1 The Thermal Field of the Earth |
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1 | (98) |
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1.1 Hypotheses Concerning the Origin of the Solar System Throughout History |
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1 | (18) |
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1.1.1 Formation of Star Systems and Planets |
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3 | (4) |
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1.1.2 Temperatures in the Protoplanetary Disks |
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7 | (7) |
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1.1.3 History of Geothermics |
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14 | (5) |
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1.2 Sources of Thermal Energy in the Earth's Interior |
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19 | (7) |
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1.3 Initial Surface Temperature of the Earth |
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26 | (2) |
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1.4 Heat Flow from the Sun and Heat Radiation |
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28 | (7) |
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35 | (5) |
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1.5.1 Conductivity Contrasts |
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36 | (3) |
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1.5.2 Effect of Non-uniform Surface Temperature on Temperature Profiles |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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1.7 Regional Patterns of Heat Flow |
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41 | (28) |
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1.7.1 Seismic Velocity and Heat Production |
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46 | (2) |
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1.7.2 Changes in Radioactivity with Depth |
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48 | (3) |
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1.7.3 Heat Flow and Geological Age |
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51 | (6) |
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1.7.4 Heat Generation and Geological Age |
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57 | (9) |
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66 | (2) |
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1.7.6 Temperature Distribution Inside the Earth |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (6) |
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75 | (24) |
2 Thermal Properties of Rocks and Density of Fluids |
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99 | (52) |
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99 | (6) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (2) |
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2.4 Melting Points of Rocks and Minerals |
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108 | (4) |
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2.5 Effect of Thermal Anisotropy |
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112 | (1) |
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2.6 Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the Thermal Properties of Rocks and Minerals |
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113 | (5) |
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2.7 The Impact of High Pressures and Temperatures on Fluid Density in a Porous Space Within Rocks and Rock Layers |
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118 | (19) |
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2.8 Density of Fluids in the Early Earth Atmosphere |
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137 | (5) |
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142 | (9) |
3 Methods of Thermal Field Measurements |
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151 | (10) |
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3.1 Different Methods of Thermal Field Measurements |
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151 | (1) |
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3.2 The Use of Thermistors and Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors |
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151 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors |
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152 | (1) |
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3.3 Measurements in Wells |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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3.5 Space Infrared Measurements |
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155 | (1) |
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3.6 Near-Surface Thermal Measurements |
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156 | (2) |
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3.7 Measurements in Mines and Tunnels |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (3) |
4 Temperature Anomalies Associated with Some Natural Phenomena |
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161 | (78) |
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4.1 Thermal Waters, Hot Springs, Geysers and Fumaroles |
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162 | (23) |
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4.1.1 Key Definitions of Hydrogeology and Related Characteristics |
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163 | (3) |
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166 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Hot Springs, Geysers, Fumaroles |
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167 | (15) |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (16) |
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201 | (10) |
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4.4 Formation of Overpressures and Ultrahigh Pressures in the Earth's Strata |
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211 | (13) |
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224 | (15) |
5 The Thermal Regime of Permafrost Regions |
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239 | (30) |
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5.1 The Temperature of Frozen Rocks |
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239 | (2) |
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5.2 Changes in the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Formations at Thawing |
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241 | (8) |
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5.3 Thickness and Dynamics of the Permafrost |
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249 | (3) |
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5.4 Results of Long Term Temperature Surveys |
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252 | (3) |
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5.5 Climate Change and the Temperature Regime of Permafrost |
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255 | (11) |
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5.5.1 Forecasting Climate Change and the Permafrost Thickness for Central Yakutia |
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255 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Characteristics of Global Warming in Central Yakutia |
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256 | (5) |
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5.5.3 Recent Warming of the Permafrost in Alaska |
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261 | (5) |
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266 | (3) |
6 Investigating Deep Lithospheric Structures |
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269 | (124) |
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6.1 The Formation and Evolution of the Magma-Ocean |
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270 | (5) |
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6.2 The Early Earth's Atmosphere and the Cooling of the Earth |
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275 | (17) |
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6.3 The Thermal Regime During Early Lithosphere Formation |
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292 | (4) |
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6.4 Markers of Thermal Conditions Within the Lithosphere During Its Evolution |
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296 | (22) |
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6.5 Dynamic Interactions of the Asthenosphere and the Lithosphere |
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318 | (5) |
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6.6 Reflecting the Earth's Crust Structure in the Thermal Field |
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323 | (8) |
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6.7 Computing the Curie Discontinuity Depth |
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331 | (6) |
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6.8 Role of the Thermal Regime in Fold Formation in Sedimentary Strata |
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337 | (7) |
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6.9 The Thermodynamic Regime and Its Influence on Tectonic Processes |
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344 | (22) |
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366 | (27) |
7 Interpretation of Thermal Measurements |
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393 | (84) |
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7.1 Development of a Geothermal Model |
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396 | (8) |
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7.2 Methods of Geothermal Regime Analysis |
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404 | (14) |
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7.3 Calculation of Horizontal and Vertical Gradients |
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418 | (8) |
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7.4 Heat Absorption in the Earth's Strata |
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426 | (20) |
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7.4.1 Formal Theory of Heat Absorption in Layers of Crust |
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441 | (5) |
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7.5 Quantitative Interpretation of Temperature Anomalies |
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446 | (10) |
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7.5.1 Typical Features of Gravitational, Magnetic and Temperature Anomalies |
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446 | (2) |
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7.5.2 Brief Description of the Methods Employed for Quantitative Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies in Complex Conditions |
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448 | (8) |
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7.6 Investigation of Strongly Nonlinear Thermal Sources |
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456 | (7) |
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7.6.1 Nonlinear Effects in Geophysics and Thermal Processes in the Earth |
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456 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Problem Definition and Discussion |
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457 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Transition Waves and Their Definitions |
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458 | (4) |
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7.6.4 Some Applications of this Approach |
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462 | (1) |
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7.7 Thermal Anomalies as Precursors of Dangerous Geodynamic Events |
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463 | (5) |
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7.7.1 Mathematical Models of Strongly Nonlinear Geophysical Phenomena |
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464 | (2) |
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7.7.2 Thermal Precursors of Earthquakes |
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466 | (2) |
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468 | (9) |
8 Temperature Investigations in the Petroleum Industry |
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477 | (116) |
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8.1 Wellbore and Formation Temperatures During Drilling |
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477 | (49) |
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8.1.1 Heat Exchange in the Wellbore-Formation System |
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477 | (14) |
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8.1.2 Downhole Circulating Mud Temperature |
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491 | (16) |
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8.1.3 Drilling Fluid Densities at High Temperatures and Pressures |
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507 | (3) |
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8.1.4 Hydrostatic Mud Pressure |
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510 | (9) |
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8.1.5 Drilling Through Hydrates |
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519 | (7) |
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8.2 Wellbore and Formation Temperatures During Shut-In |
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526 | (18) |
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8.2.1 Calculating the Downhole Shut-In Temperatures |
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526 | (4) |
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8.2.2 Prediction of Formation Temperatures |
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530 | (6) |
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8.2.3 Temperature Distribution in Formations |
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536 | (2) |
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8.2.4 Calculating the Formation Temperature from BHT Logs |
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538 | (6) |
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544 | (26) |
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8.3.1 Low and High Temperature Permafrost |
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544 | (4) |
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8.3.2 Temperature Distribution and the Radius of Thermal Influence |
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548 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Radius of Thawing Around a Production or Injection Well |
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549 | (7) |
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8.3.4 Time of Complete Freezback |
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556 | (3) |
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8.3.5 Prediction of Formation Temperatures: Field Cases |
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559 | (11) |
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8.4 Cementing of Casing: Cement Heat Generation |
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570 | (17) |
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8.4.1 Strength and Thickening Time of Cement |
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570 | (5) |
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8.4.2 Rate of Heat Generation Versus Time |
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575 | (3) |
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8.4.3 Hydration Test Data and Field Data |
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578 | (2) |
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8.4.4 Temperature Increase at Cement Hydration |
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580 | (2) |
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8.4.5 Size of the Annulus |
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582 | (3) |
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8.4.6 Thermal Properties and Temperature of Formations |
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585 | (1) |
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8.4.7 Radius of Thermal Influence at Cementing |
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585 | (2) |
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587 | (6) |
9 Temperature Analyses in Hydrology |
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593 | (26) |
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9.1 The Horner Method and Its Modifications (Permeability and Skin Factor) |
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595 | (5) |
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9.1.1 Effect of Vertical and Horizontal Water Movements on Temperature Profiles |
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595 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Application of the Horner Method |
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596 | (4) |
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9.2 Temperature Profiles in Water Injection and Production Wells |
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600 | (4) |
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9.2.1 Overall Coefficient of Heat Loss |
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601 | (2) |
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9.2.2 Example of a Calculation |
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603 | (1) |
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9.3 Monitoring Water Reserves |
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604 | (11) |
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615 | (4) |
10 Near-Surface Temperature Measurements |
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619 | (36) |
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10.1 General Introduction |
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619 | (3) |
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10.2 Calculation of Temporary Variations |
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622 | (1) |
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10.3 Calculation of Terrain Relief Influence |
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623 | (1) |
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10.4 Quantitative Interpretation |
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624 | (1) |
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10.5 Prospecting of Hard Economic Minerals |
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625 | (9) |
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10.5.1 Surface Measurements |
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625 | (3) |
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10.5.2 Prospecting of Hard Economic Minerals in Mines |
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628 | (6) |
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10.6 Prospecting for Oil and Gas Deposits |
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634 | (4) |
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10.7 Delineation of Archaeological Features |
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638 | (5) |
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10.7.1 Some Precursors of NSTM |
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638 | (2) |
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10.7.2 Examples of Quantitative Analysis of Temperature Anomalies Observed Over Archeological Features |
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640 | (1) |
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10.7.3 Temperature Field Modeling by Mathematical Analogy to the Magnetic Field |
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641 | (2) |
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10.8 Mapping Underground Caves |
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643 | (1) |
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10.9 Mapping Karst Terranes |
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643 | (2) |
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645 | (5) |
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10.10.1 Environmental and Engineering Investigations in Deep Tunnels |
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645 | (1) |
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10.10.2 Delineation of a Flowing Landslide |
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646 | (1) |
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10.10.3 Submarine Spring Mapping |
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647 | (2) |
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10.10.4 Monitoring Metallurgical Slag |
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649 | (1) |
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10.11 Future Trends in Near-Surface Thermics |
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650 | (1) |
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651 | (4) |
11 Paleoclimate and Present Climate Warming Trends |
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655 | (40) |
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11.1 Glaciations as a Strongly Nonlinear Phenomenon |
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657 | (2) |
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11.2 Studying Recent Paleoclimatic Changes |
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659 | (14) |
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11.2.1 Ground Surface Temperature Histories |
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659 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Introduction to the Problem |
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661 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Climate Reconstruction Methods: Some Typical Disturbances and Restrictions |
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661 | (2) |
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11.2.4 Mathematical Models and Assumptions |
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663 | (3) |
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11.2.5 EXample of Calculations |
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666 | (2) |
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668 | (2) |
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11.2.7 Calculation of Warming Rates |
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670 | (3) |
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11.3 Sea Level Changes and Paleoclimate |
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673 | (6) |
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11.3.1 "Heat Island Effect" and Its Influence on Subsurface Temperature |
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674 | (1) |
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674 | (3) |
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11.3.3 Example of Calculations |
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677 | (2) |
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11.4 Long and Short Term Monitoring of Subsurface Temperatures in Observational Wells |
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679 | (11) |
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679 | (1) |
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11.4.2 A Simple Method of Temperature and Gradient Evaluation |
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679 | (2) |
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11.4.3 Application of the γ-Function |
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681 | (2) |
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683 | (1) |
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11.4.5 Results of Computations |
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683 | (7) |
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690 | (5) |
12 Influence of Temperature Changes to Other Fields |
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695 | (14) |
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12.1 Correlations Between Temperature and Other Physical Parameters |
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695 | (12) |
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12.1.1 Correlations Between Various Geothermal Parameters and Environments |
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695 | (4) |
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12.1.2 Thermal and Density Properties |
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699 | (1) |
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12.1.3 Temperature and Electric Properties |
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700 | (2) |
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12.1.4 Temperature and Seismic Velocities |
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702 | (2) |
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12.1.5 Temperature and Magnetic Properties |
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704 | (1) |
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12.1.6 Temperature and Electromagnetic Properties |
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704 | (1) |
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12.1.7 Temperature and Radon Anomalies |
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705 | (1) |
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12.1.8 Temperature and Induced Polarization |
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706 | (1) |
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12.1.9 Temperature and the Self-Potential Field |
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706 | (1) |
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707 | (2) |
13 Integration of Thermal Observations with Other Geophysical Methods |
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709 | (24) |
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13.1 Theoretical Preferences for Integration |
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709 | (1) |
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13.2 Types of Integration Methodologies |
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710 | (13) |
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13.2.1 Conventional Integration |
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711 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Integration on the Basis of Information Theory |
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712 | (11) |
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13.2.3 Multimodel Approach to Geophysical Data Analysis |
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723 | (1) |
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723 | (7) |
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13.3.1 Integrated Geophysical Investigations of Areas of the Saatly Super-Deep Borehole |
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723 | (2) |
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13.3.2 Integrated Thermal-Gravity-VLF Investigations in Ore Geophysics |
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725 | (3) |
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13.3.3 Integrated Thermal-Gravity-Magnetic Investigations in Oil and Gas Geophysics |
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728 | (2) |
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13.3.4 Integrated Delineation of Ring Structures in Israel and the Easternmost Mediterranean |
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730 | (1) |
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730 | (3) |
Biographies of the Authors |
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733 | (2) |
Appendix A: Computing Water Flow Geodynamics in Stratified Liquids |
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735 | (4) |
Appendix B: Water Production Using the Air-Cooling Method |
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739 | (6) |
Index |
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745 | |