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|
xvii | |
| Acknowledgements |
|
xxiii | |
|
Illustration acknowledgements |
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|
xxiv | |
| Introduction |
|
xxvi | |
| How to use this text |
|
xxviii | |
|
PART I Understanding Archaeological Resources |
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1 | (130) |
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Archaeological Reconnaissance |
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3 | (22) |
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4 | (4) |
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4 | (3) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (6) |
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Recording standing buildings |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (4) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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Caesium vapour (CV) magnetometers |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (6) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (37) |
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25 | (4) |
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Key study: Chester Amphitheatre project |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (3) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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Excavation strategies and the process of excavation |
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32 | (10) |
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34 | (5) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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The process of excavation |
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42 | (2) |
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Recovery of environmental material |
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42 | (2) |
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What record do archaeologists create? |
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44 | (5) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (10) |
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Archaeology of standing buildings |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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Key study: Star Carr revisited |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (33) |
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Initial processing and conservation |
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63 | (1) |
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Visual examination and recording |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (3) |
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Analysis of particular inorganic materials |
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68 | (4) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (3) |
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Analysis of organic remains |
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72 | (17) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (4) |
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Key site: The `Amesbury Archer' |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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Key study: The decline of the Maya |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (5) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Neutron activation analysis (NAA) |
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90 | (1) |
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Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Is archaeology a science? |
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92 | (1) |
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Key study: Otzi the Iceman |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Understanding Dating In Archaeology |
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95 | (15) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (4) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Absolute or chronometric dating |
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101 | (4) |
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Dendrochronology (tree ring dating) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (3) |
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A second dating revolution? The application of Bayesian statistical analysis |
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105 | (5) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Other absolute dating techniques |
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107 | (3) |
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Archaeological Interpretation |
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110 | (21) |
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112 | (7) |
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112 | (1) |
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How does archaeology get buried? |
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113 | (1) |
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Post-depositional factors |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (1) |
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Analysing spatial patterns |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (10) |
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Key sites: Danebury and Butser |
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120 | (2) |
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Historical accounts or documents of past societies |
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122 | (1) |
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Key study: San Jose Mogote |
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123 | (1) |
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Ethnography or anthropology |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (4) |
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Why do archaeologists offer different interpretations of the past? |
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129 | (2) |
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Part II Studying Themes in Archaeology |
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131 | (208) |
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133 | (64) |
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134 | (1) |
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What is the function of religion? |
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135 | (3) |
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key study: The Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque |
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136 | (1) |
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Detecting evidence of past beliefs and practices |
|
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137 | (1) |
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What Kinds of religion were there? |
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138 | (3) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (4) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Funerary monuments and grave goods |
|
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145 | (1) |
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Identifying ritual and ritual sites |
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146 | (3) |
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Landscape, ritual and belief |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Religion and ritual in European Prehistory 40,000-AD 43 |
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151 | (27) |
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Upper Palaeolithic Europe 40,000-10,000 BP |
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152 | (2) |
|
Mesolithic Europe c.10,000-4,500 BP |
|
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154 | (1) |
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The early to middle Neolithic c.4500-C.3000 BC |
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155 | (1) |
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Key study: A ritual landscape in west sligo |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (3) |
|
The later Neolithic and early Bronze Age C.3000-1800 BC |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
Key study: The Clava Cairns |
|
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164 | (3) |
|
The Middle Bronze Age 2300 (or 1800) to 1200 BC |
|
|
167 | (1) |
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168 | (4) |
|
The Late Bronze Age and Iron Age 1200-55 BC |
|
|
172 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (3) |
|
A brief introduction to Roman religion and ritual to C. AD 476 |
|
|
178 | (11) |
|
Key study: The Temple of Mithras |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
Key study: The Temple of Vesta |
|
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182 | (4) |
|
Key site: The Water Newton Treasure |
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
Key Site: Lullingstone Villa |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
A brief introduction to Ancient Egyptian religion and ritual |
|
|
189 | (8) |
|
Key study: The Temple of Karnak at Luxor |
|
|
192 | (5) |
|
The Archaeology of Settlement |
|
|
197 | (36) |
|
What does the archaeology of settlement cover? |
|
|
197 | (3) |
|
Key study: Nunamiut ethnoarchaeology |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Reconstructing ancient landscapes |
|
|
200 | (2) |
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|
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
|
Identifying human use of the landscape |
|
|
202 | (13) |
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203 | (1) |
|
Key Study: Early Medieval settlement in the Cotswolds |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Key site: Head Smashed In |
|
|
205 | (2) |
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|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Studying spatial distribution |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Key study: Mesolithic hunters of the Trentino |
|
|
209 | (4) |
|
The social landscape: territory and boundaries |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Key study: Isotopes, diet and territory |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Identifying the function(s) of archaeological sites |
|
|
215 | (7) |
|
Key study: Minoan settlement hierarchy |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
How are different types of activity identified on archaeological sites? |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
Key studies: Interpreting Iron Age hill forts |
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
The use of space on archaeological sites |
|
|
222 | (4) |
|
Key study: Mashkan Shapir |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
|
|
226 | (7) |
|
Key studies: The Mask site and Pincevent |
|
|
227 | (1) |
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|
|
228 | (1) |
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|
|
229 | (4) |
|
Material Culture And Economics |
|
|
233 | (58) |
|
Subsistence: how did people in the past feed themselves? |
|
|
233 | (23) |
|
Identifying the nature of exploitation |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Tracing developments in human exploitation of animals |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
Key studies: Baltic foragers of the late Mesolithic |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
Key site: Tell Abu Hureyra |
|
|
242 | (4) |
|
Explaining the change to food production |
|
|
246 | (4) |
|
Identifying human exploitation of plants |
|
|
250 | (2) |
|
|
|
252 | (3) |
|
The introduction of dairying |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
|
256 | (8) |
|
Key site: Knossos and the Minoan palaces |
|
|
258 | (4) |
|
Key studies: Early writing systems |
|
|
262 | (2) |
|
Intensification of farming |
|
|
264 | (2) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
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|
|
266 | (10) |
|
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
|
268 | (2) |
|
Identifying the signatures of different modes of exchange |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Key study: The Canaanite Amphorae Project |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Key sites: Four Mediterranean shipwrecks |
|
|
272 | (3) |
|
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
|
276 | (7) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Key site: The Sweet Track |
|
|
277 | (2) |
|
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
Key study: Bushcraft Mesolithic style |
|
|
280 | (3) |
|
|
|
283 | (3) |
|
Identifying specialists in the archaeological record |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
|
|
286 | (5) |
|
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
Key study: The Basse-Yutz flagons |
|
|
289 | (2) |
|
People And Society in The Past |
|
|
291 | (48) |
|
What is social archaeology? |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
Forms of social and political organisation |
|
|
292 | (4) |
|
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
Key study: the Palette of Narmer |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
The archaeology of rank and status |
|
|
298 | (10) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Key study: Military technology and organisation - The Illerup Hoard |
|
|
303 | (4) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
The archaeology of gender |
|
|
308 | (4) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (8) |
|
Key study: You are what you eat |
|
|
314 | (3) |
|
Key study: West Heslerton and Lechlade |
|
|
317 | (3) |
|
DNA and the origins of modern Europeans |
|
|
320 | (5) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (3) |
|
Key sites: Nimrud and Nineveh |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (4) |
|
What are the bases of evidence? |
|
|
328 | (3) |
|
What is the earliest evidence for complex social behaviour? |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
How early did hunting begin? |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
`Out of Africa II' vs multiregionalism |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
The multi-region or candelabra model |
|
|
334 | (4) |
|
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
The replacement model and Noah's Ark theory |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
How early was the `Creative Explosion'? |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Part III Issues in World Archaeology |
|
|
339 | (38) |
|
|
|
341 | (22) |
|
Threats to archaeological remains |
|
|
341 | (4) |
|
Global threats to archaeology |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Key study: The Monuments at Risk Survey of England (MARS), 1998 |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
The protection of archaeological remains |
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Other protective legislation for sites |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Protection through the planning process: PPG 16 |
|
|
347 | (7) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
Key study: The North Sea: a new frontier in Heritage Management |
|
|
351 | (3) |
|
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Who are the archaeologists? |
|
|
354 | (5) |
|
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
Learned and excavation societies |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Cultural resource management |
|
|
359 | (3) |
|
Key site: Castell Henllys |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Specialists and scientists |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Campaign and lobby groups |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (14) |
|
|
|
363 | (9) |
|
The political use of archaeology |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
Archaeology and land rights |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Key studies: Kennewick Man |
|
|
366 | (4) |
|
Key study: The Corinium Museum, Cirencester |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Key studies: New modes of communication |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Communicating archaeological knowledge |
|
|
372 | (3) |
|
Key study: The `reconstructed' Anglo-Saxon village of West Stow |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Applying communication issues on your course |
|
|
375 | (2) |
|
Part IV Examination Success And Beyond |
|
|
377 | (52) |
|
Studying for Success In Archaeology Exams |
|
|
379 | (21) |
|
Making useful and well organised notes |
|
|
379 | (14) |
|
|
|
379 | (4) |
|
Getting useful case studies together |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Handling contradictory accounts |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Tackling Interpretation questions |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
Starting to construct arguments |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Developing extended arguments |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
Writing evaluative essays on concepts |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
Cataloguing your portfolio |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Reducing information onto cards |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
397 | (3) |
|
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Doing An Archaeological Project |
|
|
400 | (23) |
|
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
It must be archaeological |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
You must be able to access your sources |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Basic research opportunities |
|
|
402 | (9) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Archaeology from the modern period |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
Industrial archaeology: a canal |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Where to get help and advice |
|
|
411 | (4) |
|
Experiment - spindle whorls |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Planning and managing time and word limits |
|
|
415 | (3) |
|
Example 5: World War 2 army camp |
|
|
416 | (2) |
|
|
|
418 | (3) |
|
Recording sites or features |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
|
|
423 | (6) |
|
Studying archaeology in the UK |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
AS and A Level Archaeology |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
AS level (first half of A level) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
A2 (second half of A level) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Stepping up to degree level |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Finding the best information |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Archaeological sources and methods |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Recreations and experimental sites |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Visits to archaeological monuments |
|
|
428 | (1) |
| Appendix: Answers and Mark Schemes |
|
429 | (1) |
| Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations |
|
430 | (9) |
| Bibliography |
|
439 | (5) |
| Index |
|
444 | |
