| About the Author |
|
xvii | |
| About the Technical Reviewer |
|
xix | |
| Acknowledgements |
|
xxi | |
| The Author's Preface to Arduino Measurements in Science |
|
xxiii | |
| Foreword for the Book's Exercises |
|
xxix | |
|
Chapter 1 Capacitance and Charge |
|
|
1 | (44) |
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Capacitor Characteristics |
|
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7 | (1) |
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|
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7 | (1) |
|
Experiment A Continuous Display of Lower Capacitance Values (> 10 μF) |
|
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8 | (1) |
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Circuit: A Simple 555 Timer-Based Capacitance Meter |
|
|
8 | (3) |
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|
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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Experiment B Measurement of Higher Capacitance Values (< 1000 μF or mF) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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Experiment C Autoranging Measurements for Capacitance |
|
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Software Code for Arduino Uno |
|
|
18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Calibration of Capacitance Measurements |
|
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21 | (1) |
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Capacitance Measurement with the Raspberry Pi |
|
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
|
|
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23 | (1) |
|
Measurement of Large Capacitance Values with Python and Raspberry Pi |
|
|
24 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (2) |
|
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28 | (2) |
|
Code Listings for Capacitance Measurement |
|
|
30 | (13) |
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43 | (2) |
|
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45 | (28) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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Current Measurements with Raspberry Pi and Python |
|
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60 | (1) |
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Experiment: Typical and Lower Electronic Circuit Currents |
|
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
|
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63 | (1) |
|
Experiment: Higher Current Measurement with Shunts |
|
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (5) |
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72 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Heat and Temperature |
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73 | (98) |
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73 | (7) |
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Subambient and Low Temperatures |
|
|
80 | (2) |
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Thermistor: Sensitive High-Resolution Temperature Measurements |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Transition Metal Oxide Thermistors -40°C to 150°C |
|
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82 | (2) |
|
Experiment Part A Metal Oxide NTC Thermistors |
|
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84 | (1) |
|
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84 | (4) |
|
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88 | (2) |
|
Observations and Calibration |
|
|
90 | (4) |
|
|
|
94 | (3) |
|
Experiment Part B Silicon Carbide Thermistors -20°C to 450°C |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Experiment: 555 Timer Frequency Shift Temperature Measurements |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
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98 | (2) |
|
|
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100 | (1) |
|
Experiment: SiC NTC Temperature Measurement with a Wheatstone Bridge |
|
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101 | (1) |
|
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102 | (2) |
|
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104 | (1) |
|
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104 | (2) |
|
Non-Contact Infrared Temperature Determination |
|
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106 | (1) |
|
|
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106 | (3) |
|
|
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109 | (1) |
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
Thermocouple Temperature Determination |
|
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111 | (3) |
|
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114 | (3) |
|
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (2) |
|
Heat Transfer and Basic Thermodynamics |
|
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
|
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125 | (1) |
|
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125 | (2) |
|
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127 | (2) |
|
Thermoelectric Heating and Cooling |
|
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129 | (1) |
|
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129 | (4) |
|
|
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133 | (1) |
|
|
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134 | (1) |
|
Measurement of Heat and Temperature with Raspberry Pi and Python |
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
|
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136 | (1) |
|
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137 | (2) |
|
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139 | (2) |
|
Non-Contact Temperature Measurement |
|
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141 | (1) |
|
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
|
Thermocouple Measurements with the Raspberry Pi |
|
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144 | (1) |
|
|
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144 | (1) |
|
|
|
145 | (5) |
|
|
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150 | (1) |
|
Passive Infrared (PIR) Heat Sensors |
|
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151 | (1) |
|
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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|
154 | (16) |
|
|
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170 | (1) |
|
Chapter 4 Light, Optics, and Photoelectric Effects |
|
|
171 | (96) |
|
Electro-Optical Components |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
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175 | (1) |
|
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Electro-optical Applications |
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
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178 | (1) |
|
A Simple Miniature Optical Bench |
|
|
178 | (3) |
|
|
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181 | (1) |
|
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182 | (2) |
|
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184 | (2) |
|
|
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186 | (2) |
|
A CdS or Phototransistor Detector Solid-State Colorimeter |
|
|
188 | (2) |
|
Experiment: CdS or Phototransistor Colorimeters |
|
|
190 | (4) |
|
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
Implementing Optical Bench Techniques with Raspberry Pi and Arduino |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
|
|
199 | (10) |
|
Colorimetric Light Intensity Determinations |
|
|
209 | (8) |
|
|
|
217 | (5) |
|
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
A Six Wavelength Spectrograph Using Reverse Biased LEDs |
|
|
224 | (5) |
|
Experiment: Light Source Assembly and Calibration |
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
Experiment: Selective Color Light Sensing with Reverse Biased LED |
|
|
231 | (10) |
|
|
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241 | (1) |
|
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242 | (4) |
|
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (2) |
|
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|
250 | (15) |
|
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|
265 | (2) |
|
Chapter 5 Magnetics, Magnetoresistance, and Hall Effects |
|
|
267 | (42) |
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Magnetoresistance Magnetic Field Measurements |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
Magnetic Field Lines and Field Strengths |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
Experimental: Hall Effect Sensors |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
NVE Corporation AA005 Analog Magnetic Sensor |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
Honeywell HMC1001 Single-Axis Magnetic Field Sensor |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Allegro Microsystems LLC: Linear Hall Effect Sensors A1324, A1325, and A1326 |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
NVE Corporation Magnetometers |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Creation, Control, and Measurement of Magnetic Fields |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
A Magnetic Suspension/Levitation with an Analog Computing System |
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
B Microcontroller Magnetic Suspension/Levitation |
|
|
289 | (4) |
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Magnetic Field Measurement with the Raspberry Pi and Arduino |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Natural Magnetic Fields and the Magnetometer Compass |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Adafruit Industries, Inc.: LSM303DLHC ($15 CDN) |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
Compass Headings RPi and Python |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
300 | (7) |
|
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
Chapter 6 Motion and Vibration |
|
|
309 | (60) |
|
Distance on a Grand Scale |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Global Positioning System (GPS) |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Reflective Distance Determinations |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Distance on a Visible Scale |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Distance in the Invisible Scales |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Capacitor Distance Measurement |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Vibration Detectors and Generators |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Crystals and Plastic Polymers |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Experiment: Distance, Time, Velocity, and Acceleration |
|
|
316 | (8) |
|
|
|
324 | (3) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Experiment: Electronic Distance Measurements |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Ultrasonic Distance Measurement |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Infrared Electromagnetic Proximity Sensors and Distance |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Experiment: Proximity Sensing |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Experiment: IR Time-of-Flight Distance Measurement |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (4) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Three-Dimensional Positioning and Motion |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Accelerometers, e-Compass, and Tilt Correcting |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Raspberry Pi Motion Detection, Recording, and Visualization |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Repetitive Motions and Vibration |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
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349 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
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351 | (1) |
|
Measurement of Vibration Motions at Higher Frequencies |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
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353 | (3) |
|
|
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356 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (9) |
|
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
Chapter 7 Resistance and Conductivity |
|
|
369 | (50) |
|
The Experimental Measurement of Resistance |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Experimental Measurement of Fractional and Low Ohmic Values |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Intermediate or wioaerate Hesisiance vaiue Measurements |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
Measurements of High Resistance Values |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection (C4D) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
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385 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Applications of Gas Conductivity in Chemical Analysis |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS): Plasma Chromatography |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Electrolytic Conductivity Measurements in Aqueous Solutions |
|
|
388 | (3) |
|
|
|
391 | (3) |
|
Preparation of Ionic Solution Standards |
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
Electrolytic Conductivity Measurements: 555 Timer |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Electrolytic Conductivity Measurements: Microcontroller |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (3) |
|
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
Conductivity: Relative Humidity |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
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406 | (2) |
|
Assembly of an Equilibrium Vapor Pressure Chamber |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
Silica Gel Desiccant Preparation |
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (2) |
|
DAQFactory Serial Port I/O Data Parsing Code |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
|
416 | (3) |
|
|
|
419 | (42) |
|
Static Electrical Charge and Measurement |
|
|
422 | (3) |
|
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
Solid-State Devices for Static Voltage Measurements |
|
|
427 | (3) |
|
Reported Static and Electric Field Detectors |
|
|
430 | (5) |
|
Quantitative Measurement of Accumulated Static Charges |
|
|
435 | (5) |
|
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
FET and MOSFET Static Electric Field Sensors |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (7) |
|
High Sensitivity Electric Field Measurements |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (3) |
|
Recording Electrostatic Effects with Arduino and Raspberry Pi |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (3) |
|
Detecting and Measuring Static Electric Accumulations |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (3) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Chapter 9 Weight, Mass, and Force |
|
|
461 | (104) |
|
Determination of Weight and Mass |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (6) |
|
|
|
469 | (3) |
|
Variation of Dielectric Composition, Discrete Plates, and Metalized Plastic Films |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Aluminum Foil and Sheet Polyethylene |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Papers, Treated Papers, and Cellulose Films |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Slope or First Derivative Software |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Simple Systems: Aluminum-Polyethylene Sheet |
|
|
477 | (4) |
|
Simple Systems: Aluminum-Cellophane Sheet |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Simple Systems: Aluminum-New and Used Newsprint |
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
Complex Systems: Aluminum-Mylar Composite |
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
|
|
486 | (4) |
|
Experimental Refinements of Tapered MPCLC Devices |
|
|
490 | (6) |
|
Augmentation of Force Created by Weighing Operation |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
Design Parameters for a Weighing Device |
|
|
498 | (7) |
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
Static Friction and Self-Compression |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
Determining Self-Compression and Angle of Inclination |
|
|
506 | (2) |
|
|
|
508 | (3) |
|
Materials of Construction |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Weight Manipulation, Data Generation, and Interpretation |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
An Experimental Anemometer and Wind Pressure Gauge |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
Variable Speed Wind Generator |
|
|
516 | (4) |
|
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
|
521 | (2) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (5) |
|
Part C Sensor Construction, Calibration, and Optimization |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
|
|
530 | (6) |
|
Weight or Force Sensor Optimization |
|
|
536 | (3) |
|
|
|
539 | (7) |
|
|
|
546 | (4) |
|
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
|
|
552 | (12) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Chapter 10 Data Collection, Storage, and Networking |
|
|
565 | (52) |
|
|
|
566 | (2) |
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) |
|
|
571 | (3) |
|
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
Real-Time Clock and Breakout Board |
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
SD Card Holder and Breakout Board |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
578 | (8) |
|
|
|
586 | (4) |
|
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
|
590 | (4) |
|
Connecting Arduino to a Network |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
Creating a Simple HTML Web Page |
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Reading Data from an Experiment Attached to an Arduino Server |
|
|
598 | (3) |
|
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (14) |
|
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
Chapter 11 Powering Experiments |
|
|
617 | (52) |
|
|
|
617 | (5) |
|
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
|
|
622 | (3) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Electrochemistry |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Lithium-Ion Nickel Manganese Cobalt |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Recharging Secondary Cell Power Sources |
|
|
630 | (4) |
|
|
|
634 | (4) |
|
Wind- and Water-Powered Generators |
|
|
638 | (5) |
|
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
Creation, Control, and Measurement of Higher Voltage, Low-Current Electricity |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
High-Voltage Power Supply Components |
|
|
645 | (4) |
|
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
Determining the Internal Resistance of Power Sources |
|
|
649 | (3) |
|
Photovoltaic Panels and Arrays |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Power Generation from Mechanical Action |
|
|
653 | (3) |
|
|
|
656 | (2) |
|
Internal Resistance of PV Panels |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Internal Resistance of a Stepper Motor Magneto/Generator |
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
|
661 | (3) |
|
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
|
665 | (2) |
|
|
|
667 | (2) |
| Appendix 1 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms |
|
669 | (8) |
| Appendix 2 List of Suppliers |
|
677 | (4) |
| Index |
|
681 | |
