Letter from the Authors |
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xxi | |
About the Authors |
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xxiii | |
Preface |
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xxv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxx | |
Part I The Anthropological Perspective |
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1 Anthropology: Asking Questions About Humanity |
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3 | (26) |
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How Did Anthropology Begin? |
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5 | (2) |
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The Disruptions of Industrialization |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Colonial Origins of Cultural Anthropology |
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6 | (1) |
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Anthropology as a Global Discipline |
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6 | (1) |
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What Do the Four Subfields of Anthropology Have in Common? |
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7 | (6) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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How Do Anthropologists Know What They Know? |
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13 | (6) |
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The Scientific Method in Anthropology |
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14 | (4) |
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When Anthropology Is Not a Science: Interpreting Other Cultures |
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18 | (1) |
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How Do Anthropologists Put Their Knowledge to Work in the World? |
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19 | (4) |
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Applied and Practicing Anthropology: "The Fifth Subfield"? |
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20 | (1) |
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Putting Anthropology to Work |
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20 | (3) |
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What Ethical Obligations Do Anthropologists Have? |
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23 | |
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23 | (1) |
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Take Responsibility for Your Work |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | |
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Classic Contributions: E.B. Tylor and the Culture Concept |
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10 | (5) |
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Doing Fieldwork: Conducting Holistic Research with Stanley Ulijaszek |
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15 | (4) |
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The Anthropological Life: Anthropologists are Innovative |
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19 | (3) |
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The Anthropological Life: Key Characteristics of Anthropologists in the Workplace |
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22 | (7) |
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2 Culture: Giving Meaning to Human Lives |
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29 | (20) |
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30 | (8) |
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31 | (5) |
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Defining Culture in This Book |
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36 | (2) |
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If Culture Is Always Changing, Why Does It Feel So Stable? |
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38 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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How Do Social Institutions Express Culture? |
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40 | (3) |
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Culture and Social Institutions |
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41 | (1) |
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American Culture Expressed Through Breakfast Cereals and Sexuality |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | |
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The Anthropological Life: Cultural Anthropology and Human Possibilities |
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35 | (2) |
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Classic Contributions: Franz Boas and the Relativity of Culture |
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37 | (8) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Michael Ames and Collaborative Museum Exhibits |
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45 | (4) |
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3 Human Biocultural Evolution: Emergence of the Biocultural Animal |
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49 | (30) |
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Life Changes. But What Does It Mean To Say It Evolves? |
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51 | (7) |
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A Brief Primer on the Rise of Evolutionary Thinking |
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51 | (2) |
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Differentiating Evolution from Simple Change |
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53 | (2) |
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What It Means to Have Common Ancestry |
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55 | (2) |
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Why Evolution Is Important to Anthropology...and Anthropology to Evolution |
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57 | (1) |
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What Are the Actual Mechanisms Through Which Evolution Occurs? |
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58 | (8) |
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59 | (1) |
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Basic Sources of Biological Change: Genes, DNA, and Cells |
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59 | (3) |
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Genetic Mechanisms of Evolution |
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62 | (2) |
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Non-Genetic Mechanisms of Evolution |
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64 | (2) |
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How Do Biocultural Patterns Affect Evolution? |
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66 | (3) |
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Human Inheritance Involves Multiple Systems |
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66 | (2) |
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Evolutionary Processes Are Developmentally Open-Ended |
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68 | (1) |
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The Importance of Constructivist Evolutionary Approaches for Biocultural Anthropology |
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68 | (1) |
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Are Modern Humans Evolving, And Where Might We Be Headed? |
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69 | (2) |
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The Impact of Disease on Evolution |
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69 | (1) |
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Cultural Practices, Morphology, and Evolution |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | |
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Global Population and Human Density |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Adaptive Behavioral Patterns |
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74 | |
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Classic Contributions: Clyde Kluckhohn and the Role of Evolution in Anthropology |
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58 | (14) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Clarifying the Biocultural and Evolutionary Dimensions of Obesity |
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72 | (7) |
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4 Cross-Cultural Interactions: Understanding Culture and Globalization |
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79 | (27) |
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Are Cross-Cultural Interactions All That New? |
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82 | (2) |
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Is the Contemporary World Really Getting Smaller? |
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84 | (5) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (3) |
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What Are The Outcomes of Global Integration? |
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89 | (6) |
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Colonialism and World Systems Theory |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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Resistance at the Periphery |
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92 | (1) |
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Globalizing and Localizing Identities |
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93 | (2) |
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Doesn't Everyone Want to Be Developed? |
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95 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Anthropology of Development |
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97 | (1) |
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Change on Their Own Terms |
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98 | (1) |
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If the World Is Not Becoming Homogenized, What Is Actually Happening? |
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98 | |
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Cultural Convergence Theories |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | |
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Classic Contributions: Eric Wolf, Culture, and the World System |
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91 | (3) |
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The Anthropological Life: Coldplay and the Global Citizen Festival |
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94 | (7) |
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Doing Fieldwork: Tracking Emergent Forms of Citizenship with Aihwa Ong |
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101 | (5) |
Part II Becoming Human |
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Methods Memo: How Do Anthropologists Study Human and Primate Biological Processes? |
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106 | (3) |
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5 Living Primates: Comparing Monkeys, Apes, and Humans |
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109 | (32) |
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What Does It Mean To Be a Primate, and Why Does It Matter to Anthropology? |
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111 | (7) |
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What It Means To Be a Primate |
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111 | (2) |
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The Distinctions Between Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini |
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113 | (2) |
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Primatology as Anthropology |
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115 | (3) |
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What Are the Basic Patterns of Primate Behavioral Diversity, and Under What Conditions Did They Develop? |
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118 | (5) |
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Common Behavior Patterns Among Primates |
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119 | (1) |
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The Emergence of Primate Behavioral Diversity |
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120 | (3) |
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How Do Behavior Patterns Among Monkeys and Apes Compare with Humans? |
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123 | (7) |
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123 | (1) |
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The Lives of Chimpanzees and Bonobos |
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124 | (5) |
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So How Do They Compare to Us? |
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129 | (1) |
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What Does Studying Monkeys and Apes Really Illustrate About Human Distinctiveness? |
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130 | |
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Primate Social Organization and Human Behavior |
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131 | (1) |
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We Have Culture. Do They Too? |
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131 | |
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The Anthropological Life: So You Want to Work with Primates? |
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118 | (7) |
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Doing Fieldwork: The Ethics of Working with Great Apes |
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125 | (7) |
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Classic Contributions: Sherwood Washburn and the New (Integrative) Physical Anthropology |
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132 | (4) |
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Methods Memo: How Do Anthropologists Study Ancient Primates and Human Origins? |
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136 | (5) |
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6 Ancestral Humans: Understanding the Human Family Tree |
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141 | (40) |
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Who Are Our Earliest Possible Ancestors? |
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143 | (15) |
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Our Earliest Ancestors Were Hominins |
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143 | (1) |
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The Fossil Record of Hominins in Africa |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (4) |
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Who Is Our Most Direct Ancestor? |
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149 | (7) |
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Possible Phylogenies, with Caveats |
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156 | (2) |
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What Did Walking on Two Legs and Having Big Brains Mean for the Early Hominins? |
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158 | (3) |
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The Benefits of Upright Movement |
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158 | (1) |
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The Effects of Big Brains on Early Hominin Behavior |
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159 | (2) |
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Who Were the First Humans, and Where Did They Live? |
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161 | (3) |
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161 | (1) |
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The Emergence of Archaic Humans |
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162 | (2) |
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Who Were the Neanderthals and Denisovans? |
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164 | |
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Anatomically Modern Humans Hit the Scene |
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165 | (1) |
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How Do We Know If the First Humans Were Cultural Beings, and What Role Did Culture Play in Their Evolution? |
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166 | (1) |
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The Emerging Cultural Capacity of H. erectus |
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167 | (7) |
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Culture Among Archaic Humans |
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174 | (1) |
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Social Cooperation and Symbolic Expression |
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174 | |
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The Anthropological Life: How to Think Like a Paleoanthropologist |
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157 | (3) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Were We "Born to Run"? |
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160 | (3) |
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Classic Contributions: Davidson Black and the Brain Capacity of H. Erectus |
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163 | (18) |
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7 Human Biodiversity Today: Understanding Our Differences and Similarities |
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181 | (28) |
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In What Ways Do Contemporary Humans Vary Biologically? |
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183 | (6) |
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Genetic Variation Within and Between Human Populations |
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183 | (1) |
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Genetic Variation Is Tied to Gene Flow |
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184 | (2) |
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Physiological Diversity and Blood Types |
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186 | (1) |
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Disease Environments and Human Immunity |
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186 | (3) |
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Why Do Human Bodies Look So Different Across the Planet? |
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189 | (6) |
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189 | (1) |
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Variations in Body Shape, Stature, and Size |
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190 | (5) |
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Are Differences of Race Also Differences of Biology? |
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195 | (7) |
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The Biological Meanings (and Meaninglessness) of "Human Races" |
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195 | (3) |
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But Isn't There Scientific Evidence for the Existence of Races? |
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198 | (4) |
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What Biocultural Consequences Do Discrimination and Stress Have on Human Bodies? |
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202 | |
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Eugenics: A Weak Theory of Genetic Inheritance |
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202 | (1) |
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The Embodied Consequences of Being a Racialized Minority |
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203 | |
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The Anthropological Life: Have You Ever Considered a Career in Applied Anthropometry? |
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194 | (5) |
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Classic Contributions: Ashley Montagu and "Man's Most Dangerous Myth" |
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199 | (1) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Jada Benn Torres and Reparational Genetics in the Caribbean |
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200 | (9) |
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8 The Body: Biocultural Perspectives on Health and Illness |
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209 | (25) |
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How Do Biological and Cultural Factors Shape Our Bodily Experiences? |
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211 | (3) |
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Uniting Mind and Matter: A Biocultural Perspective |
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211 | (1) |
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Culture and Mental Illness |
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212 | (2) |
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What Do We Mean by Health and Illness? |
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214 | (3) |
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The Individual Subjectivity of Illness |
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214 | (1) |
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The "Sick Role": The Social Expectations of Illness |
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215 | (2) |
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How and Why Do Doctors and Other Health Practitioners Gain Social Authority? |
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217 | (5) |
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The Disease-Illness Distinction: Professional and Popular Views of Sickness |
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218 | (1) |
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The Medicalization of the Non-Medical |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (3) |
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Clinical Therapeutic Processes |
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222 | (1) |
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Symbolic Therapeutic Processes |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Persuasion: The Placebo Effect |
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223 | (2) |
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How Can Anthropology Help Us Address Global Health Problems? |
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225 | |
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Understanding Global Health Problems |
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225 | (3) |
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Anthropological Contributions to Tackling the International HIV/AIDS Crisis |
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228 | |
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Classic Contributions: Arthur Kleinman and the New Medical Anthropological Methodology |
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220 | (7) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Nancy Scheper-Hughes on an Engaged Anthropology of Health |
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227 | (2) |
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The Anthropological Life: Zak Kaufman, Grassroot Soccer, and the Fight to Slow the Spread of HIV/AIDS |
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229 | (5) |
Part III Humans and Their Material Worlds |
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Methods Memo: What Field Methods Do Archaeologists Use to Study the Human and Environmental Past? |
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234 | (7) |
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9 Materiality: Constructing Social Relationships and Meanings with Things |
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241 | (30) |
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Why Is the Ownership of Prehistoric Artifacts Such a Contentious Issue? |
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244 | (7) |
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Archaeological Excavation and Questions of Ownership |
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245 | (1) |
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Indian Reactions to Archaeological Excavations of Human Remains |
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246 | (2) |
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Cultural Resource Management |
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248 | (3) |
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How Should We Look at Objects Anthropologically? |
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251 | (5) |
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The Many Dimensions of Objects |
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251 | (1) |
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A Shiny New Bicycle in Multiple Dimensions |
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252 | (3) |
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Constructing the Meaning of an Archaeological Artifact |
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255 | (1) |
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How and Why Do the Meanings of Things Change over Time? |
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256 | (4) |
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The Social Life of Things |
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256 | (1) |
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Three Ways Objects Change over Time |
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257 | (2) |
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How Archaeological Specimens Change Meaning over Time |
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259 | (1) |
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What Role Does Material Culture Play in Constructing the Meaning of a Community's Past? |
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260 | |
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260 | (1) |
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The Politics of Archaeology |
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261 | |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: John Terrell, Repatriation, and the Maori Meeting House at the Field Museum |
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249 | (3) |
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The Anthropological Life: Richard Busch, Education Collections Manager at the Denver Museum of Science and Nature. |
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252 | (11) |
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Classic Contributions: Margaret Conkey and the Gender Politics of Understanding Past Lives |
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263 | (4) |
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Methods Memo: Why Is Carbon-14 So Important to Archaeologists? |
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267 | (4) |
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10 Early Agriculture and the Neolithic Revolution: Modifying the Environment to Satisfy Human Demands |
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271 | (32) |
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How Important Was Hunting to Prehistoric Peoples? |
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273 | (8) |
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Taking Stock of Living Hunter-Gatherers |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (4) |
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Recent Attempts to Understand Prehistoric Hunting Strategies |
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278 | (1) |
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Back to the Past: Understanding Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers |
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279 | (2) |
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Why Did People Start Domesticating Plants and Animals? |
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281 | (6) |
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Why Do Archaeologists Call It the Neolithic Revolution? |
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282 | (1) |
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The Neolithic Revolution: The Beginnings of Food Production |
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282 | (1) |
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The Hilly Flanks Hypothesis |
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283 | (2) |
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The Pressure of Population Growth |
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285 | (1) |
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Other Explanations for the Beginnings of Food Production |
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286 | (1) |
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How Did Early Humans Raise Their Own Food? |
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287 | (6) |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (1) |
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Tending Tree Crops: Recent Findings on Arboriculture |
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291 | (2) |
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What Impact Did Raising Plants and Animals Have on Other Aspects of Life? |
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293 | |
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Transhumance: Moving Herds with the Seasons |
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293 | (1) |
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Sedentism and Growing Populations |
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294 | |
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The Anthropological Life: What Are the Responsibilities and Job Description of an Archaeologist? |
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280 | (4) |
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Classic Contributions: V. Gordon Childe on the Neolithic Revolution |
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284 | (8) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Michael Heckenberger on the Amazon as a Culturally Managed Landscape |
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292 | (7) |
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Methods Memo: How Do Archaeologists Analyze the Objects They Find? |
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299 | (4) |
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11 The Rise and Decline of Cities and States: Understanding Social Complexity in Prehistory |
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303 | (27) |
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What Does Social Complexity Mean to Archaeologists? |
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305 | (12) |
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Population Growth and Settlement Practices |
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308 | (3) |
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Trade and Contact with Peoples of Different Cultures |
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311 | (2) |
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Specialization and Production Models |
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313 | (2) |
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Does Complexity Always Imply Social Inequality? |
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315 | (2) |
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How Can Archaeologists Identify Social Complexity from Archaeological Sites and Artifacts? |
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317 | (4) |
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Identifying Social Complexity from Sites and Artifacts in Western Mexico |
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317 | (1) |
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Population Growth and Settlement Patterns |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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Mortuary Patterns and Skeletal Remains |
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320 | (1) |
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Ceramic, Stone, and Metal Objects |
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320 | (1) |
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How Do Archaeologists Explain Why Cities and States Fall Apart? |
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321 | |
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Rethinking Abandonment in the U.S. Southwest |
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322 | (1) |
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The Transformation (Not Collapse) of the Classic Maya |
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323 | |
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The Anthropological Life: Archaeological Field Schools for Undergraduates |
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309 | (1) |
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Classic Contributions: Robert Carneiro on the Role of Warfare in the Rise of Complex Societies |
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310 | (14) |
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Doing Fieldwork: Studying What Happened After the Migration from the Four Corners with Scott Van Keuren |
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324 | (6) |
Part IV Human Social Relations and Their Meanings |
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Methods Memo: How Do Anthropologists Study the Relationship Between Language and Culture? |
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330 | (3) |
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12 Linguistic Anthropology: a Relating Language and Culture |
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333 | (28) |
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Where Does Language Come From? |
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335 | (4) |
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Evolutionary Perspectives on Language |
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335 | (1) |
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Historical Linguistics: Studying Language Origins and Change |
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336 | (3) |
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How Does Language Actually Work? |
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339 | (5) |
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339 | (1) |
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Phonology: Sounds of Language |
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339 | (1) |
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Morphology: Grammatical Categories |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (3) |
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Does Language Shape How We Experience the World? |
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344 | (4) |
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The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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Ethnoscience and Color Terms |
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345 | (2) |
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Is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Correct? |
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347 | (1) |
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If Language Is Always Changing, Why Does It Seem So Stable? |
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348 | (3) |
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Linguistic Change, Stability, and National Policy |
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348 | (1) |
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Language Stability Parallels Cultural Stability |
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349 | (2) |
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How Does Language Relate to Social Power and Inequality? |
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351 | |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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Language and Social Status |
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352 | (1) |
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Language and the Legacy of Colonialism |
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353 | |
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The Anthropological Life: Career Trajectories for Undergraduates with a Linguistic Anthropology Background |
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341 | (5) |
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Classic Contributions: Edward Sapir on How Language Shapes Culture |
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346 | (4) |
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Doing Fieldwork: Helping Communities Preserve Endangered Languages |
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350 | (6) |
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Methods Memo: How Do Anthropologists Use Ethnographic Methods to Study Culture and Social Relations? |
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356 | (5) |
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13 Economics: Working, Sharing, and Buying |
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361 | (24) |
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Is Money Really the Measure of All Things? |
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363 | (7) |
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Culture, Economics, and Value |
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363 | (1) |
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The Neoclassical Perspective |
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364 | (1) |
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The Substantivist-Formalist Debate |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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The Cultural Economics Perspective |
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367 | (3) |
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How Does Culture Shape the Value and Meaning of Money? |
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370 | (2) |
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The Types and Cultural Dimensions of Money |
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370 | (1) |
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Money and the Distribution of Power |
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371 | (1) |
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Why Is Gift Exchange Such an Important Part of All Societies? |
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372 | (2) |
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Gift Exchange and Economy: Two Classic Approaches |
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372 | (2) |
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Gift Exchange in Market-Based Economies |
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374 | (1) |
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What Is the Point of Owning Things? |
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374 | (3) |
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Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Property |
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375 | (1) |
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Appropriation and Consumption |
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376 | (1) |
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Does Capitalism Have Distinct Cultures? |
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|
377 | |
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Culture and Social Relations on Wall Street |
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378 | (1) |
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Entrepreneurial Capitalism Among Malays |
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|
378 | |
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Classic Contributions: Marshall Sahlins on Exchange in Traditional Economies |
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367 | (2) |
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The Anthropological Life: The Economics of Anthropology |
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369 | (10) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Jim Yong Kim's Holistic, On-the-Ground Approach to Fighting Poverty |
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379 | (6) |
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14 Sustainability: Environment and Foodways |
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385 | (26) |
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Do All People See Nature in the Same Way? |
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387 | (3) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
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|
388 | (2) |
|
How Do People Secure an Adequate, Meaningful, and Environmentally Sustainable Food Supply? |
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390 | (5) |
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|
390 | (3) |
|
Food, Culture, and Meaning |
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|
393 | (2) |
|
How Does Non-Western Knowledge of Nature and Agriculture Relate to Science? |
|
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395 | (2) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Traditional Ecological Knowledge |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
How Are Industrial Agriculture and Economic Globalization Linked to Increasing Environmental and Health Problems? |
|
|
397 | (7) |
|
Population and Environment |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
Industrial Foods, Sedentary Lives, and the Nutrition Transition |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
Anthropology Confronts Climate Change |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
Are Industrialized Western Societies the Only Ones to Conserve Nature? |
|
|
404 | |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
The Culture of Modern Nature Conservation |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Environmentalism's Alternative Paradigms |
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|
405 | |
|
Classic Contributions: Roy Rappaport's Insider and Outsider Models |
|
|
389 | (12) |
|
Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Migrant Farmworker Food Security in Vermont with Teresa Mares |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
The Anthropological Life: Careers in Sustainability |
|
|
403 | (8) |
|
15 Power: Politics and Social Control |
|
|
411 | (26) |
|
Does Every Society Have a Government? |
|
|
413 | (3) |
|
The Idea of "Politics" and the Problem of Order |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Structural-Functionalist Models of Political Stability |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Neo-Evolutionary Models of Political Organization: Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Challenges to Traditional Political Anthropology |
|
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (6) |
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|
416 | (1) |
|
Political Power Is Action Oriented |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Political Power Is Structural |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Political Power Is Gendered |
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418 | (1) |
|
Political Power in Non-State Societies |
|
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419 | (1) |
|
The Political Power of the Contemporary Nation-State |
|
|
419 | (3) |
|
How Is Social Inequality Constructed and Upheld? |
|
|
422 | (5) |
|
Race, Biology, and the "Natural" Order of Things |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
The Cultural Construction of Race |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
Saying Race Is Culturally Constructed Is Not Enough |
|
|
424 | (3) |
|
Why Do Some Societies Seem More Violent Than Others? |
|
|
427 | (3) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
Explaining the Rise of Violence in Our Contemporary World |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
How Do People Avoid Aggression, Brutality, and War? |
|
|
430 | |
|
What Disputes Are "About" |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
How People Manage Disputes |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Is Restoring Harmony Always the Best Way? |
|
|
432 | |
|
The Anthropological Life: An Anthropological Politician? |
|
|
417 | (4) |
|
Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Maxwell Owusu and Democracy in Ghana |
|
|
421 | (5) |
|
Classic Contributions: Hortense Powdermaker on Prejudice |
|
|
426 | (11) |
|
16 Kinship and Gender: I Sex, Power, and Control of Men and Women |
|
|
437 | (26) |
|
What Are Families, and How Are They Structured in Different Societies? |
|
|
439 | (6) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Nuclear and Extended Families |
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
Cultural Patterns in Childrearing |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
How Families Control Power and Wealth |
|
|
443 | (2) |
|
Why Do People Get Married? |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Sex, Love, and the Power of Families over Young Couples |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
How and Why Do Males and Females Differ? |
|
|
447 | (6) |
|
Toward a Biocultural Perspective on Male and Female Differences |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Beyond the Male-Female Dichotomy |
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
Explaining Gender/Sex Inequality |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
What Does It Mean to Be Neither Male Nor Female? |
|
|
453 | (3) |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Is Human Sexuality Just a Matter of Being Straight or Queer? |
|
|
456 | |
|
Cultural Perspectives on Same-Sex Sexuality |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
|
459 | |
|
The Anthropological Life: Family-Centered Social Work and Anthropology |
|
|
444 | (6) |
|
Classic Contributions: Margaret Mead and the Sex/Gender Distinction |
|
|
450 | (8) |
|
Doing Fieldwork: Don Kulick and "Coming Out" in the Field |
|
|
458 | (5) |
|
17 Religion: Ritual and Belief |
|
|
463 | |
|
How Should We Understand Religion and Religious Beliefs? |
|
|
465 | (5) |
|
Understanding Religion version 1.0: Edward B. Tylor and Belief in Spirits |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Understanding Religion version 2.0: Anthony F.C. Wallace on Supernatural Beings, Powers, and Forces |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Understanding Religion version 3.0: Religion as a System of Symbols |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Understanding Religion version 4.0: Religion as a System of Social Action |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Making Sense of the Terrorist Attacks in France: Charlie Hebdo |
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
What Forms Does Religion take? |
|
|
470 | (5) |
|
Clan Spirits and Clan Identities in New Guinea |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Totemism in North America |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Shamanism and Ecstatic Religious Experiences |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Ritual Symbols That Reinforce a Hierarchical Social Order |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Polytheism and Monotheism in Ancient Societies |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
World Religions and Universal Understandings of the World |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
How Does Atheism Fit in the Discussion? |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
475 | (4) |
|
Magical Thought in Non-Western Cultures |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Sympathetic Magic: The Law of Similarity and the Law of Contagion |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
Magic in Western Societies |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Rites of Passage and the Ritual Process |
|
|
477 | (2) |
|
How Is Religion Linked to Political and Social Action? |
|
|
479 | |
|
The Rise of Fundamentalism |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Understanding Fundamentalism |
|
|
479 | |
|
The Anthropological Life: Is Anthropology Compatible With Religious Faith? |
|
|
474 | (4) |
|
Classic Contributions: Sir James G. Frazer on Sympathetic Magic |
|
|
478 | (3) |
|
Doing Fieldwork: Studying the Sikh Militants |
|
|
481 | (4) |
Epilogue: Anthropology and the Future of Human Diversity |
|
485 | (6) |
Glossary |
|
491 | (8) |
References |
|
499 | (18) |
Credits |
|
517 | (6) |
Index |
|
523 | |
9780367380953 |
|
Preface |
|
xvii | |
Authors |
|
xxi | |
OPNET Trademark Information |
|
xxiii | |
Chapter 1 Getting Started with OPNET |
|
1 | (20) |
|
1.1 OPNET IT Guru and Modeler |
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
1.1.1 Installing OPNET IT Guru and Modeler |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
1.1.2 OPNET License Server |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
1.1.3 Folders Created at Installation |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
1.1.4 Enabling Optional Product Modules |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
1.2 Managing OPNET Preferences |
|
|
4 | (3) |
|
1.2.1 The Preferences Editor |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.2.2 Changing Preference Values |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
1.2.3 The Environment File |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
1.3 Viewing Documentation |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
1.4 Working with Files and Model Directories |
|
|
7 | (4) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
1.4.2 Adding Model Directories |
|
|
9 | (2) |
|
1.5 Projects and Scenarios |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
1.6 Working with Projects |
|
|
12 | (3) |
|
1.6.1 Opening an Existing Project |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
1.6.2 Creating a New Project with the Startup Wizard |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
1.7 Working with Scenarios |
|
|
15 | (6) |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
1.7.3 Selecting a Scenario |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
1.7.4 Importing Scenario Components |
|
|
18 | (3) |
Chapter 2 Creating Network Topology |
|
21 | (24) |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
2.2 Object Palette Tree Utility for Creating Network Topology |
|
|
22 | (4) |
|
2.2.1 Model Naming Conventions |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
2.2.2 Models in the internet_toolbox Palette |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
2.3 Working with the Object Palette Tree |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
2.3.1 Opening the Object Palette |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
2.3.2 Searching for Models in the Object Palette |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
2.3.3 Creating Custom Models |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
2.4 Creating Network Topology |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
2.4.1 Creating Network Topology: Adding Nodes |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
2.4.2 Creating Network Topology: Adding Links |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
2.4.3 Creating Network Topology: Deleting Nodes or Links |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
2.4.4 Creating Network Topology: Other Editing Operations |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
2.5 The Rapid Configuration Tool |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
2.5.1 Creating Network Topology with the Rapid Configuration Tool |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
2.5.2 Example: Creating Ethernet LAN with the Rapid Configuration Tool |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
2.6 Configuring Link Objects |
|
|
32 | (3) |
|
2.6.1 Changing Basic Link Properties |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
2.6.2 Verifying Link Connectivity |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
2.7 Failing and Recovering Network Elements |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
36 | (5) |
|
2.8.1 Adding a Subnet Object |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
2.8.2 Moving Around the Network Hierarchy |
|
|
38 | (2) |
|
2.8.3 Creating a Network Topology with Subnetworks |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
2.8.4 Moving Objects between Subnets |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
2.9 Creating Topology Annotation |
|
|
41 | (2) |
|
2.9.1 Adding Annotation Palette Object to the Project Workspace |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
2.9.2 Modifying Attributes of Annotation Palette Objects |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
2.9.3 Showing/Hiding Annotation Palette Objects in the Project Workspace |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
2.10 Removing Node Clutter |
|
|
43 | (2) |
Chapter 3 Configuring Network Topology |
|
45 | (22) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
46 | (3) |
|
3.2.1 Types of Attributes |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
3.2.2 The Object Pop-Up Menu |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
3.3 The Edit Attributes Dialog Box |
|
|
49 | (5) |
|
3.3.1 Accessing Attribute Description |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
3.3.2 Working with Compound and Grouping Attributes |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
3.3.3 Attributes with Multiple Instances |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
3.3.4 Filtering Attributes |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
3.3.5 Finding Attributes Using Regular Edit Attributes Filtering Feature |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
3.3.6 Finding Attributes Using Advanced Edit Attributes Filtering Feature |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
3.4 Configuring Object Properties |
|
|
54 | (3) |
|
3.4.1 Changing Attribute Values of a Single Object |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
3.4.2 Changing Attribute Values of Multiple Objects |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
3.4.3 Editing Selected Objects |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
3.4.4 Editing Similar Nodes or Links |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
3.4.5 The Model Attribute of an Object |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
3.5 Promoting Object Attributes |
|
|
57 | (10) |
|
3.5.1 Promoting an Object Attribute |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
3.5.2 Unpromoting an Object Attribute |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
3.5.3 Configuring Promoted Object Attributes at the Simulation Level |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
3.5.4 Specifying Values for Promoted Attributes at the Simulation Level |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
3.5.5 Configuring Promoted Attributes at the Subnet Level |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
3.5.6 Using the Wildcard Option for Assigning Values to Multiple Promoted Attributes |
|
|
64 | (3) |
Chapter 4 Configuring and Running a Simulation |
|
67 | (48) |
|
4.1 Simulation Statistics in OPNET |
|
|
67 | (4) |
|
4.1.1 Statistic Collection Modes |
|
|
68 | (2) |
|
4.1.2 Deciding Which Statistics to Collect |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
4.2 Selecting Simulation Statistics |
|
|
71 | (8) |
|
4.2.1 Choose Results Window |
|
|
71 | (3) |
|
4.2.2 Selecting Simulation Statistics for a Single Specific Network Object |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
4.2.3 Selecting Simulation Statistics for the Whole Scenario |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
4.2.4 Selecting Global Simulation Statistics |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
4.2.5 Statistic Information and Data Collection Panes |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
4.2.6 Statistic Draw Styles |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
4.2.7 Statistic Collection Modes |
|
|
76 | (2) |
|
4.2.8 Modifying Statistic Collection Properties |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
4.3 Configuring and Running a Simulation |
|
|
79 | (11) |
|
4.3.1 Configure/Run DES Window: Simple Mode |
|
|
80 | (2) |
|
4.3.2 Configure/Run DES Window: Detailed Mode |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
4.3.3 Simulation Sequence Editor |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
4.3.4 Configuring and Executing a Single Simulation Scenario |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
4.3.5 Configuring and Executing Multiple Simulation Scenarios through Manage Scenarios |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
4.3.6 Setting Values for Promoted Attributes |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
4.3.7 Simulation Execution |
|
|
87 | (3) |
|
|
90 | (7) |
|
4.4.1 Source Pane of the Results Browser |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
4.4.2 Results Pane of the Results Browser |
|
|
92 | (2) |
|
4.4.3 Preview and Presentation Panes of the Results Browser |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
4.5 Viewing Simulation Results with the Results Browser |
|
|
97 | (5) |
|
4.5.1 Viewing Simulation Results for the Current Scenario |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
4.5.2 Viewing Simulation Results for a Specific Object in the Network |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
4.5.3 Viewing Simulation Results for Scenarios in This and Other Projects |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
4.5.4 Comparing Simulation Results |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
4.5.5 Adding New Statistics to Existing Graphs |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
4.5.6 Finding Top Results |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
4.5.7 Viewing Results with the Time Controller |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
4.6 Manipulating Analysis Panels |
|
|
102 | (4) |
|
4.6.1 Hiding/Showing Analysis Panels |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
4.6.2 Arranging Analysis Panels |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
4.6.3 Deleting Analysis Panels |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
4.6.4 Converting Panels into Annotation Objects |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
4.6.5 Reloading Analysis Panels with New Results |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
4.7 Advanced Analysis Panel Properties |
|
|
106 | (4) |
|
4.7.1 Panel Area Pop-Up Menu |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
4.7.2 Graph Area Pop-Up Menu |
|
|
108 | (2) |
|
|
110 | (5) |
|
4.8.1 Discrete Event Simulation Tab |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (3) |
Chapter 5 Standard Applications |
|
115 | (38) |
|
5.1 Modeling Traffic Sources in OPNET |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
5.2 Types of Traffic Source Models in OPNET |
|
|
115 | (3) |
|
5.2.1 Explicit Traffic Models |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
5.2.2 Background Traffic Models |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
5.2.3 Hybrid Traffic Models |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
5.3 Including Applications in a Simulation Model |
|
|
118 | (6) |
|
5.3.1 Application Config Utility Object |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
5.3.2 Configuring Standard Applications |
|
|
122 | (2) |
|
5.4 Description of Standard Applications |
|
|
124 | (16) |
|
|
124 | (3) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
128 | (1) |
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|
129 | (4) |
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|
133 | (1) |
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|
134 | (1) |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
136 | (4) |
|
5.5 Using Symbolic Node Names |
|
|
140 | (3) |
|
5.5.1 Manually Configuring an Application's Source Preferences |
|
|
140 | (2) |
|
5.5.2 Manually Configuring an Application's Destination Preferences |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
5.6 Application Statistics |
|
|
143 | (10) |
Chapter 6 Advanced Traffic Generation Features |
|
153 | (36) |
|
6.1 Introduction to Custom Applications |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
6.2 Configuring Tasks and Phases for Custom Applications |
|
|
156 | (10) |
|
6.2.1 Task Config Utility Object |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
6.2.2 Specifying Task Definitions |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
6.2.3 Specifying Phase Configurations |
|
|
158 | (7) |
|
6.2.4 Summary: Configuring Tasks for Custom Applications |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
6.3 Defining Custom Applications in OPNET |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
6.4 Example of Configuring Custom Applications in OPNET |
|
|
168 | (4) |
|
6.5 Explicit Packet Generation Sources |
|
|
172 | (3) |
|
6.6 Application Demands and Traffic Flows |
|
|
175 | (7) |
|
6.6.1 Application Demands |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
6.6.2 Traffic Flow Demands |
|
|
177 | (3) |
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
6.7 Custom Application Statistics |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
6.8 Statistics for Application and Traffic Demands |
|
|
183 | (5) |
|
6.9 Statistics for Explicit Packet Generation Sources and Baseline Loads |
|
|
188 | (1) |
Chapter 7 Specifying User Profiles and Deploying Applications |
|
189 | (34) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
7.2 Specifying User Profiles |
|
|
189 | (11) |
|
7.2.1 Profile Config Utility Object |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
7.2.2 Defining a User Profile |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
7.2.3 An Example of a Simple User Profile |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
7.2.4 Configuring Application Behavior within a Profile |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
7.2.5 Application Behavior Attributes |
|
|
194 | (4) |
|
7.2.6 Profile Behavior Attributes |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
7.2.7 Configuring User Profiles |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
7.3 Examples of Configuring User Profiles |
|
|
200 | (5) |
|
7.4 Using the Application Deployment Wizard for Deploying User Profiles |
|
|
205 | (9) |
|
7.4.1 Network Tree Browser Panel |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
7.4.2 Application Deployment Hints Panel |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
7.4.3 Dialog Box Controls Panel |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
7.4.4 Application Deployment Operations Panel |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
7.4.5 Deploy Applications Option |
|
|
209 | (3) |
|
7.4.6 Edit Destination Preferences Option |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
7.4.7 Edit LAN Configuration Option |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
7.4.8 Clearing Application Deployment |
|
|
213 | (1) |
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7.5 Deploying User Profiles without Application Deployment Wizard |
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214 | (5) |
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7.5.1 Configuring Client Nodes |
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214 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Configuring Server Nodes |
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215 | (2) |
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7.5.3 Specifying Destination Preferences |
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217 | (1) |
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7.5.4 Specifying Number of Clients in a LAN Object |
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217 | (1) |
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7.5.5 Specifying the Transport Protocol Used by an Application |
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218 | (1) |
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7.6 Common Mistakes in Profile Configuration and Application Deployment |
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219 | (4) |
Chapter 8 Transport Layer: TCP and UDP Protocols |
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223 | (12) |
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223 | (1) |
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8.2 Supported TCP Features |
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224 | (3) |
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8.3 TCP Configuration Attributes |
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227 | (3) |
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8.4 Common Transport Layer Statistics |
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230 | (5) |
Chapter 9 Network Layer: Introduction to the IP Protocol |
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235 | (36) |
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235 | (1) |
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9.2 Basic IP Configuration Attributes |
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236 | (8) |
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9.2.1 Basic IP Configuration Attributes of an End Node Model |
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236 | (3) |
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9.2.2 Basic IP Configuration Attributes of a Core Node |
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239 | (5) |
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9.3 Managing IP Addresses |
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244 | (7) |
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9.3.1 IP Addresses and Masks |
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244 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Identifying Names of Interfaces Attached to a Link |
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245 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Common Mistakes in IP Address Configuration |
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246 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Auto-Assignment of IP Addresses |
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247 | (2) |
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9.3.5 Clearing IP Address Assignment |
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249 | (1) |
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9.3.6 Identifying Interface with a Specified IP Address |
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250 | (1) |
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9.3.7 Exporting IP Address Allocation |
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251 | (1) |
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9.4 Configuring Other IP Features |
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251 | (7) |
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252 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Basic Configuration of Routing Protocols |
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253 | (2) |
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9.4.3 Configuring Different Types of IP Interfaces |
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255 | (2) |
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9.4.4 Configuring IP Load Balancing |
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257 | (1) |
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9.5 Internet Control Message Protocol |
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258 | (5) |
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9.5.1 Specifying Ping Patterns |
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258 | (2) |
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9.5.2 Deploying IP Ping Demands with the ip_ping_traffic Object |
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260 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Deploying IP Ping Demands Using the Protocols Menu |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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9.6 Common IP Statistics, Tables, and Reports |
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263 | (8) |
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263 | (1) |
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9.6.2 Visualization and Configuration Reports |
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263 | (4) |
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9.6.3 Viewing Forwarding and Routing Tables |
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267 | (4) |
Chapter 10 Advanced IP Protocol Features |
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271 | (50) |
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10.1 Network Address Translation (NAT) |
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271 | (7) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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10.1.3 Specifying Address Pools |
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273 | (2) |
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10.1.4 Specifying Translation Rules |
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275 | (1) |
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10.1.5 Deploying Translation Rules on Gateway Interfaces |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (12) |
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10.2.1 IP Multicast Features Supported in OPNET |
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278 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Overview of Steps for Deploying IP Multicast Traffic |
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279 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Defining Multicast Traffic |
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279 | (2) |
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10.2.4 Configuring Source Nodes |
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281 | (1) |
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10.2.5 Configuring Destination Nodes |
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282 | (2) |
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10.2.6 Configuring Router Nodes |
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284 | (5) |
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10.2.6.1 Static-RP Mechanism |
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285 | (1) |
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10.2.6.2 Auto-RP Mechanism |
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286 | (2) |
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10.2.6.3 Bootstrap Mechanism |
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288 | (1) |
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10.2.7 Other Multicast Configuration Parameters |
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289 | (1) |
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10.2.8 Multicast Statistics and Reports |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (9) |
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10.3.1 Overview of Supported IPv6 Features |
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290 | (3) |
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293 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Configuring Traffic for IPv6 Networks |
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295 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Other IPv6 Options |
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296 | (2) |
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10.3.5 IPv6 Statistics and Other Performance Evaluation Options |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (22) |
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10.4.1 Specifying Global QoS Profiles |
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301 | (8) |
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10.4.1.1 Committed Access Rate Profiles |
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302 | (1) |
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10.4.1.2 Custom Queuing Scheduler |
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303 | (2) |
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10.4.1.3 RED and WRED Configuration |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (1) |
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10.4.1.5 MWRR/MDRR/DWRR Profiles |
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307 | (2) |
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10.4.1.6 Priority Queuing Profiles |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Specifying Local QoS Profiles |
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309 | (8) |
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10.4.2.1 Traffic Classes and Traffic Policies |
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310 | (3) |
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10.4.2.2 WFQ/DWFQ Profiles |
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313 | (1) |
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10.4.2.3 Priority Queue Profiles and Custom Queue Profiles |
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314 | (1) |
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10.4.2.4 MDRR Profiles and DWRR Profiles |
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315 | (1) |
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10.4.2.5 Policer Profiles |
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315 | (1) |
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10.4.2.6 RED/WRED Profiles |
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316 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Deploying Defined QoS Profiles on an Interface |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (1) |
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10.4.5 QoS-Related Statistics |
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320 | (1) |
Chapter 11 Network Layer: Routing |
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321 | (34) |
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321 | (5) |
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11.1.1 Deploying Routing Protocols in a Simulated Network |
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322 | (3) |
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11.1.2 Configuring Routing Protocol Attributes |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (8) |
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11.2.1 Introduction to RIP |
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326 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Local RIP Configuration Attributes |
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328 | (2) |
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11.2.3 RIP Interface-Specific Configuration Attributes |
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330 | (2) |
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11.2.4 Configuring RIP Start Time |
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332 | (1) |
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11.2.5 RIP Simulation Efficiency Mode |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (14) |
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11.3.1 Introduction to OSPF |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Configuring OSPF Processes |
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336 | (3) |
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11.3.4 Specifying OSPF Configuration on Router Interfaces |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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11.3.6 Configuring Link Costs for OSPF Routing |
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340 | (3) |
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11.3.7 Configuring OSPF Timers |
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343 | (2) |
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11.3.8 Configuring OSPF Areas |
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345 | (1) |
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11.3.9 Configuring OSPF Area Border Routers |
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346 | (1) |
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11.3.10 Configure the OSPF Start Time |
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347 | (1) |
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11.3.11 OSPF Simulation Efficiency Mode |
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347 | (1) |
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11.4 Common Routing Statistics |
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348 | (3) |
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11.5 Viewing Routing Tables |
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|
351 | (4) |
Chapter 12 Data Link and Physical Layers |
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355 | (32) |
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355 | (1) |
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12.2 Deploying and Configuring Simulation Models with Data Link Layer Technologies |
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356 | (1) |
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12.3 Link Model Attributes and Statistics |
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|
356 | (2) |
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|
358 | (2) |
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360 | (3) |
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363 | (7) |
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12.6.1 WLAN Configuration Attributes |
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|
364 | (6) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (5) |
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12.8 Specifying Node Mobility |
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375 | (5) |
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12.8.1 Defining a Node Trajectory |
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|
376 | (3) |
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12.8.2 Configuring a Mobility Profile |
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379 | (1) |
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12.9 Using the Wireless Deployment Wizard |
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|
380 | (7) |
Laboratory Assignment #1: Introduction to OPNET |
|
387 | (8) |
Laboratory Assignment #2: Simple Capacity Planning |
|
395 | (4) |
Laboratory Assignment #3: Introduction to Standard Applications |
|
399 | (6) |
Laboratory Assignment #4: HTTP Performance |
|
405 | (6) |
Laboratory Assignment #5: Modeling Custom Applications |
|
411 | (8) |
Laboratory Assignment #6: Influence of the Maximum Transmission Unit on Application Performance |
|
419 | (6) |
Laboratory Assignment #7: Transport Protocols: TCP versus UDP |
|
425 | (6) |
Laboratory Assignment #8: TCP Features |
|
431 | (8) |
Laboratory Assignment #9: IP Addressing and Network Address Translation |
|
439 | (8) |
Laboratory Assignment #10: Providing Quality of Service Support |
|
447 | (8) |
Laboratory Assignment #11: Routing with RIP |
|
455 | (4) |
Laboratory Assignment #12: Routing with OSPF |
|
459 | (6) |
Laboratory Assignment #13: Ethernet |
|
465 | (8) |
Laboratory Assignment #14: Wireless Communication |
|
473 | (8) |
Index |
|
481 | |