| Letter From the Authors |
|
xix | |
| About the Authors |
|
xxi | |
| Preface |
|
xxii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxvii | |
| 1 Anthropology |
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Asking Questions About Humanity |
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1 | (2) |
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How Did Anthropology Begin? |
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3 | (2) |
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The Disruptions of Industrialization |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Colonial Origins of Cultural Anthropology |
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4 | (1) |
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Anthropology as a Global Discipline |
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5 | (1) |
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What Do the Four Subfields of Anthropology Have in Common? |
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5 | (6) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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How Do Anthropologists Know What They Know? |
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11 | (5) |
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The Scientific Method in Anthropology |
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11 | (4) |
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When Anthropology Is Not a Science: Interpreting Cultures |
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15 | (1) |
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How Do Anthropologists Put Their Knowledge to Work in the World? |
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16 | (3) |
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Applied and Practicing Anthropology |
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16 | (3) |
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What Ethical Obligations Do Anthropologists Have? |
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19 | (7) |
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19 | (1) |
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Take Responsibility for Your Work |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (6) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Should Anthropologists Take Responsibility for the Influences They Have on the Societies They Study? |
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21 | (5) |
| 2 Culture |
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Giving Meaning to Human Lives |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (7) |
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28 | (6) |
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Defining Culture in This Book |
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34 | (1) |
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If Culture Is Always Changing, Why Does It Feel So Stable? |
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35 | (3) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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How Do Social Institutions Express Culture? |
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38 | (5) |
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Culture and Social Institutions |
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39 | (1) |
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American Culture Expressed Through Breakfast Cereals and Sexuality |
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40 | (3) |
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43 | (4) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Understanding Holism |
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42 | (5) |
| 3 Ethnography |
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47 | (2) |
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What Distinguishes Ethnographic Fieldwork from Other Types of Social Research? |
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49 | (4) |
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49 | (1) |
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Seeing the World from "The Native's Point of View" |
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50 | (2) |
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Avoiding Cultural "Tunnel Vision" |
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52 | (1) |
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How Do Anthropologists Actually Do Ethnographic Fieldwork? |
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53 | (6) |
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Participant Observation: Disciplined "Hanging Out" |
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54 | (1) |
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Interviews: Asking and Listening |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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What Other Methods Do Cultural Anthropologists Use? |
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59 | (6) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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Anthropology at a Distance |
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63 | (1) |
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Analyzing Secondary Materials |
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63 | (1) |
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Special Issues Facing Anthropologists Studying Their Own Societies |
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63 | (2) |
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What Unique Ethical Dilemmas Do Ethnographers Face? |
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65 | (5) |
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Protecting Informant Identity |
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65 | (2) |
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Anthropology, Spying, and War |
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67 | (5) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Fieldwork in an American Mall |
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51 | (19) |
| 4 Linguistic Anthropology |
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Relating Language and Culture |
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70 | (2) |
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How Do Anthropologists Study Language? |
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72 | (1) |
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Where Does Language Come From? |
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72 | (3) |
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Evolutionary Perspectives on Language |
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72 | (2) |
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Historical Linguistics: Studying Language Origins and Change |
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74 | (1) |
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How Does Language Actually Work? |
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75 | (6) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (3) |
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Does Language Shape How We Experience the World? |
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81 | (3) |
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The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Ethnoscience and Color Terms |
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82 | (1) |
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Is The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Correct? |
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83 | (1) |
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If Language Is Always Changing, Why Does It Seem So Stable? |
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84 | (4) |
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Linguistic Change, Stability, and National Policy |
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84 | (2) |
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Language Stability Parallels Cultural Stability |
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86 | (2) |
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How Does Language Relate to Social Power and Inequality? |
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88 | (5) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Language and the Legacy of Colonialism |
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89 | (6) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Helping Communities Preserve Endangered Languages |
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87 | (6) |
| 5 Globalization and Culture |
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Understanding Global Interconnections |
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93 | (2) |
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Is the World Really Getting Smaller? |
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95 | (6) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (5) |
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What Are the Outcomes of Global Integration? |
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101 | (5) |
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Colonialism and World Systems Theory |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Resistance at the Periphery |
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104 | (1) |
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Globalization and Localization |
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104 | (2) |
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Doesn't Everyone Want to Be Developed? |
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106 | (4) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Anthropology of Development |
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108 | (1) |
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Change on Their Own Terms |
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109 | (1) |
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If the World Is Not Becoming Homogenized, What Is Actually Happening? |
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110 | (3) |
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Cultural Convergence Theories |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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How Can Anthropologists Study Global Interconnections? |
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113 | (4) |
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Defining an Object of Study |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (5) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Understanding Global Integration Through Commodities |
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100 | (17) |
| 6 Sustainability Environment and Foodways |
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117 | (26) |
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Do All People See Nature in the Same Way? |
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119 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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How Do People Secure an Adequate, Meaningful, and Environmentally Sustainable Food Supply? |
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121 | (7) |
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122 | (3) |
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Food, Culture, and Meaning |
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125 | (3) |
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How Does Non-Western Knowledge of Nature and Agriculture Relate to Science? |
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128 | (2) |
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128 | (1) |
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Traditional Ecological Knowledge |
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129 | (1) |
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How Are Industrial Agriculture and Economic Globalization Linked to Increasing Environmental and Health Problems? |
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130 | (7) |
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Population and Environment |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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Industrial Foods, Sedentary Lives, and the Nutrition Transition |
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133 | (3) |
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Anthropology Confronts Climate Change |
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136 | (1) |
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Are Industrialized Western Societies the Only Ones to Conserve Nature? |
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137 | (6) |
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138 | (1) |
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The Culture of Modern Nature Conservation |
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138 | (1) |
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Environmentalism's Alternative Paradigms |
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139 | (6) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Teresa Mares and Migrant Farmworkers' Food Security in Vermont |
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134 | (9) |
| 7 Economics |
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Working, Sharing, and Buying |
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143 | (2) |
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Is Money Really the Measure of All Things? |
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145 | (6) |
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Culture, Economics, and Value |
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145 | (2) |
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The Neoclassical Perspective |
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147 | (1) |
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The Substantivist-Formalist Debate |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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The Cultural Economics Perspective |
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149 | (2) |
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How Does Culture Shape the Value and Meaning of Money? |
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151 | (2) |
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The Types and Cultural Dimensions of Money |
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151 | (2) |
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Money and the Distribution of Power |
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153 | (1) |
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Why Is Gift Exchange Such an Important Part of All Societies? |
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153 | (4) |
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Gift Exchange and Economy: Two Classic Approaches |
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154 | (2) |
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Gift Exchange in Market-Based Economies |
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156 | (1) |
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What Is the Point of Owning Things? |
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157 | (3) |
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Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Property |
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157 | (1) |
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Appropriation and Consumption |
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158 | (2) |
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Does Capitalism Have Distinct Cultures? |
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160 | (7) |
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Culture and Social Relations on Wall Street |
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160 | (1) |
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Entrepreneurial Capitalism Among Malays |
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161 | (8) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Jim Yong Kim's Holistic, On-the-Ground Approach to Fighting Poverty |
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163 | (4) |
| 8 Politics |
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Cooperation, Conflict, and Power Relations |
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167 | (2) |
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Does Every Society Have a Government? |
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169 | (4) |
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The Idea of "Politics" and the Problem of Order |
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170 | (1) |
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Structural-Functionalist Models of Political Stability |
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170 | (1) |
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Neo-Evolutionary Models of Political Organization: Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States |
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171 | (1) |
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Challenges to Traditional Political Anthropology |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (7) |
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173 | (1) |
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Political Power Is Action-Oriented |
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173 | (1) |
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Political Power Is Structural |
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174 | (1) |
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Political Power Is Gendered |
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175 | (1) |
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Political Power in Non-State Societies |
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175 | (2) |
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The Political Power of the Contemporary Nation-State |
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177 | (3) |
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Why Do Some Societies Seem More Violent Than Others? |
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180 | (5) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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Explaining the Rise of Violence in Our Contemporary World |
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183 | (2) |
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How Do People Avoid Aggression, Brutality, and War? |
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185 | (5) |
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What Disputes Are "About" |
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185 | (1) |
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How People Manage Disputes |
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185 | (2) |
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Is Restoring Harmony Always the Best Way? |
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187 | (5) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Maxwell Owusu and Democracy in Ghana |
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179 | (11) |
| 9 Race, Ethnicity, and Class |
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Understanding Identity and Social Inequality |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (3) |
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The Biological Meanings (and Meaningless) of "Human Races" |
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193 | (1) |
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Race Does Have Biological Consequences |
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194 | (1) |
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How Is Race Culturally Constructed? |
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195 | (6) |
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The Construction of Blackness and Whiteness in Colonial Virginia and Beyond |
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195 | (2) |
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Racialization in Latin America |
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197 | (3) |
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Saying "Race Is Culturally Constructed" Is Not Enough |
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200 | (1) |
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How Are Other Social Classifications Naturalized? |
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201 | (5) |
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Ethnicity: Common Descent |
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201 | (2) |
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Class: Economic Hierarchy in Capitalist Societies |
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203 | (1) |
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Caste: Moral Purity and Pollution |
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204 | (2) |
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Are Prejudice and Discrimination Inevitable? |
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206 | (7) |
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207 | (1) |
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Discrimination, Explicit and Disguised |
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208 | (2) |
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The Other Side of Discrimination: Unearned Privilege |
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210 | (5) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Counting and Classifying Race in the American Census |
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198 | (15) |
| 10 Gender, Sex, and Sexuality |
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The Fluidity of Maleness and Femaleness |
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213 | (2) |
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How and Why Do Males and Females Differ? |
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215 | (5) |
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Shifting Views on Male and Female Differences |
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215 | (2) |
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Beyond the Male-Female Dichotomy |
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217 | (1) |
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Do Hormones Really Cause Gendered Differences in Behavior? |
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218 | (2) |
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Why Is There Inequality Between Men and Women? |
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220 | (4) |
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Debating "the Second Sex" |
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221 | (1) |
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Taking Stock of the Debate |
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221 | (1) |
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Reproducing Male-Female Inequalities |
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222 | (2) |
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What Does It Mean to Be Neither Male Nor Female? |
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224 | (6) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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Trans in the United States |
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227 | (3) |
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Is Human Sexuality Just a Matter of Being Straight or Queer? |
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230 | (6) |
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Cultural Perspectives on Same-Sex Sexuality |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (5) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Anthropological Perspectives on American (Non)Acceptance of Trans People |
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229 | (7) |
| 11 Kinship, Marriage, and the Family |
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236 | (2) |
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What Are Families, and How Are They Structured in Different Societies? |
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238 | (9) |
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238 | (1) |
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Nuclear and Extended Families |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (3) |
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243 | (1) |
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Cultural Patterns in Childrearing |
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244 | (3) |
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How Do Families Control Power and Wealth? |
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247 | (3) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Controlling Family Wealth Through Inheritance |
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249 | (1) |
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Inheritance Rules in Non-Industrial Societies |
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249 | (1) |
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Why Do People Get Married? |
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250 | (3) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Sex, Love, and the Power of Families Over Young Couples |
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251 | (2) |
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How Are Social and Technological Changes Reshaping How People Think About Family? |
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253 | (4) |
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International Adoptions and the Problem of Cultural Identity |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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Surrogate Mothers and Sperm Donors |
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254 | (5) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Genealogical Amnesia in Bali, Indonesia, and the United States |
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245 | (12) |
| 12 Religion |
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257 | (2) |
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How Should We Understand Religion and Religious Beliefs? |
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259 | (6) |
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Understanding Religion, Version 1.0: Edward B. Tylor and Belief in Spirits |
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259 | (1) |
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Understanding Religion, Version 2.0: Anthony F.C. Wallace on Supernatural Beings, Powers, and Forces |
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260 | (1) |
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Understanding Religion, Version 3.0: Religion as a System of Symbols |
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261 | (1) |
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Understanding Religion, Version 4.0: Religion as a System of Social Action |
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262 | (1) |
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Making Sense of the 2015 Terrorist Attacks in France: Charlie Hebdo |
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263 | (2) |
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What Forms Does Religion Take? |
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265 | (5) |
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Clan Spirits and Clan Identities in New Guinea |
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265 | (1) |
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Totemism in North America |
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266 | (1) |
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Shamanism and Ecstatic Religious Experiences |
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267 | (1) |
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Ritual Symbols That Reinforce a Hierarchical Social Order |
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267 | (1) |
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Polytheism and Monotheism in Ancient Societies |
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268 | (1) |
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World Religions and Universal Understandings of the World |
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269 | (1) |
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How Does Atheism Fit in the Discussion? |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (5) |
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Magical Thought in Non-Western Cultures |
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270 | (1) |
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Sympathetic Magic: The Law of Similarity and the Law of Contagion |
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271 | (1) |
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Magic in Western Societies |
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272 | (1) |
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Rites of Passage and the Ritual Process |
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272 | (3) |
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How Is Religion Linked to Political and Social Action? |
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275 | (4) |
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The Rise of Fundamentalism |
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275 | (1) |
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Understanding Fundamentalism |
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276 | (5) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Examining Rites of Passage |
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273 | (6) |
| 13 The Body |
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Biocultural Perspectives on Health and Illness |
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279 | (2) |
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How Do Biological and Cultural Factors Shape Our Bodily Experiences? |
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281 | (4) |
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Uniting Mind and Matter: A Biocultural Perspective |
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282 | (1) |
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Culture and Mental Illness |
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282 | (3) |
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What Do We Mean by Health and Illness? |
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285 | (4) |
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The Individual Subjectivity of Illness |
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285 | (2) |
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The "Sick Role": The Social Expectations of Illness |
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287 | (2) |
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How and Why Do Doctors and Other Health Practitioners Gain Social Authority? |
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289 | (4) |
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The Disease-Illness Distinction: Professional and Popular Views of Sickness |
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290 | (2) |
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The Medicalization of the Non-Medical |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (4) |
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Clinical Therapeutic Processes |
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294 | (1) |
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Symbolic Therapeutic Processes |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Persuasion: The Placebo Effect |
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295 | (2) |
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How Can Anthropology Help Us Address Global Health Problems? |
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297 | (7) |
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Understanding Global Health Problems |
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297 | (3) |
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Anthropological Contributions to Tackling the International HIV/AIDS Crisis |
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300 | (6) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Nancy Scheper-Hughes on an Engaged Anthropology of Health |
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299 | (5) |
| 14 Materiality |
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Constructing Social Relationships and Meanings With Things |
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304 | (2) |
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Why Is the Ownership of Artifacts From Other Cultures a Contentious Issue? |
|
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306 | (6) |
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Questions of Ownership, Rights, and Protection |
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307 | (4) |
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Cultural Resource Management: Not Just for Archaeologists Any More |
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311 | (1) |
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How Can Anthropology Help Us Understand Objects? |
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312 | (5) |
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The Many Dimensions of Objects |
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313 | (1) |
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A Shiny New Bicycle, in Multiple Dimensions |
|
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
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How Do the Meanings of Things Change Over Time? |
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317 | (4) |
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The Social Life of Things |
|
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318 | (1) |
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Three Ways Objects Change Over Time |
|
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318 | (3) |
|
How Do Objects Come to Represent Our Goals and Aspirations? |
|
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321 | (5) |
|
The Cultural Biography of Things |
|
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321 | (1) |
|
The Culture of Mass Consumption |
|
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322 | (1) |
|
How Advertisers Manipulate Our Goals and Aspirations |
|
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323 | (3) |
|
Anthropologist As Problem Solver: John Terrell, Repatriation, and the Maori Meeting House at The Field Museum |
|
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310 | (16) |
| Epilogue: Cultural Anthropology and the Future of Human Diversity |
|
326 | (4) |
| Glossary |
|
330 | (9) |
| References |
|
339 | (14) |
| Credits |
|
353 | (4) |
| Index |
|
357 | |
