| Acknowledgements |
|
xxi | |
| Illustration acknowledgements |
|
xxiii | |
| Introduction |
|
xxvii | |
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xxvii | |
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How the book is structured |
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|
xxviii | |
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xxix | |
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xxix | |
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xxxi | |
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Archaeology and related subjects |
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|
xxxi | |
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Some key archaeological concepts |
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|
xxxii | |
| Part I Understanding Archaeological Resources |
|
1 | (188) |
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1 Archaeological Reconnaissance |
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3 | (40) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Desktop study or 'desk-based assessment' |
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4 | (9) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) |
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10 | (3) |
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Key study: Scottish Coastal Archaeology and the Problem of Erosion (SCAPE) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (5) |
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13 | (4) |
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Key study: Surveying an abandoned landscape on St Kilda |
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15 | (2) |
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Recording standing buildings |
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17 | (1) |
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Sampling in archaeological fieldwork |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (6) |
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Limitations of fieldwalking |
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21 | (1) |
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Alternatives to fieldwalking |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (5) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Caesium vapour (CV) magnetometers |
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27 | (1) |
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Other non-invasive methods |
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28 | (1) |
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Combining geophysics techniques at Binchester Fort |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (7) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (3) |
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Key study: Contrasting approaches: Empingham and East Kent Access Road |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (4) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Exploring lost landscapes |
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40 | (3) |
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2 Archaeological Excavation |
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43 | (45) |
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Approaches to archaeological excavation |
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43 | (1) |
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Excavation: rescue or research? |
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43 | (7) |
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Similarities and differences |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (4) |
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Key study: The Chester Amphitheatre project |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (6) |
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Why context is everything: the theory of stratification |
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52 | (4) |
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56 | (6) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Box-grid or quadrant systems |
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57 | (5) |
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59 | (3) |
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Recognising features and the planum method |
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62 | (1) |
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The process of excavation |
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62 | (2) |
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Recovery of environmental material |
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64 | (4) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (2) |
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What records do archaeologists create? |
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68 | (9) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (5) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (10) |
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Archaeology of standing buildings |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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Excavating and recording human skeletons |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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3 Post-Excavation Analysis And Archaeological Materials |
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88 | (54) |
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88 | (1) |
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Initial processing and conservation |
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89 | (3) |
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Visual examination and recording |
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91 | (1) |
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Analysis of inorganic materials |
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92 | (11) |
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92 | (3) |
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95 | (5) |
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100 | (3) |
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Analysis of organic materials |
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103 | (24) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (5) |
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111 | (9) |
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Key study: Eulau: human remains and Neolithic relationships |
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116 | (4) |
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120 | (5) |
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125 | (2) |
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How do archaeologists reconstruct ancient landscapes? |
|
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127 | (2) |
|
Key study: The decline of the Maya |
|
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (3) |
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131 | (1) |
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Optical emission spectrometry |
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132 | (1) |
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Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) |
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132 | (1) |
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Neutron activation analysis (NAA) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (2) |
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Carbon isotopes in the food chain |
|
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (4) |
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Key study: Lipids, cheese and the European Dairying Project |
|
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138 | (2) |
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Is archaeology a science? |
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140 | (2) |
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140 | (2) |
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4 Understanding Dating In Archaeology |
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142 | (22) |
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143 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (5) |
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Typological dating and serration |
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145 | (2) |
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Diffusion and culture history |
|
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147 | (1) |
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Geoarchaeological, pollen and faunal dating |
|
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148 | (1) |
|
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Absolute or chronometric dating |
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150 | (14) |
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Dendrochronology (tree ring dating) |
|
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150 | (2) |
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Deep-sea cores, ice cores and varves |
|
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (3) |
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157 | (2) |
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Potassium—argon (K-Ar) dating |
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159 | (1) |
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Other absolute dating techniques |
|
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160 | (1) |
|
A new dating revolution? The application of Bayesian statistical analysis |
|
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160 | (1) |
|
Recovering the history of the Neolithic |
|
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160 | (5) |
|
Key study: Dating the destruction of Minoan Crete |
|
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162 | (2) |
|
5 Archaeological Interpretation |
|
|
164 | (25) |
|
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164 | (1) |
|
How did it get like this? |
|
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165 | (8) |
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166 | (2) |
|
How does archaeology get buried? |
|
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168 | (1) |
|
Post-depositional processes |
|
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (14) |
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Analysing spatial and temporal patterns |
|
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
|
Sources of archaeological analogies |
|
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178 | (1) |
|
Analogies imported from other disciplines |
|
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
|
Ethnography or anthropology |
|
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
|
Why do archaeologists offer different interpretations of the past? |
|
|
187 | (2) |
| Part II Studying Themes In Archaeology |
|
189 | (374) |
|
|
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191 | (35) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (3) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
|
What is the earliest evidence for complex social behaviour? |
|
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196 | (2) |
|
Home bases or palimpsests |
|
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (14) |
|
Homo erectus and contemporary species |
|
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199 | (1) |
|
How early did hunting begin? |
|
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200 | (1) |
|
Ice Age adaptation: the Neanderthals |
|
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201 | (1) |
|
Anatomically modern humans |
|
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202 | (10) |
|
Key study: The Vezere valley and Neanderthal replacement |
|
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203 | (9) |
|
Out of Africa II vs multiregionalism |
|
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212 | (3) |
|
The candelabra and multiregion models |
|
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212 | (1) |
|
Replacement and assimilation models |
|
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213 | (1) |
|
New discoveries and methods |
|
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214 | (1) |
|
Was there a 'creative explosion' and when did it happen? |
|
|
215 | (11) |
|
|
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (11) |
|
Key study: Dolni Vestonice and the Moravian Gate |
|
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218 | (8) |
|
7 Sites And People In The Landscape: Settlement Archaeology |
|
|
226 | (67) |
|
What does the archaeology of settlement cover? |
|
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (16) |
|
Key study: Lewis Binford and Nunamiut ethnoarchaeology |
|
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229 | (1) |
|
Seasonal patterns of movement |
|
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229 | (9) |
|
Key study: Oronsay, Sand and seasonal movement around the Inner Hebrides |
|
|
233 | (5) |
|
The impact of climate change since the Ice Age in northern Europe |
|
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238 | (4) |
|
Human impact on the landscape |
|
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242 | (1) |
|
Researching changes in the landscape |
|
|
243 | (2) |
|
Spatial distribution: the pattern of sites within the landscape |
|
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245 | (7) |
|
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
GIS and satellite-based spatial surveys |
|
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247 | (1) |
|
|
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248 | (4) |
|
Explaining the location of archaeological sites |
|
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252 | (4) |
|
Key study: Head Smashed In |
|
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (4) |
|
Key study: Minoan settlement hierarchy |
|
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256 | (4) |
|
The social landscape: territory and boundaries |
|
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260 | (4) |
|
|
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261 | (3) |
|
Identifying the function(s) of archaeological sites |
|
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264 | (9) |
|
How are different types of activity identified on archaeological sites? |
|
|
265 | (8) |
|
Key study: Star Carr revisited: changing interpretations of a classic site |
|
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267 | (6) |
|
Interpreting the use of space on archaeological sites |
|
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273 | (8) |
|
Room interpretation at Skara Brae |
|
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274 | (1) |
|
Access analysis at Gurness |
|
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275 | (6) |
|
Key study: Pincevent, Mask and site structure |
|
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278 | (3) |
|
|
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281 | (3) |
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|
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281 | (1) |
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|
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281 | (3) |
|
The development of complex settlements |
|
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284 | (9) |
|
Key study: Mashkan Shapir |
|
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286 | (2) |
|
Key study: Tracing the early development of Ipswich |
|
|
288 | (5) |
|
8 Economics A: Foraging To Farming-the Exploitation Of Plants And Animals |
|
|
293 | (74) |
|
Subsistence: how did people in the past feed themselves? |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
The exploitation of animals |
|
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294 | (3) |
|
Identifying the nature of exploitation: interpreting bone assemblages |
|
|
294 | (3) |
|
Tracing developments in human exploitation of animals |
|
|
297 | (8) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Selective hunting and specialisation in the Upper Palaeolithic |
|
|
298 | (6) |
|
Key study: Stellmoor and specialised reindeer hunting |
|
|
298 | (6) |
|
|
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304 | (1) |
|
Understanding foraging strategies |
|
|
305 | (11) |
|
Optimal foraging strategy |
|
|
305 | (3) |
|
|
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308 | (8) |
|
Key study: Tybrind Vig and late Mesolithic foragers in the Baltic |
|
|
309 | (7) |
|
Herding and the domestication of animals |
|
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316 | (5) |
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316 | (1) |
|
Where did domestication take place? |
|
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317 | (1) |
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|
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318 | (3) |
|
The exploitation of plants |
|
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321 | (3) |
|
|
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321 | (1) |
|
What is plant domestication? |
|
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322 | (2) |
|
Explaining the change to food production |
|
|
324 | (6) |
|
Early theories of domestication |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Demographic theories of domestication |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Social theories of domestication |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
Climate change and extended domestication theories |
|
|
327 | (3) |
|
Key study: Ohalo II and the Palaeolithic origins of food production |
|
|
328 | (2) |
|
Identifying the shift to food production |
|
|
330 | (6) |
|
Identifying morphological changes |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (5) |
|
Key study: Tell Abu Hureyra and the transition to farming |
|
|
332 | (4) |
|
Identifying the spread of agriculture |
|
|
336 | (21) |
|
Understanding the spread of agriculture across Europe |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
The first European farmers |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
The spread of farming into central Europe |
|
|
338 | (8) |
|
Key study: Karanovo and early farming villages in the Balkans |
|
|
339 | (7) |
|
The Linearbandkeramik (LBK) |
|
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346 | (7) |
|
Key study: Vaihingen and pioneer farmers in central Europe |
|
|
350 | (3) |
|
Early farming in the British Isles |
|
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353 | (2) |
|
Europe's earliest field system |
|
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355 | (2) |
|
A secondary products revolution? |
|
|
357 | (3) |
|
Identifying the SPR in the archaeological record |
|
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358 | (2) |
|
Agricultural intensification |
|
|
360 | (3) |
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360 | (1) |
|
Drainage and colonising marginal land |
|
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361 | (1) |
|
|
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362 | (1) |
|
Agricultural specialisation |
|
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362 | (1) |
|
|
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363 | (3) |
|
Different forms of storage |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
The impact of agriculture |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
9 Economics B: Extraction, Manufacture, Material Culture And Exchange |
|
|
367 | (51) |
|
Acquisition of stone and minerals |
|
|
367 | (11) |
|
Grimes Graves and flint mining |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
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|
|
371 | (7) |
|
Key study: Hallstatt and the organisation of salt mining |
|
|
373 | (5) |
|
|
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378 | (4) |
|
|
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380 | (1) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Production: how artefacts were made |
|
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382 | (8) |
|
Manufacturing using plants |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
|
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384 | (4) |
|
|
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388 | (2) |
|
Organisation of production |
|
|
390 | (7) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Metalworking specialists: from sorcerers to smiths |
|
|
391 | (3) |
|
|
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394 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
What is material culture? |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
Beads and symbolic behaviour |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Why does material culture change? |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (3) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Identifying patterns of exchange |
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
|
|
405 | (10) |
|
The Canaanite Amphorae Project |
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
|
|
407 | (8) |
|
Key study: Dorestad and the birth of medieval trade in the North Sea zone |
|
|
408 | (7) |
|
Exchange and the first writing systems |
|
|
415 | (3) |
|
|
|
415 | (3) |
|
10 People And Society In The Past |
|
|
418 | (86) |
|
What is social archaeology? |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Understanding social archaeology |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Forms of social and political organisation |
|
|
419 | (11) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Transegalitarian societies |
|
|
422 | (4) |
|
Key study: Varna, gold and social status in Copper Age Europe |
|
|
423 | (3) |
|
Segmentary and ranked societies |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
The archaeology of rank, status and stratification |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
Identifying status, rank and stratification |
|
|
432 | (16) |
|
|
|
432 | (7) |
|
Key study: Hochdorf and hereditary chiefdoms in the Iron Age |
|
|
434 | (5) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (6) |
|
Key study: Mead halls and power: Gudme, Beowulf and Sutton Hoo |
|
|
442 | (5) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
The archaeology of gender |
|
|
448 | (4) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
|
|
452 | (2) |
|
|
|
454 | (3) |
|
The beginnings of ranking and social divisions in Europe |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Changes by the 3rd millennium BC |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
Explaining the emergence of elites |
|
|
457 | (9) |
|
Gimbutas and the Kurgan hypothesis |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Sherratt and the secondary products revolution |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Influences from the Steppes |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Bogucki and the emergence of wealth |
|
|
461 | (5) |
|
Key study: VuEedol and the birth of inequality at the dawn of the Bronze Age |
|
|
462 | (4) |
|
The emergence of chiefdoms in Bronze Age Europe |
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Explaining the emergence of social complexity |
|
|
468 | (7) |
|
The first urban settlements |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (6) |
|
Key study: Knossos and the emergence of Minoan palace civilisation |
|
|
470 | (5) |
|
|
|
475 | (3) |
|
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
|
|
478 | (12) |
|
Understanding warfare in prehistory |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
The development of weapons |
|
|
482 | (4) |
|
Key study: Military technology and organisation: the Illerup Hoard |
|
|
483 | (3) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
|
487 | (3) |
|
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
Estimating population size |
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Migration and the origins of populations |
|
|
493 | (11) |
|
Key study: Was there an Anglo-Saxon invasion? The evidence from three Anglo-Saxon settlements |
|
|
494 | (5) |
|
Where did the farmers go? The LBK and the DNA of modern Europeans |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
The genetic origins of the British |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
11 The Archaeology Of Religion And Ritual |
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|
504 | (59) |
|
Section A: Concepts And Evidence |
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|
504 | (22) |
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|
505 | (1) |
|
What is the function of religion? |
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|
505 | (1) |
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|
506 | (1) |
|
Establishing rules and models of behaviour |
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|
506 | (1) |
|
The maintenance of social order |
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|
506 | (1) |
|
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|
506 | (1) |
|
What kinds of religion have there been? |
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|
507 | (1) |
|
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|
507 | (1) |
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508 | (1) |
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509 | (1) |
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|
509 | (1) |
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|
510 | (1) |
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|
510 | (1) |
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511 | (1) |
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|
512 | (1) |
|
Mortuary rituals and the treatment of the dead |
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|
513 | (1) |
|
Funerary monuments and grave goods |
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|
515 | (1) |
|
How do archaeologists detect evidence of past rituals? |
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|
516 | (1) |
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|
517 | (1) |
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|
520 | (1) |
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|
520 | (1) |
|
Landscape, ritual and belief |
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|
522 | (2) |
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524 | (1) |
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|
525 | (1) |
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|
525 | (1) |
|
Section B: Religious Change |
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|
526 | (27) |
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Upper Palaeolithic Europe 40,000-10,000 BP |
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|
527 | (1) |
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527 | (3) |
|
Mesolithic Europe c.10,000-6,500 BP |
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|
530 | (2) |
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The early to middle Neolithic c.4500—c.3000 BC in the British Isles |
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|
532 | (1) |
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532 | (1) |
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533 | (4) |
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534 | (2) |
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Other Neolithic monuments |
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|
536 | (1) |
|
The later Neolithic and early Bronze Age c. 3000-1800 BC in the British Isles |
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|
537 | (1) |
|
Large Neolithic enclosures |
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|
537 | (1) |
|
Neolithic ritual landscapes |
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|
538 | (1) |
|
Clues to Neolithic ritual |
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|
540 | (1) |
|
The middle Bronze Age 1800-1200 BC in Britain |
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|
541 | (2) |
|
The late Bronze Age and Iron Age 1200-55 Etc |
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|
543 | (1) |
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544 | (1) |
|
Roman religion and ritual to c. AD 476 |
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|
545 | (1) |
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|
545 | (1) |
|
Relationships with the gods |
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546 | (1) |
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546 | (1) |
|
Religion in everyday life |
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549 | (1) |
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549 | (1) |
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551 | (1) |
|
Religious change at Lullingstone Villa |
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|
552 | (1) |
|
Section C: Ancient Egyptian State Religion |
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|
553 | (1) |
|
Egyptian beliefs and deities |
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|
553 | (1) |
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554 | (1) |
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554 | (3) |
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557 | (1) |
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558 | (1) |
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|
559 | (1) |
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|
559 | (1) |
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|
|
560 | (3) |
| Part III Issues In World Archaeology |
|
563 | (66) |
|
12 Managing Archaeological Heritage |
|
|
565 | (29) |
|
Threats to archaeological remains |
|
|
565 | (6) |
|
The Monuments at Risk Survey of England (MARS), 1998 |
|
|
566 | (2) |
|
Global threats to archaeology |
|
|
568 | (2) |
|
Are all archaeological sites valuable? |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
The protection of archaeological remains |
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|
571 | (8) |
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|
571 | (1) |
|
Protection through the planning process |
|
|
572 | (1) |
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|
572 | (5) |
|
The National Planning Policy Framework NPPF (2012) |
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|
577 | (1) |
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|
577 | (1) |
|
The management of Stonehenge |
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|
578 | (1) |
|
The protection of artefacts |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Who are the archaeologists? |
|
|
579 | (6) |
|
Learned and excavation societies |
|
|
580 | (1) |
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|
580 | (1) |
|
Archaeologists since the era of PPG16 |
|
|
581 | (1) |
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|
582 | (1) |
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|
|
583 | (1) |
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|
|
584 | (1) |
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|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Cultural resource management |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Specialists and scientists |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
Campaign and lobby groups |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
Is research archaeology still justifiable? |
|
|
586 | (8) |
|
Development archaeology and research |
|
|
587 | (7) |
|
Key study: The Biddenham Loop: modern developer-led archaeology in action |
|
|
587 | (7) |
|
13 Archaeology And The Present: Whose Past Is It Anyway? |
|
|
594 | (35) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
The political use of archaeology |
|
|
594 | (6) |
|
Israel, Islam and archaeology |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
The political use of heritage in the UK |
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
Key study: Ancient and modern Celts |
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
National disputes over the ownership of cultural artefacts |
|
|
600 | (3) |
|
|
|
601 | (1) |
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|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Repatriation to indigenous peoples |
|
|
603 | (5) |
|
Science v. repatriation: the case of Kennewick Man |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Pagans, human remains and museums in the UK |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Sensitivities about displaying human remains |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (9) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
611 | (6) |
|
Key study: Archaeology, conservation and the medieval fishing industry |
|
|
612 | (5) |
|
Communicating archaeological knowledge |
|
|
617 | (12) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
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|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
|
620 | (2) |
|
|
|
622 | (3) |
|
Presenting archaeological sites |
|
|
625 | (4) |
| Glossary of terms and abbreviations |
|
629 | (9) |
| Bibliography |
|
638 | (15) |
| Index |
|
653 | |
