ and L2 performance measures |
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222 | (1) |
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9.3 Examining learning gains |
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223 | (3) |
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9.3.1 Defining learning gain scores |
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225 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Relations between SNI, LEQ and learning gain scores |
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225 | (1) |
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9.4 Explaining learning gains: A case study approach |
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226 | (18) |
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9.4.1 Identifying the fastest-progressing sojourners |
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226 | (2) |
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9.4.2 Case studies of "high gain" sojourners |
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228 | (16) |
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9.5 Discussion and conclusion |
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244 | (5) |
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9.5.1 Overview of high gainer characteristics |
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244 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Relationships as drivers of L2 development |
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245 | (4) |
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10 Advising and supporting Anglophone sojourners: Key issues |
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249 | (6) |
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The world is multilingual |
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249 | (1) |
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The sojourner is plurilingual |
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249 | (1) |
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Sojourner identity is many stranded |
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250 | (1) |
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Sojourners must be problem-solvers |
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250 | (1) |
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Short-term and long-term ideal L2 selves |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Engaging in the placement |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (3) |
Names Index |
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255 | (5) |
Subject Index |
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260 | |