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xvi | |
About The Authors |
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xxii | |
Preface |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgements |
|
xxvii | |
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Chapter One The Context Of Archaeological Fieldwork |
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1 | (21) |
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What you will learn from this chapter |
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1 | (1) |
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Archaeologists and ethics |
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1 | (2) |
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Archaeologists and stakeholders |
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3 | (5) |
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Working with Indigenous communities |
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4 | (3) |
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Working with non-Indigenous communities |
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7 | (1) |
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Working with the legislation |
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8 | (7) |
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Planning and achieving effective community engagement and consultation |
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9 | (1) |
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Don't interfere with heritage sites |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Other statutory and non-statutory heritage bodies |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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Archaeologists and their profession |
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15 | (2) |
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Archaeological data and intellectual property |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (3) |
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Neale Draper's advice on intellectual property |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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Chapter Two Designing Your Project |
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22 | (33) |
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What you will learn from this chapter |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (5) |
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What's your problem? (and we mean that in a nice way) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (7) |
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Using historical documents |
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29 | (2) |
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Finding historical sources online |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Existing archaeological datasets |
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33 | (2) |
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Predictive models: Reviewing the landscape context |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (16) |
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Creating field data: Making observations in the field |
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38 | (1) |
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Field journals and notebooks |
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39 | (1) |
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Important things to note in your field journal |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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Using Filemaker™ Pro and Filemaker™ Go |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (2) |
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Write it down and put your name on it---Aedeen Cremin's tips for creating field records and archives |
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51 | (2) |
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Tips for making your physical archive last |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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Chapter Three Maps And Navigation |
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55 | (30) |
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What you will learn from this chapter |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Projected coordinate systems |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (11) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (5) |
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Obtaining a grid coordinate from a topographic map |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (6) |
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72 | (3) |
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Converting between different norths |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (4) |
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Obtaining GNSS coordinates |
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77 | (1) |
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Positional errors with GNSS handsets |
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77 | (2) |
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Site cards, older coordinates and the problems with relocating sites |
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79 | (1) |
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Differential and Real Time Kinematic GPS |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (1) |
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Chapter Four Recording Landscapes |
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85 | (39) |
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What you will learn from this chapter |
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85 | (1) |
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Landscapes in archaeology |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (11) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Selecting a suitable sampling strategy |
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91 | (1) |
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Judgement or non-probabilistic survey strategies |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Site identification and numbering systems |
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|
94 | (1) |
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Determining effective survey coverage: What reveals, what conceals |
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|
94 | (2) |
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Potential archaeological deposits (PADs) |
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96 | (1) |
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Identifying a potential archaeological deposit (PAD) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (11) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Recording taphonomic processes |
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106 | (3) |
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Geomatics in landscape archaeology |
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109 | (6) |
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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Creating your own GIS data |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (8) |
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Do it yourself aerial imagery |
|
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Digital elevation models (DEMs) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Ian Moffat's tips for getting the most fizz out of `geofizz' |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Chapter Five Recording Sites |
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|
124 | (51) |
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What you will learn from this chapter |
|
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (5) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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Recording Indigenous sites |
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129 | (5) |
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131 | (1) |
|
Recording stone artefact deposits |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Checklist for recording quarries |
|
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133 | (1) |
|
Culturally modified trees (CMTs) |
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134 | (4) |
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|
135 | (3) |
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|
138 | (2) |
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Recording shell midden sites |
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139 | (1) |
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Checklist for recording shell middens |
|
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140 | (1) |
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|
140 | (3) |
|
Recording stone arrangements |
|
|
141 | (1) |
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Checklist for recording stone arrangements |
|
|
141 | (1) |
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|
141 | (1) |
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|
142 | (1) |
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Checklist for recording rockshelters |
|
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142 | (1) |
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|
143 | (6) |
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|
143 | (2) |
|
Checklist for recording rock art |
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|
145 | (1) |
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|
145 | (1) |
|
June Ross's tips for recording the colour of rock art motifs |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Ines Domingo-Sanz's tips for digitally drawing rock art |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
What to do if human remains are encountered |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
Identifying Indigenous burials |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
Checklist for recording hearths |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
Indigenous historical sites |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
Recording Indigenous historical sites |
|
|
154 | (2) |
|
Indigenous ethnographic sites |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
Recording historical sites |
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
What are historical sites? |
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
Recording industrial sites |
|
|
160 | (3) |
|
How safe is your soil? Wayne Johnson's occupational health and safety tips for working on historical archaeological sites |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
Recording standing structures |
|
|
163 | (11) |
|
Denis Gojak's tips for recording standing structures |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Describing structural components |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Dating structures from their components |
|
|
166 | (3) |
|
Carlotta Kellaway's tips for researching the history of a building |
|
|
169 | (3) |
|
Photographing standing structures |
|
|
172 | (2) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Chapter Six Archaeological Surveying |
|
|
175 | (45) |
|
What you will learn from this chapter |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
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|
176 | (7) |
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|
177 | (1) |
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|
178 | (1) |
|
Creating a survey framework |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
Minimising errors when surveying |
|
|
182 | (1) |
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|
183 | (8) |
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|
183 | (2) |
|
The baseline/offset technique |
|
|
185 | (1) |
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|
186 | (2) |
|
Methods for measuring right-angled offsets |
|
|
188 | (3) |
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|
191 | (8) |
|
Surveying in geodetic coordinates |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
How to set up an automatic or `dumpy' level |
|
|
194 | (2) |
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|
196 | (2) |
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|
198 | (1) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
How to fill in a level booking sheet |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Tips for successful levelling |
|
|
199 | (3) |
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|
202 | (17) |
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|
202 | (2) |
|
Surveying with a total station |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Setting up a total station |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Setting up a total station over an existing survey point |
|
|
206 | (5) |
|
Traversing with a total station |
|
|
211 | (2) |
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|
213 | (1) |
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|
213 | (1) |
|
Minimising errors with a total station |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Drawing horizontal surfaces (plans) by hand |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Rob Koch's tips for total station surveys |
|
|
216 | (3) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Chapter Seven Principles Of Archaeological Photography |
|
|
220 | (14) |
|
What you will learn from this chapter |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
How a digital camera works |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
The importance of depth of field |
|
|
224 | (3) |
|
Tips for taking good archaeological photographs |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
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|
228 | (1) |
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|
229 | (1) |
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|
230 | (1) |
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|
231 | (3) |
|
Scales and information boards |
|
|
232 | (2) |
|
Chapter Eight Surface Collection And Excavation |
|
|
234 | (59) |
|
What you will learn from this chapter |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
235 | (6) |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Considerations for surface recording and sampling |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Sampling surface deposits |
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
|
239 | (2) |
|
Working below the surface |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
The principles of excavation |
|
|
241 | (5) |
|
The single context system of excavation |
|
|
243 | (3) |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
247 | (3) |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (3) |
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
Recording an excavation in 3D |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Recording the excavation process |
|
|
255 | (11) |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
Describing cultural features |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Jane Balme's tips for excavating bone |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Recording the excavation process |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Drawing vertical surfaces (sections) by hand |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
Tips for drawing a trench profile (section) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Interpreting stratigraphy---the Harris Matrix |
|
|
263 | (3) |
|
|
266 | (4) |
|
|
270 | (3) |
|
Val Attenbrow's tips for excavating shell middens |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Martha Joukowsky's tips for excellent excavating |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (3) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Mike Morwood's tips for protecting rock art when excavating |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Labelling and bagging finds and samples |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
Photographing excavations |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
Photogrammetry and excavations |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
Tips for photographing excavations |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Collecting samples in the field |
|
|
280 | (10) |
|
Collecting to avoid contamination |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Sediment and other samples |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
283 | (3) |
|
Alice Gorman's tips for collecting samples for radiocarbon dating |
|
|
286 | (3) |
|
Recovering artefacts with residues and use-wear |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Managing excavated materials |
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
Richard Robins' tips on the proper care and management of excavated collections |
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Chapter Nine Recording Artefacts |
|
|
293 | (46) |
|
What you will learn from this chapter |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
Diagnostic features and minimum numbers |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (9) |
|
Recording flaked stone artefacts |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
How to identify stone artefacts |
|
|
297 | (5) |
|
Recording other classes of stone artefact |
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
Denis Byrne's tips for recording stone artefact raw materials |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Calculating minimum numbers: Minimum number of flakes |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (5) |
|
|
309 | (6) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Recording trademarks, decoration and colour |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Calculating minimum numbers: Minimum number of vessels |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Calculating minimum numbers: Minimum number of vessels |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Calculating minimum number |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (8) |
|
Recording technological ware type |
|
|
317 | (3) |
|
Recording decorative technique |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Calculating minimum numbers: Minimum number of vessels |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Calculating a minimum number of vessels (MNV) from rim diameters |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Calculating a sherd count |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
|
326 | (3) |
|
Nicolas Grguric's tips for recording firearms-related artefacts |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Tips for artefact photography |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (8) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Drawing a side view and cross-section |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
Golden rules for drawing artefacts by hand |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
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|
335 | (1) |
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|
335 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
Chapter Ten Cultural Heritage Values And Significance |
|
|
339 | (54) |
|
What you will learn from this chapter |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
Development versus non-development CHM |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Cultural heritage significance and people |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
Tangible and intangible cultural heritage |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Landscapes and intangible values |
|
|
344 | (3) |
|
Defining cultural landscapes |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
The Burra Charter and cultural significance assessment |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Assessing the nature of significance: The Burra Charter's categories of cultural significance |
|
|
348 | (9) |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
|
350 | (2) |
|
Scientific (archaeological) or research significance |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (3) |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Community values and oral histories |
|
|
357 | (3) |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Recording Indigenous oral histories |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Assessing the degree of significance |
|
|
360 | (2) |
|
Assessing the scale or level of significance |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Setting boundaries for significance |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
Writing a statement of significance |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
A summary of the significance assessment process |
|
|
366 | (2) |
|
Developing conservation policies |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Managing the impacts of development |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
Developing management strategies |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
Strategies for managing work at cultural heritage sites |
|
|
373 | (6) |
|
|
375 | (3) |
|
Drafting management strategies |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
380 | (13) |
|
Appendix 1 The relationship between scale, measurement and the size of a feature on a drawn plan |
|
|
393 | (4) |
|
Appendix 2 Archaeological toolkits |
|
|
397 | (5) |
|
Preparing for your first (or next) field trip |
|
|
397 | (5) |
|
The basic fieldwork toolkit |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
The basic surveying toolkit |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
The basic excavation toolkit |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
The basic photography toolkit |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
The basic illustration toolkit |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Appendix 3 Sample recording forms |
|
|
402 | (23) |
|
Appendix 4 Rim diameter chart for historic ceramics |
|
|
425 | (3) |
|
How to use the rim diameter chart on page |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Appendix 5 Guides to dating common historical artefacts |
|
|
428 | (45) |
|
Dating common historical artefacts |
|
|
428 | (41) |
|
|
428 | (23) |
|
|
451 | (4) |
|
|
455 | (4) |
|
|
459 | (4) |
|
Dating clay tobacco pipes |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (3) |
|
|
467 | (2) |
|
|
469 | (4) |
|
Appendix 6 Nic Grguric's guide to dating firearms-related artefacts |
|
|
473 | (9) |
|
Identifying British rifling impressions on projectiles |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
British percussion cap crown markings |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Appendix 7 Guidelines for producing technical reports |
|
|
482 | (6) |
|
Checklist for consultancy reports |
|
|
484 | (3) |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Assessment of significance |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Appendix 8 Guidelines for producing interpretive materials |
|
|
488 | (7) |
|
Tips for making your text work |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Tips for making your layout work |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
Tips for preparing a poster |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Lyn Leader-Elliot's tips for presenting the perfect poster |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
Index |
|
495 | |