Preface |
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xv | |
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A Brief Review of Classical Architecting Methods |
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1 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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Extending the Architecting Paradigm |
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5 | (24) |
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Introduction: The Classical Architecting Paradigm |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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The High Rate of Advances in the Computer and Information Sciences |
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7 | (1) |
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The Foundations of Modern Systems Architecting |
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8 | (11) |
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The Architecture Paradigm Summarized |
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19 | (1) |
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The Waterfall Model of Systems Acquisition |
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20 | (3) |
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Spirals, Increments, and Collaborative Assembly |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (18) |
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29 | (1) |
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Heuristics as Abstractions of Experience |
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30 | (1) |
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Selecting a Personal Kit of Heuristic Tools |
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31 | (3) |
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34 | (1) |
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A Process Framework for Architecting Heuristics |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (5) |
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Part II: New Domains, New Insights |
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47 | (30) |
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47 | (4) |
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Architecture Interpretation |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Was the Boeing 247 Successfully Architected? |
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52 | (1) |
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What Is the ``Architecture'' of the DC-3? |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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Builder-Architected Systems |
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57 | (20) |
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Introduction: The Form-First Paradigm |
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57 | (2) |
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Technological Substitutions within Existing Systems |
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59 | (2) |
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Consequences of Uncertainty of End Purpose |
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61 | (1) |
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Architecture and Competition |
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61 | (2) |
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Reducing the Risks of Uncertainty of End Purpose |
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63 | (1) |
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Risk Management by Intermediate Goals |
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64 | (1) |
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The ``What Next?'' Quandary |
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65 | (1) |
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Controlling the Critical Features of the Architecture |
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66 | (1) |
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Abandonment of an Obsolete Architecture |
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67 | (1) |
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Creating Innovative Teams |
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68 | (2) |
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Architecting ``Revolutionary'' Systems |
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70 | (2) |
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Systems Architecting and Basic Research |
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72 | (1) |
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Heuristics for Architecting Technology-Driven Systems |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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Case Study 2: Mass and Lean Production |
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77 | (38) |
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77 | (1) |
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An Architectural History of Mass Production |
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77 | (1) |
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Cottage Industry (1890s to 1910s) |
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78 | (1) |
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Birth of Mass Production (1908--1913) |
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78 | (1) |
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Competition from New Quarters (1920s to 1930s) |
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79 | (1) |
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The Toyota Production System (1940s to 1980s) |
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80 | (1) |
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Metaphor or Vision Changes |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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A Car for the Masses, or If We Build It, It Will Sell |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Elements of the Architecture of the Ford Production System |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Quality Assurance for Distributed Production |
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84 | (1) |
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Devotion to Component-Level Simplification |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (28) |
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Introduction: The Manufacturing Domain |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (3) |
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Architectural Innovations in Manufacturing |
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91 | (2) |
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Dynamic Manufacturing Systems |
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93 | (12) |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (3) |
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Heuristics for Architecting Manufacturing Systems |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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Case Study 3: Intelligent Transportation Systems |
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115 | (22) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (2) |
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ITS Sociotechnical Issues |
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118 | (1) |
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Who Is the Client for an Architect? |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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Architecture as Shared Invariants |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (12) |
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Introduction: Defining Sociotechnical Systems |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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The Foundations of Sociotechnical Systems Architecting |
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127 | (1) |
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The Separation of Client and User |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (2) |
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The Interaction between the Public and Private Sectors |
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130 | (1) |
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Facts versus Perceptions: An Added Tension |
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131 | (3) |
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Heuristics for Social Systems |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Case Study 4: Hierarchical to Layered Systems |
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137 | (44) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (2) |
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The Pain of the Transition |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (3) |
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Software and Information Technology Systems |
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147 | (34) |
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Introduction: The Status of Software Architecting |
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147 | (4) |
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Software as a System Component |
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151 | (2) |
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Systems, Software, and Process Models |
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153 | (8) |
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161 | (5) |
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The Role of Architecture in Software-Centered Systems |
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166 | (1) |
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Programming Languages, Models, and Expression |
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167 | (2) |
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Architectures, ``Unifying'' Models, and Visions |
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169 | (1) |
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Directions in Software Architecting |
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170 | (8) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Case Study 5: The Global Positioning System |
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181 | (214) |
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181 | (1) |
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The Origins of GPS: The Foundational Programs |
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181 | (1) |
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Inertial Navigation and Its Limits |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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The Long Road to Revolution |
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186 | (1) |
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The Timeline to Operation |
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186 | (1) |
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Commercial Markets and the Gulf War |
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187 | (1) |
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Revolution in the Second Generation |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Architecture Interpretation |
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189 | (1) |
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Right Idea, Right Time, Right People |
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189 | (1) |
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Be Technically Aggressive, But Not Suicidal |
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190 | (1) |
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Consensus without Compromise |
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191 | (1) |
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Architecture as Invariants |
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192 | (1) |
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Revolution through Coupled Change |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (26) |
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Introduction: Collaboration as a Category |
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195 | (2) |
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Collaborative System Examples |
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197 | (5) |
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Analogies for Architecting Collaborative Systems |
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202 | (1) |
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Collaborative System Heuristics |
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203 | (4) |
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Variations on the Collaborative Theme |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (3) |
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Standards and Collaborative Systems |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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Exercises to Close Part II |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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Part III: Models and Modeling |
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217 | (1) |
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A Civil Architecture Analogy |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
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Representation Models and Systems Architecting |
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221 | (26) |
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Introduction: Roles, Views, and Models |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Models, Viewpoints, and Views |
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223 | (2) |
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Classification of Models by View |
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225 | (18) |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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Design Progression in Systems Architecting |
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247 | (38) |
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Introduction: Architecting Process Components |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Design as the Evolution of Models |
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250 | (1) |
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Evaluation Criteria and Heuristic Refinement |
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250 | (4) |
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Design Concepts for Systems Architecture |
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254 | (23) |
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Architecture and Design Disciplines |
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277 | (5) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (2) |
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Integrated Modeling Methodologies |
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285 | (28) |
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285 | (1) |
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General Integrated Models |
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286 | (6) |
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Integrated Modeling and Software |
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292 | (15) |
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Integrated Models for Manufacturing Systems |
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307 | (1) |
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Integrated Models for Sociotechnical Systems |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (3) |
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313 | (26) |
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313 | (1) |
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Defining an Architecture Framework |
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314 | (1) |
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Current Architecture Frameworks |
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315 | (12) |
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327 | (2) |
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Adapting Processes to Frameworks |
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329 | (4) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (6) |
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Part IV: The Systems Architecting Profession |
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Architecting in Business and Government |
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339 | (22) |
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Problem-System-Program-Organization |
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339 | (4) |
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Strategy and Architecture in Business and Government |
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343 | (3) |
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346 | (4) |
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Strategic Architecting of Programs |
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350 | (3) |
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353 | (6) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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The Political Process and Systems Architecting |
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361 | (14) |
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Introduction: The Political Challenge |
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361 | (1) |
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Politics as a Design Factor |
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362 | (2) |
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The First Skill to Master |
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364 | (1) |
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Heuristics in the Political Process: ``The Facts of Life'' |
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365 | (8) |
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A Few More Skills to Master |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (2) |
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The Professionalization of Systems Architecting |
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375 | (20) |
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375 | (1) |
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The Profession of Systems Engineering |
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375 | (3) |
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Systems Architecting and Systems Standards |
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378 | (1) |
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The Origins of Systems Standards |
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379 | (3) |
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382 | (2) |
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384 | (1) |
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A Summary of Standards Developments, 1950--1995 |
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385 | (1) |
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Systems Architecting Graduate Education |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (2) |
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Advanced Study in Systems Architecting |
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389 | (1) |
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Professional Societies and Publications |
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389 | (1) |
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Conclusion: An Assessment of the Profession |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (4) |
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Appendix A: Heuristics for Systems-Level Architecting |
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395 | (14) |
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Introduction: Organizing the List |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (10) |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (2) |
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Appendix B: Reference Texts Suggested for Institutional Libraries |
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409 | (4) |
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409 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
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Appendix C: On Defining Architecture and Other Terms |
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413 | (10) |
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Defining ``Architecture'' |
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413 | (7) |
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Models, Viewpoints, and Views |
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420 | (2) |
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422 | (1) |
Glossary |
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423 | (4) |
Author Index |
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427 | (4) |
Subject Index |
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431 | |