Preface |
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xi | |
About the authors |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xv | |
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Part 1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK |
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1 | (20) |
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1 The IASB and its Conceptual Framework |
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3 | (18) |
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1.1 The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) |
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4 | (2) |
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1.2 The purpose of a conceptual framework |
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6 | (2) |
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1.3 Qualitative characteristics of useful financial information |
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8 | (2) |
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1.4 Going concern assumption |
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10 | (1) |
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1.5 Definition of elements in financial statements |
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10 | (3) |
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1.6 Recognition of elements of financial statements |
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13 | (1) |
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1.7 Measurement of the elements of financial statements |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (6) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (640) |
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2 Shareholders' equity: share capital and reserves |
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23 | (44) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (4) |
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2.3 Key features of the corporate structure |
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29 | (1) |
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2.4 Different forms of share capital |
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30 | (1) |
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2.5 Contributed equity: issue of share capital |
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31 | (5) |
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2.6 Contributed equity: subsequent movements in share capital |
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36 | (7) |
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2.7 Share capital: subsequent decreases in share capital |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (4) |
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48 | (19) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (11) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (32) |
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3.1 The need for a standard on fair value measurement |
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68 | (1) |
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3.2 The definition of fair value |
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69 | (4) |
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3.3 Application to non-financial assets |
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73 | (8) |
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3.4 Application to liabilities |
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81 | (4) |
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3.5 Application to measurement of equity instruments |
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85 | (1) |
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3.6 Issues relating to measurement of fair value of financial instruments |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (5) |
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3.8 Some questions about fair value measurement |
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91 | (8) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (40) |
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4.1 Introduction to IAS 18 |
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100 | (1) |
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4.2 The definition of income |
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100 | (1) |
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4.3 The distinction between income and revenue |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (1) |
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4.5 Measurement at fair value |
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103 | (2) |
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4.6 The recognition criteria |
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105 | (7) |
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4.7 Interest, royalties and dividends |
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112 | (1) |
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4.8 Practical examples of applying IAS 18 |
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112 | (5) |
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4.9 Revenue recognition issues in various industries in practice |
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117 | (15) |
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4.10 Interaction between IAS 18 and other standards and interpretations |
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132 | (1) |
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4.11 Disclosure requirements of IAS 18 |
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133 | (1) |
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4.12 Expected future developments |
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133 | (6) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (1) |
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5 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets |
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139 | (30) |
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5.1 Introduction to IAS 37 |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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5.3 Definition of a provision |
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141 | (1) |
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5.4 Distinguishing provisions from other liabilities |
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141 | (1) |
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5.5 Definition of a contingent liability |
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142 | (1) |
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5.6 Distinguishing a contingent liability from a provision |
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142 | (1) |
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5.7 The recognition criteria for provisions |
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142 | (2) |
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5.8 Measurement of provisions |
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144 | (5) |
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5.9 Application of the definitions, recognition and measurement rules |
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149 | (9) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (3) |
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5.12 Comparison between IFRS 3 and IAS 37 in respect of contingent liabilities |
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161 | (1) |
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5.13 Expected future developments |
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162 | (7) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (5) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (46) |
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6.1 The nature of income tax |
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170 | (1) |
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6.2 Differences between accounting profit and taxable profit |
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170 | (3) |
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6.3 Accounting for income taxes |
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173 | (1) |
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6.4 Calculation of current tax |
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174 | (4) |
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6.5 Recognition of current tax |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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6.8 Calculation of deferred tax |
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181 | (7) |
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6.9 Recognition of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets |
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188 | (4) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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6.12 Presentation in the financial statements |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (21) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (13) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (48) |
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7.1 Introduction to IAS 32, IFRS 7, IAS 39 and IFRS 9 |
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216 | (2) |
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7.2 What is a financial instrument? |
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218 | (1) |
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7.3 Financial assets and financial liabilities |
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219 | (1) |
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7.4 Demystifying derivatives |
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220 | (1) |
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7.5 Distinguishing financial liabilities from equity instruments |
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221 | (5) |
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7.6 Compound financial instruments |
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226 | (2) |
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7.7 Interest, dividends, gains and losses |
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228 | (1) |
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7.8 Offsetting a financial asset and a financial liability |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (4) |
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7.10 The scope of IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement |
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233 | (2) |
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7.11 Derivatives and embedded derivatives |
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235 | (2) |
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7.12 The four categories of financial instruments |
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237 | (1) |
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7.13 The recognition criteria |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (9) |
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247 | (7) |
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254 | (2) |
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7.17 Expected future developments |
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256 | (7) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (4) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (24) |
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8.1 Application and scope |
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265 | (1) |
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8.2 Cash-settled and equity-settled share-based payment transactions |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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8.4 Equity-settled share-based payment transactions |
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266 | (3) |
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269 | (3) |
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8.6 Treatment of a reload feature |
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272 | (2) |
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8.7 Modifications to terms and conditions on which equity instruments were granted |
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274 | (2) |
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8.8 Cash-settled share-based payment transactions |
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276 | (4) |
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280 | (7) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (3) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (32) |
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9.1 The nature of inventories |
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288 | (1) |
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9.2 Measurement of inventory upon initial recognition |
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289 | (1) |
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9.3 Determination of cost |
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289 | (4) |
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9.4 Accounting for inventory |
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293 | (3) |
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9.5 End-of-period accounting |
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296 | (4) |
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9.6 Assigning costs to inventory on sale |
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300 | (4) |
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304 | (2) |
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9.8 Recognition as an expense |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (13) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (11) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (36) |
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10.1 Introduction to accounting for employee benefits |
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320 | (1) |
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10.2 Scope and purpose of IAS 19 |
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320 | (1) |
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10.3 Defining employee benefits |
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320 | (1) |
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10.4 Short-term employee benefits |
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320 | (8) |
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10.5 Post-employment benefits |
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328 | (1) |
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10.6 Accounting for defined contribution post-employment plans |
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329 | (1) |
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10.7 Accounting for defined benefit post-employment plans |
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330 | (9) |
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10.8 Other long-term employee benefits |
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339 | (4) |
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10.9 Termination benefits |
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343 | (12) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (8) |
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353 | (2) |
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11 Property, plant and equipment |
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355 | (56) |
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11.1 The nature of property, plant and equipment |
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356 | (1) |
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11.2 Initial recognition of property, plant and equipment |
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357 | (2) |
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11.3 Initial measurement of property, plant and equipment |
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359 | (5) |
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11.4 Measurement subsequent to initial recognition |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (7) |
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11.6 The revaluation model |
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371 | (12) |
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11.7 Choosing between the cost model and the revaluation model |
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383 | (2) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (25) |
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388 | (8) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (13) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (50) |
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412 | (1) |
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12.2 Classification of leases |
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413 | (1) |
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12.3 Classification guidance |
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414 | (5) |
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12.4 Substance over form: incentives to misclassify leases |
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419 | (3) |
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12.5 Accounting for finance leases by lessees |
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422 | (6) |
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12.6 Accounting for finance leases by lessors |
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428 | (5) |
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12.7 Accounting for finance leases by manufacturer or dealer lessors |
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433 | (1) |
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12.8 Accounting for operating leases |
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434 | (5) |
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12.9 Accounting for sale and leaseback transactions |
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439 | (3) |
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12.10 Proposals to change the leasing standard |
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442 | (19) |
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444 | (7) |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (8) |
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460 | (1) |
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461 | (42) |
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13.1 The nature of intangible assets |
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464 | (9) |
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13.2 Recognition and initial measurement |
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473 | (8) |
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13.3 Measurement subsequent to initial recognition |
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481 | (3) |
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13.4 Retirements and disposals |
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484 | (1) |
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484 | (3) |
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13.6 Proposals for changes in accounting for intangible assets |
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487 | (2) |
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13.7 Innovative measures of intangibles |
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489 | (14) |
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491 | (2) |
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493 | (1) |
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493 | (7) |
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500 | (3) |
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503 | (62) |
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14.1 The nature of a business combination |
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504 | (2) |
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14.2 Accounting for a business combination - basic principles |
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506 | (3) |
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14.3 Accounting in the records of the acquirer |
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509 | (1) |
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14.4 Recognition and measurement of assets acquired and liabilities assumed |
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509 | (6) |
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14.5 Goodwill and gain on bargain purchase |
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515 | (12) |
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14.6 Shares acquired in the acquiree |
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527 | (2) |
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14.7 Accounting in the records of the acquiree |
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529 | (3) |
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14.8 Subsequent adjustments to the initial accounting for a business combination |
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532 | (3) |
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14.9 Disclosure - business combinations |
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535 | (30) |
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542 | (7) |
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549 | (1) |
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549 | (14) |
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563 | (2) |
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565 | (48) |
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15.1 Introduction to IAS 36 |
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566 | (1) |
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15.2 When to undertake an impairment test |
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567 | (1) |
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15.3 Impairment test for an individual asset |
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568 | (8) |
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15.4 Cash-generating units - excluding goodwill |
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576 | (6) |
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15.5 Cash-generating units and goodwill |
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582 | (6) |
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15.6 Reversal of an impairment loss |
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588 | (3) |
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591 | (22) |
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595 | (5) |
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600 | (1) |
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600 | (11) |
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611 | (2) |
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16 Accounting for mineral resources |
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613 | (20) |
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16.1 Introduction to IFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources |
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614 | (1) |
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614 | (1) |
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16.3 Recognition of E&E assets |
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615 | (4) |
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16.4 Measurement of E&E assets |
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619 | (2) |
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621 | (2) |
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16.6 Presentation and disclosure |
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623 | (4) |
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627 | (6) |
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629 | (1) |
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629 | (1) |
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630 | (2) |
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632 | (1) |
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633 | (28) |
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17.1 Introduction to IAS 41 |
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634 | (1) |
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17.2 Scope and key definitions |
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634 | (1) |
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17.3 The harvest distinction |
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635 | (1) |
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17.4 The recognition criteria for biological assets and agricultural produce |
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636 | (2) |
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17.5 Measurement at fair value |
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638 | (7) |
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17.6 Practical implementation issues with the use of fair value |
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645 | (6) |
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651 | (1) |
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17.8 The interaction between IAS 41 and IAS 16, IAS 40 and IAS 17 |
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652 | (1) |
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17.9 Disclosure requirements |
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653 | (1) |
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17.10 Preparing financial statements when applying IAS 41 |
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654 | (3) |
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17.11 The interaction between IFRS 13 and IAS 41 |
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657 | (4) |
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657 | (1) |
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657 | (1) |
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658 | (2) |
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660 | (1) |
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661 | (150) |
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18 Financial statement presentation |
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663 | (44) |
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18.1 Components of financial statements |
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664 | (1) |
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18.2 General features of financial statements |
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664 | (3) |
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18.3 Statement of financial position |
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667 | (6) |
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18.4 Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income |
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673 | (7) |
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18.5 Statement of changes in equity |
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680 | (2) |
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682 | (3) |
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18.7 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors |
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685 | (6) |
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18.8 Events after the reporting period |
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691 | (16) |
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692 | (1) |
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693 | (1) |
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693 | (13) |
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706 | (1) |
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19 Statement of cash flows |
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707 | (44) |
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19.1 Purpose of a statement of cash flows |
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708 | (1) |
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19.2 Defining cash and cash equivalents |
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708 | (1) |
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19.3 Classifying cash flow activities |
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709 | (2) |
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19.4 Format of the statement of cash flows |
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711 | (2) |
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19.5 Preparing a statement of cash flows |
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713 | (9) |
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722 | (3) |
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19.7 Comprehensive example |
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725 | (8) |
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19.8 Extracts from financial statements |
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733 | (18) |
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735 | (1) |
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735 | (1) |
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735 | (14) |
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749 | (2) |
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751 | (16) |
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752 | (1) |
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20.2 Application and scope |
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753 | (1) |
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20.3 Basic earnings per share |
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753 | (4) |
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20.4 Diluted earnings per share |
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757 | (4) |
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20.5 Retrospective adjustments |
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761 | (1) |
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762 | (5) |
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763 | (1) |
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764 | (1) |
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764 | (2) |
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766 | (1) |
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767 | (32) |
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21.1 Objectives of financial reporting by segments |
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768 | (1) |
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768 | (1) |
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21.3 A controversial standard |
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769 | (1) |
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21.4 Main differences between IAS 14 and IFRS 8 |
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|
770 | (1) |
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21.5 Identifying operating segments |
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771 | (3) |
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21.6 Identifying reportable segments |
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774 | (3) |
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21.7 Applying the definition of reportable segments |
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777 | (1) |
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778 | (4) |
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21.9 Applying the disclosures in practice |
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782 | (17) |
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793 | (1) |
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793 | (1) |
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794 | (3) |
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797 | (2) |
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22 Related party disclosures |
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|
799 | (12) |
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800 | (1) |
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|
800 | (1) |
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22.3 Identifying related parties |
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801 | (3) |
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22.4 Relationships that are not related parties |
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804 | (1) |
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804 | (2) |
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22.6 Government-related entities |
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806 | (5) |
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807 | (1) |
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807 | (1) |
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|
807 | (3) |
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810 | (1) |
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|
811 | (370) |
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23 Consolidation: controlled entities |
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|
813 | (20) |
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23.1 Consolidated financial statements |
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|
814 | (2) |
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23.2 Control as the criterion for consolidation |
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816 | (6) |
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23.3 Preparation of consolidated financial statements |
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|
822 | (1) |
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23.4 Business combinations and consolidation |
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823 | (1) |
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824 | (9) |
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827 | (1) |
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|
827 | (1) |
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|
828 | (5) |
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24 Consolidation: wholly owned subsidiaries |
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833 | (56) |
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24.1 The consolidation process |
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|
834 | (1) |
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24.2 Consolidation worksheets |
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|
835 | (1) |
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24.3 The acquisition analysis |
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|
836 | (3) |
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24.4 Worksheet entries at the acquisition date |
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|
839 | (7) |
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24.5 Worksheet entries subsequent to the acquisition date |
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846 | (12) |
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24.6 Revaluations in the records of the subsidiary at acquisition date |
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858 | (1) |
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|
858 | (3) |
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24.8 Reverse acquisitions |
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861 | (28) |
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863 | (12) |
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|
875 | (1) |
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|
875 | (14) |
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25 Consolidation: intragroup transactions |
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|
889 | (52) |
|
25.1 Rationale for adjusting for intragroup transactions |
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|
890 | (2) |
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25.2 Transfers of inventory |
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892 | (6) |
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25.3 Transfers of property, plant and equipment |
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898 | (4) |
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25.4 Transfers between inventory and non-current assets |
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902 | (3) |
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|
905 | (1) |
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25.6 Intragroup dividends |
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|
906 | (3) |
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25.7 Intragroup borrowings |
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|
909 | (32) |
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912 | (14) |
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|
926 | (1) |
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|
926 | (15) |
|
26 Consolidation: non-controlling interest |
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|
941 | (62) |
|
26.1 Non-controlling interest explained |
|
|
942 | (2) |
|
26.2 Effects of an NCI on the consolidation process |
|
|
944 | (6) |
|
26.3 Calculating the NCI share of equity |
|
|
950 | (14) |
|
26.4 Adjusting for the effects of intragroup transactions |
|
|
964 | (2) |
|
26.5 Gain on bargain purchase |
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|
966 | (37) |
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|
969 | (14) |
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|
983 | (1) |
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|
983 | (20) |
|
27 Consolidation: other issues |
|
|
1003 | (66) |
|
27.1 Direct and indirect non-controlling interest |
|
|
1004 | (1) |
|
27.2 Sequential acquisitions |
|
|
1005 | (8) |
|
27.3 Non-sequential acquisitions |
|
|
1013 | (4) |
|
27.4 Reciprocal ownership |
|
|
1017 | (5) |
|
27.5 Changes in ownership interests |
|
|
1022 | (47) |
|
|
1029 | (24) |
|
|
1053 | (1) |
|
|
1053 | (16) |
|
28 Translation of the financial statements of foreign entities |
|
|
1069 | (42) |
|
28.1 Translation of a foreign subsidiary's statements |
|
|
1070 | (1) |
|
28.2 Functional and presentation currencies |
|
|
1070 | (1) |
|
28.3 The rationale underlying the functional currency choice |
|
|
1070 | (3) |
|
28.4 Identifying the functional currency |
|
|
1073 | (2) |
|
28.5 Translation into the functional currency |
|
|
1075 | (5) |
|
28.6 Changing the functional currency |
|
|
1080 | (1) |
|
28.7 Translation into the presentation currency |
|
|
1081 | (4) |
|
28.8 Consolidating foreign subsidiaries - where local currency is the functional currency |
|
|
1085 | (8) |
|
28.9 Consolidating foreign subsidiaries - where functional currency is that of the parent entity |
|
|
1093 | (1) |
|
28.10 Net investment in a foreign operation |
|
|
1094 | (1) |
|
|
1094 | (17) |
|
|
1096 | (1) |
|
|
1097 | (2) |
|
|
1099 | (11) |
|
|
1110 | (1) |
|
29 Associates and joint ventures |
|
|
1111 | (42) |
|
29.1 Introduction and scope |
|
|
1112 | (1) |
|
29.2 Identifying associates and joint ventures |
|
|
1113 | (2) |
|
29.3 The equity method of accounting: rationale and application |
|
|
1115 | (1) |
|
29.4 Applying the equity method: basic principles |
|
|
1116 | (3) |
|
29.5 Applying the equity method: goodwill and fair value adjustments |
|
|
1119 | (6) |
|
29.6 Applying the equity method - inter-entity transactions |
|
|
1125 | (12) |
|
29.7 Share of losses of an associate or joint venture |
|
|
1137 | (1) |
|
|
1138 | (15) |
|
|
1142 | (1) |
|
|
1142 | (1) |
|
|
1143 | (9) |
|
|
1152 | (1) |
|
|
1153 | (28) |
|
30.1 Introduction and scope |
|
|
1154 | (1) |
|
30.2 Joint arrangements: characteristics and classification |
|
|
1154 | (5) |
|
30.3 Accounting for joint arrangements |
|
|
1159 | (4) |
|
30.4 Accounting by a joint operator |
|
|
1163 | (8) |
|
|
1171 | (10) |
|
|
1171 | (1) |
|
|
1171 | (1) |
|
|
1172 | (8) |
|
|
1180 | (1) |
Glossary |
|
1181 | (10) |
Index |
|
1191 | |