|
|
|
viii | |
| Acknowledgments for the Second Edition |
|
xi | |
| Acknowledgments for the First Edition |
|
xiii | |
|
1 An Introduction to the Archaeology of Qumran |
|
|
1 | (20) |
|
What Is Archaeology, and What Excavation Methods Do Archaeologists Use? |
|
|
5 | (3) |
|
How Do Archaeologists Date the Remains They Dig Up? |
|
|
8 | (5) |
|
Why Is Qumran Controversial? |
|
|
13 | (3) |
|
|
|
16 | (5) |
|
2 The Discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Exploration of Qumran |
|
|
21 | (12) |
|
|
|
21 | (3) |
|
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
The Identification of Qumran |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
The Discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls |
|
|
27 | (4) |
|
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
3 The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Community at Qumran |
|
|
33 | (16) |
|
What Are the Dead Sea Scrolls? |
|
|
33 | (4) |
|
What Do We Know about the Qumran Sect? |
|
|
37 | (3) |
|
Were the Inhabitants of Qumran Essenes? |
|
|
40 | (4) |
|
What Is the Connection between the Community at Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls? |
|
|
44 | (2) |
|
|
|
46 | (3) |
|
4 The Buildings and Occupation Phases of Qumran |
|
|
49 | (35) |
|
A Description of Qumran and Its Chronology according to de Vaux |
|
|
49 | (15) |
|
A Revised Chronology for Qumran |
|
|
64 | (15) |
|
Where Did the Inhabitants of Qumran Live? |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
|
|
81 | (3) |
|
5 What Do Pottery and Architecture Tell Us about Qumran? |
|
|
84 | (36) |
|
|
|
84 | (8) |
|
|
|
92 | (11) |
|
Was Qumran a Pottery Production Center? |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
Was Qumran a Fort in the First Century BCE or First Century CE? |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Could Qumran Have Been a Country Villa? |
|
|
106 | (9) |
|
The Alternative Interpretations of Qumran |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
|
|
116 | (4) |
|
6 Communal Meals, a Toilet, and Sacred Space at Qumran |
|
|
120 | (48) |
|
A Toilet at Qumran: The Archaeological Evidence |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
Ancient Literary Sources on the Toilets and Toilet Habits of the Qumran Sect and the Essenes |
|
|
122 | (5) |
|
The Impurity of Excrement in Ancient Judaism |
|
|
127 | (6) |
|
Communal Meals at Qumran: The Literary Evidence |
|
|
133 | (3) |
|
Communal Meals at Qumran: The Archaeological Evidence |
|
|
136 | (5) |
|
Communal Meals at Qumran and Josephus's Essenes |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
The Animal Bone Deposits at Qumran: Evidence of a Sacrificial Cult? |
|
|
142 | (18) |
|
The Concept of Space at Qumran |
|
|
160 | (4) |
|
|
|
164 | (4) |
|
|
|
168 | (28) |
|
Purity and Miqva'ot in the Hebrew Bible and in Rabbinic Judaism |
|
|
168 | (3) |
|
Purity and Purification in the Dead Sea Scrolls and among the Essenes |
|
|
171 | (5) |
|
Miqva'ot of the Second Temple Period: The Archaeological Evidence |
|
|
176 | (4) |
|
Miqva'ot at Qumran: The Archaeological Evidence |
|
|
180 | (4) |
|
Miqva'ot at Qumran: A Synthesis of the Evidence |
|
|
184 | (3) |
|
A Comparison with Non-Jewish Sites |
|
|
187 | (3) |
|
|
|
190 | (6) |
|
8 Women and the Cemetery at Qumran |
|
|
196 | (32) |
|
Literary Sources on Female Sectarians/Essenes |
|
|
196 | (4) |
|
The Qumran Cemetery: The Archaeological Evidence |
|
|
200 | (8) |
|
The Qumran Cemetery and Jewish Burial Customs of the Late Second Temple Period |
|
|
208 | (3) |
|
Gendered Objects at Qumran |
|
|
211 | (8) |
|
Were There Women at Qumran? |
|
|
219 | (4) |
|
|
|
223 | (5) |
|
9 The Temple Tax, Clothing, and the Anti-Hellenizing Attitude of the Sectarians |
|
|
228 | (23) |
|
The Hoard of Tyrian Tetradrachmas and the Temple Tax |
|
|
228 | (5) |
|
|
|
233 | (9) |
|
The Anti-Hellenizing Attitude of the Sectarians |
|
|
242 | (4) |
|
|
|
246 | (5) |
|
10 The Settlements at Ein Feshkha and Ein el-Ghuweir |
|
|
251 | (13) |
|
|
|
251 | (6) |
|
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
The Chronology of Ein Feshkha and Ein el-Ghuweir |
|
|
258 | (3) |
|
Were Ein Feshkha and Ein el-Ghuweir Sectarian Settlements Related to Qumran? |
|
|
261 | (3) |
| Bibliographical Notes |
|
264 | (3) |
| Illustrations |
|
267 | (36) |
| Illustration Credits |
|
303 | (2) |
| Index of Authors and Contemporary Historical Figures |
|
305 | (5) |
| Index of Scrolls, Biblical Books, Extrabiblical Books, and Individual Historical Figures |
|
310 | (3) |
| Index of Sites and Place Names |
|
313 | (4) |
| Index of Subjects |
|
317 | |