Preface |
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ix | |
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1 Introduction to Literacy Difficulties |
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1 | (20) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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Reading Difficulty Defined |
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2 | (4) |
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Incidence of Reading Problems |
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6 | (1) |
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Persistence of Severe Problems |
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6 | (1) |
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English Language Learners as Struggling Readers |
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6 | (1) |
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The Nature of Intervention and Corrective Instruction |
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7 | (3) |
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Principles of Intervention and Corrective Instruction |
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10 | (6) |
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Impact of the Elementary and Secondary Act and IDEIA |
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16 | (2) |
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The Whys of Reading Problems |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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2 Factors Involved in Reading and Writing Difficulties |
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21 | (36) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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Interacting Factors in Reading and Writing Difficulty |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (6) |
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Visual Processing Deficits |
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29 | (4) |
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33 | (6) |
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Social and Emotional Factors |
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39 | (5) |
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44 | (7) |
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51 | (2) |
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Social and Cultural Factors |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (24) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Principles of Effective Assessment |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (8) |
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Evaluating Assessment Devices |
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72 | (2) |
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Functional-Level Assessment |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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Assessing English Language Learners |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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4 Placing Students and Monitoring Progress |
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81 | (42) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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The Informal Reading Inventory |
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82 | (20) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (4) |
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Planning Instruction Based on IRI, Miscue Analysis, or Running Record Results |
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108 | (1) |
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Comparing IRI, Miscue Analysis, and Running Records |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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Screening, Monitoring Progress, and Benchmarking |
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111 | (7) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (3) |
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5 Assessment of Reading and Writing Processes |
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123 | (34) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Reading Processes: Decoding |
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124 | (2) |
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Reading Processes: Comprehension |
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126 | (12) |
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138 | (1) |
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Assessing Vocabulary Knowledge |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (6) |
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147 | (8) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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6 Assessment of Cognitive, School, and Home Factors |
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157 | (28) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Role of Intelligence Tests |
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159 | (4) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Associative Word Learning |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Assessing the Instructional Situation |
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166 | (4) |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Assessment: An Ongoing Process |
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181 | (1) |
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A Multidisciplinary Approach |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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7 Emergent Literacy and Prevention Programs |
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185 | (38) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Emergent Literacy and Prevention Programs |
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186 | (8) |
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Developing Literacy Concepts |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (5) |
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Phonological Processes and Reading |
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201 | (16) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (2) |
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8 Teaching Phonics, High-Frequency Words, and Fluency |
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223 | (82) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Phonics and the Poor Reader |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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Phases in Learning to Read Words |
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227 | (3) |
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Types of Word-Recognition Difficulty |
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230 | (1) |
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Principles of Teaching Phonics |
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231 | (1) |
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The Content of Phonics: Consonants |
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232 | (1) |
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Approaches to Teaching Consonants |
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232 | (3) |
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235 | (3) |
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Sequence of Teaching Consonants |
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238 | (1) |
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Reinforcement Activities for Consonant Correspondences |
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239 | (4) |
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Using a Multisensory Approach to Learn Letter Names and Letter Sounds |
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243 | (1) |
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The Content of Phonics: Vowels |
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244 | (13) |
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The Role of Dialect in Teaching Phonics |
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257 | (1) |
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Sequence for Teaching Vowels |
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258 | (1) |
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Application through Reading |
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258 | (4) |
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Additional Reinforcement for Vowel Patterns |
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262 | (6) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (7) |
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Using Prompts to Foster the Use of Balanced Decoding Strategies |
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275 | (4) |
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279 | (1) |
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Scope and Sequence of Analogy Words and Patterns |
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280 | (1) |
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Phonics Progress Monitoring |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (2) |
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Direct Teaching Approach for High-Frequency Words |
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284 | (1) |
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Indirect Teaching Techniques for High-Frequency Words |
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284 | (8) |
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Additional Practice Activities for High-Frequency Words |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (8) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (2) |
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9 Syllabic, Morphemic, and Contextual Analysis and Dictionary Strategies |
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305 | (32) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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Approaches to Teaching Syllabic Analysis |
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307 | (11) |
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318 | (1) |
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Teaching Morphemic Elements |
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319 | (7) |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (3) |
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Balanced Use of Strategies |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (28) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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Low-Achieving Readers and Vocabulary |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (2) |
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Word Knowledge and Comprehension |
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340 | (2) |
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Incidental versus Systematic Instruction |
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342 | (1) |
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Principles of Vocabulary Instruction |
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343 | (2) |
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Techniques for Teaching Words |
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345 | (12) |
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Teaching Vocabulary to English Language Learners |
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357 | (5) |
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A Full Program of Vocabulary Development |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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11 Building Comprehension |
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365 | (60) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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Theories of Comprehension |
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366 | (4) |
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Causes of Comprehension Difficulty |
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370 | (1) |
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Approaches to Teaching Comprehension |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (28) |
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Importance of Using Appropriate Materials |
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399 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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Approaches to Teaching Strategies |
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400 | (1) |
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Collaborative Strategy Instruction: An Exemplary Program |
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401 | (2) |
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Importance of Prior Knowledge |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (5) |
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Lesson Plans That Foster Comprehension |
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409 | (5) |
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Other Techniques for Building Comprehension |
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414 | (3) |
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417 | (1) |
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Sentence-Level Comprehension |
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418 | (3) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (3) |
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12 Reading to Learn and Remember in the Content Areas |
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425 | (66) |
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425 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
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The Challenge of Content-Area Texts |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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Framework for Teaching Content-Area Reading |
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427 | (2) |
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429 | (12) |
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Instructional Techniques for Fostering Learning from Text |
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441 | (16) |
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Outstanding Collaborative Approaches |
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457 | (7) |
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Developing the Ability to Read Complex Text |
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464 | (3) |
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467 | (1) |
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Textbooks in the Content Areas |
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467 | (5) |
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472 | (4) |
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476 | (2) |
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Reading to Learn and Remember |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (5) |
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484 | (2) |
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486 | (2) |
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Motivating Students to Put Forth Needed Effort |
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488 | (1) |
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488 | (1) |
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489 | (1) |
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490 | (1) |
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13 Building Writing Strategies |
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491 | (40) |
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491 | (1) |
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491 | (1) |
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Extent of Writing Problems |
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492 | (1) |
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The Changing Nature of the Writing Process |
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492 | (8) |
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Composing Explanatory/Informational and Persuasive Texts |
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500 | (5) |
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505 | (1) |
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Strategic Writing Instruction |
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505 | (2) |
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507 | (1) |
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Writing Programs for Low-Achieving Readers and Writers |
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508 | (11) |
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Motivating Reluctant Writers |
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519 | (1) |
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Writing Instruction for English Language Learners |
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520 | (1) |
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Preparing for Assessment Prompts |
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521 | (1) |
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The Need for a Balanced Program |
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522 | (1) |
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522 | (4) |
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526 | (1) |
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527 | (1) |
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527 | (1) |
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528 | (3) |
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14 Tier II and III Programs for Students of All Ages |
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531 | (30) |
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531 | (1) |
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531 | (1) |
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Approaches to Intervention |
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532 | (1) |
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Early Intervention Programs |
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532 | (9) |
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The Need for Specialized Techniques |
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541 | (1) |
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541 | (10) |
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Other Orton-Based Approaches |
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551 | (1) |
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552 | (1) |
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552 | (3) |
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Working with English Language Learners |
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555 | (3) |
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558 | (1) |
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559 | (1) |
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560 | (1) |
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15 Organization of Intervention and Corrective Programs |
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561 | (24) |
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561 | (1) |
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561 | (1) |
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The Changing Face of Intervention |
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562 | (2) |
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Components of an Intervention Program |
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564 | (8) |
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572 | (1) |
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572 | (1) |
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573 | (5) |
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578 | (1) |
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Technology for the Reading/Writing Program |
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579 | (2) |
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581 | (1) |
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581 | (1) |
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582 | (1) |
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583 | (2) |
Appendix A Informal Assessment Measures |
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585 | (4) |
Appendix B Sample Assessment Report |
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589 | (8) |
References |
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597 | (28) |
Index |
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625 | |