| About the Author |
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xxi | |
| Preface |
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xxiii | |
| Acknowledgment |
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xxv | |
| Introduction |
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xxvii | |
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1 Rubber---A Miracle Material |
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1 | (8) |
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Rubber, an Elastic Concept |
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1 | (1) |
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On Icy Roads and in Ablative Flame |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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Saturation and Unsaturation |
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2 | (1) |
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Hardening and Softening Degradations |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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The Origin of Polymer Science |
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3 | (1) |
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The Polymerization Process |
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4 | (1) |
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Crystalline and Amorphous States |
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4 | (1) |
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Development in Synthetic Rubbers |
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4 | (1) |
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Vulcanization, Accelerators, and Nitric Acid |
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4 | (1) |
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Rubber Compounding Technology |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Anticorrosive Rubber Lining Technology |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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2 Rubber for Corrosion Protection |
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9 | (12) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Types of Rubber Lining Based on Rubbers |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Mercury Cells in the Caustic Soda Industry |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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3 Wear-Resistant Rubbers for Ore and Mining Industries |
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21 | (8) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Wear-Resistant Polyurethane Rubber Sheeting |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Future of Hydraulic Transportation of Solids |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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4 Chemical Resistance of Biopolymers |
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29 | (6) |
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Research and Development in Biopolymers |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Biopolymers Versus Synthetic Polymers |
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31 | (1) |
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Substitute for Fossil Fuels |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Biodegradation, Compostability, and Recyclability |
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32 | (1) |
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Environmental Impacts---Carbon Neutrality |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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Current Isoprene Technology Versus Green Isoprene Technology |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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5 Corrosion Resistance of Fluoropolymers |
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35 | (8) |
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The Difference Between FPM, FKM, and Viton |
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36 | (1) |
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Chemical Resistance of Fluororubbers |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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Blends With Other Polymers |
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36 | (2) |
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Pharmaceutical Processing Equipment |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene |
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39 | (1) |
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Polyvinylidene Difluoride |
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39 | (1) |
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PTFE- and PFA-Lined Pipe and Fittings |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Weathering and Ozone Resistance |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Low-Temperature Resistance |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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6 Rubber Lining for Sea Water Systems |
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43 | (8) |
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Design Considerations in a Sea Water Corrosion Protecting System |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Surface Preparation Methods |
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45 | (1) |
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Specific Corrosion Protection Measures |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Trash Rack and Traveling Water Screens |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Condenser Tubes and Tube Sheets |
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47 | (1) |
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Piping, Pumps, and Heat Exchangers |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Corrosion-Resistant Materials for Sea Water-Based Systems in Nuclear Power Plants |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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7 Rubber Linings for Oilfield Equipment |
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51 | (6) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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Effect of Increasing Molecular Weight |
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53 | (3) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (10) |
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Principles of Vulcanization |
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57 | (1) |
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Different Methods of Vulcanization |
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57 | (2) |
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Sulfur and Sulfurless Vulcanization |
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59 | (1) |
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Vulcanization With Peroxides |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Effect of Temperature on Curing Time |
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60 | (1) |
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Effects of Thermal Stability |
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60 | (1) |
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Techniques of Vulcanization |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Continuous Vulcanization System |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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Cure With High-Energy Radiation |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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Control of Production Cures |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Common Defects in Vulcanizates |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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9 Rubber Lining for Nuclear Equipment |
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67 | (6) |
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Radiation Environment and Upgradation of Rubber Compounds |
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67 | (1) |
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Acceptance Criteria of Radiation-Resistant Rubber Compounds |
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67 | (1) |
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Aging by Radiation and Heat |
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67 | (1) |
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Rubber Lining of Tanks and Pipes |
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68 | (1) |
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Recommendations for System Components in the Nuclear Plant |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Teflon (Polytetrafluoroethylene) |
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69 | (1) |
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Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Monomer |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Synergy Effects Between Radiation and Heat |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Water Treatment Plant Installed in Nuclear Installations |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Selecting Elastomers for Nuclear Plant Applications |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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10 Rubber Lining for a Sulfur Dioxide Scrubbing System |
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73 | (4) |
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Sulfur Dioxide Corrosion and Atmospheric Pollution |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Methods of Fuel or Flue-Gas Purification |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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11 Raw Materials for Rubber Lining Compounds |
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77 | (10) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (3) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Butyl Rubber (Isobutylene Isoprene Rubber---IIR) |
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78 | (1) |
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Ethylene-Propylene Rubber |
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79 | (1) |
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Chloroprene Rubber (Neoprene) |
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79 | (1) |
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Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubbers (Hypalon) |
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79 | (1) |
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Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubbers (Nitrile) |
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79 | (1) |
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Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (1) |
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Vulcanizing and Curing Agents |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Materials for Reinforcement |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Plasticizers, Softeners, and Extenders |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Antioxidants and Antiozonants |
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85 | (1) |
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Adhesives and Bonding Agents |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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12 Rubbers Mostly Used in Process Equipment Lining |
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87 | (16) |
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87 | (1) |
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Compounding Neoprene for Tank Lining |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Compounding Hypalon for Tank Lining |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (2) |
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Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer Rubber |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (4) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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13 Compounding Rubbers for Lining Applications |
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103 | (12) |
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Design of Compound Formulations |
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104 | (3) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Sticking to the Mill Rollers |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Resistance to Flex Cracking and Fatigue |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Resistance to Gas Permeation |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Processing Characteristics |
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107 | (3) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Silica and Carbon-Filled Butyl Rubber Vulcanizates |
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110 | (1) |
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Compounding Elastomers of Low Cure Functionality |
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111 | (3) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Chemical Reaction of Polymers |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Resistance to Hydrogen Sulfide |
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113 | (1) |
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Epoxidation by Hypochlorous Acid |
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113 | (1) |
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Hydrochlorination of Rubbers |
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113 | (1) |
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Heat Evolution During Vulcanization of Ebonites |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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14 Technoeconomic Aspects of Nonrubber Linings---Glass, FRP, and Lead |
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115 | (14) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Development of Industrial Glass Lining |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Manufacture of Glass/Enamel |
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117 | (1) |
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Application of the Enamel |
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117 | (1) |
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Firing or Curing of Glass |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Precautions to be Taken With Glass-Lined Equipment |
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118 | (1) |
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Industrial Applications of Glass-Lined Equipment |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Absence of Catalytic Effect |
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119 | (1) |
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Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Lining |
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119 | (4) |
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120 | (1) |
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FRP---A Potentially Advantageous Material |
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120 | (1) |
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Resins Used in the Manufacturing Process |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (4) |
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Lead for Radiation Protection |
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124 | (1) |
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Properties of Lead for Radiation Shielding |
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124 | (1) |
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Attenuation of Neutron Particles |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Lead Lining Application Procedure |
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125 | (1) |
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Design of Vessels and Equipment |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Design of Lining |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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15 Manufacturing Rubber Sheets and Application Procedures |
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129 | (14) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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Design and Fabrication of Lining Supports |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Application of Calendered Sheet |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Rubber Lining of Large Storage Tanks |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Procedure of Tank Inspection Before Lining |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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Storage of Rubber-Lined Pipes |
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140 | (1) |
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Surface Preparation for Rubber Lining |
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140 | (1) |
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Methods of Surface Preparation |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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16 Adhesive Formulations for Rubber-to-Metal Bonding Systems |
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143 | (8) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Chemical-Bonding Technique |
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144 | (1) |
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Facts of a Rubber/Metal Bond |
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145 | (1) |
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Selection of Bonding Agent |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Application of Bonding Agents |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Method of Manufacture of Adhesive Cements |
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146 | (1) |
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Adhesive Formulations for Rubber Lining |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
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17 General Rubber Lining Guidelines |
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151 | (8) |
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151 | (1) |
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Primer Coat and Adhesive Coat |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Repairs to Rubber-Lined Equipment |
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152 | (1) |
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Lining Life of Rubber Linings in Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite) Service |
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153 | (1) |
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Hydrochloric Acid and Tank Linings |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Application of the Lining |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Using Vessel as an Autoclave |
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156 | (1) |
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Atmospheric or Exhaust Steam Curing |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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18 Fabrication of Equipment for Rubber Lining Suitability |
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159 | (6) |
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159 | (1) |
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Tanks and Accessories and Fittings |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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Equipment in Dynamic Service |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (3) |
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Metal Defects Detrimental to Rubber Lining |
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164 | (1) |
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19 Testing of Rubber Lining |
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165 | (8) |
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Generally Conducted Tests on Rubber/Plastics |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Carbon Black in Olefin Plastic |
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166 | (1) |
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Compression Set Under Constant Deflection |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Deflection Temperature Under Load |
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166 | (1) |
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Density and Specific Gravity |
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166 | (1) |
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Durometer Hardness (Shore Hardness) |
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166 | (1) |
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Interrelationship of Rubber Properties |
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167 | (1) |
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Differential Scanning Calorimeter |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Surface Resistivity and Volume Resistivity |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Thermogravimetric Analysis |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Visual Check on Rubber Lining |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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The Principle of the Spark Tester |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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20 Specifications and Codes of Practice |
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173 | (6) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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21 Some Typical Process Conditions in Chemical Industries |
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179 | (4) |
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179 | (4) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Typical Chemical Process Conditions |
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180 | (1) |
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Digesters in the Bauxite Ore Industry |
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180 | (1) |
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Filter Drum in Sulfamic Acid Manufacture |
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180 | (1) |
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Agitators Handling Abrasive Slurries in Acids |
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181 | (1) |
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Impellers in Phosphatic Fertilizer Plants |
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181 | (1) |
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Ebonite Brine Filters in the Caustic Soda Industry |
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181 | (1) |
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Clarifiers in a Caustic Soda Plant |
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181 | (1) |
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Runners in a Fertilizer Plant |
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181 | (1) |
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Phosphoric Acid Attack Tank in a Fertilizer Plant |
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181 | (1) |
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Dryer Scrubbers in Fertilizer Plants |
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182 | (1) |
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Brine Dechlorination Tank in the Caustic Soda Industry |
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182 | (1) |
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Slurry Handling Buckets in the Cement Industry |
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182 | (1) |
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Road Tanker for Phosphoric Acid Transportation |
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182 | (1) |
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22 Aging, Service Life, and Prediction |
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183 | (8) |
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Suggested Materials for Improving the Aging of Rubber Vulcanizates |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (4) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Predicting Life of Lining |
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187 | (1) |
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Hydrochloric Acid Tank Lining Life |
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187 | (1) |
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Residual Life of Natural Rubber Lining in a Phosphoric Acid Storage Tank Installed in a Port Terminal |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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23 Failure Analysis Methodology |
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191 | (8) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (5) |
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192 | (1) |
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Environmental Stress Cracking |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Failure Caused by Ultraviolet Degradation |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Maintenance of Rubber-Lined Vessels |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Storage of Rubber-Lined Equipment |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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24 Implications of Forensic Engineering on Rubber Lining |
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199 | (6) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Chlorine-Induced Cracking |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Agitator Blades Failure in a Magnesium Pilot Plant |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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25 Basic Chemical-Resistant Ebonite Formulations |
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205 | (4) |
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26 Practical Corrosion-Resistant Rubber Formulations |
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209 | (8) |
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27 Infrastructure for Setting up a Rubber Lining Shop |
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217 | (4) |
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Methane and Carbon Dioxide Capture |
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|
217 | (1) |
|
High Market Potential for Anticorrosive Rubber Lining |
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|
217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
|
Prevulcanized Sheet Manufacturing Plant |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
|
Auxiliary Services Infrastructure |
|
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (8) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
|
Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster |
|
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
|
Ammonium Nitrate Explosion |
|
|
223 | (1) |
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|
224 | (1) |
|
Leakage in Loose Hose Flange Connection |
|
|
224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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|
225 | (1) |
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|
225 | (1) |
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|
|
225 | (1) |
|
Compounding Development for Flue-Gas Desulfurizing System |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Wrong Selection of Curing Method |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
|
227 | (2) |
| Appendix I |
|
229 | (2) |
| Appendix II |
|
231 | (2) |
| Appendix III |
|
233 | (2) |
| Appendix IV |
|
235 | (2) |
| Appendix V |
|
237 | (2) |
| Appendix VI |
|
239 | (2) |
| Appendix VII |
|
241 | (2) |
| Appendix VIII |
|
243 | (2) |
| Appendix IX |
|
245 | (2) |
| Appendix X |
|
247 | (4) |
| Bibliography |
|
251 | (2) |
| Glossary of Terms |
|
253 | (8) |
| Index |
|
261 | |
