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xiii | |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgements |
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xxv | |
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1 | (6) |
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2 Variation, transfer and ultimate attainment in second language acquisition |
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7 | (32) |
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8 | (13) |
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2.1.1 Internal and external factors |
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9 | (10) |
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2.1.2 Systematic vs. non-systematic variation |
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19 | (2) |
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2.2 Transfer in second language (phonological) acquisition |
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21 | (9) |
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2.3 Ultimate attainment in second language acquisition |
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30 | (6) |
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2.4 Implications for the present study |
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36 | (3) |
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3 British English, American English and German: Cross-linguistic comparison and transfer opportunities for German learners |
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39 | (28) |
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3.1 Rhoticity and linking <r> |
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40 | (7) |
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3.1.1 Cross-linguistic comparison |
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40 | (6) |
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3.1.2 Transfer opportunities |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Cross-linguistics comparison |
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47 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Transfer opportunities |
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50 | (1) |
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3.3 The bath vowel and the Lot / Thought distinction |
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51 | (13) |
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3.3.1 The vowel systems of BrE, AmE and Standard German |
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52 | (4) |
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56 | (1) |
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3.3.2.1 Cross-linguistics comparison |
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56 | (3) |
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3.3.2.2 Transfer opportunities |
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59 | (1) |
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3.3.3 The Lot / Thought distinction |
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60 | (1) |
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3.3.3.1 Cross-linguistics comparison |
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60 | (3) |
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3.3.3.2 Transfer opportunities |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (3) |
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4 The attainment of an English accent by advanced German learners: Research questions |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (40) |
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69 | (3) |
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5.2 Diagnostic texts: "Comma gets a cure" and "Munchen" |
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72 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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5.3 Rhoticity and linking <r> |
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74 | (5) |
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79 | (2) |
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5.5 The bath vowel and the Lot / Thought distinction |
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81 | (20) |
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5.5.1 A Brief note on lexical sets for German |
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82 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Bath and Lot / Thought |
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83 | (4) |
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5.5.3 Vowel measurement in PRAAT |
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87 | (5) |
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5.5.4 Plotting vowels: The package "Vowels" for R (Kendall & Thomas 2012) |
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92 | (9) |
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101 | (8) |
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5.6.1 Consonants: Rbrul (Johnson 2009) |
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102 | (2) |
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5.6.2 Vowels: Boxplots and pairwise t-tests in R |
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104 | (5) |
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6 Results: The realizations of salient differences between BrE and AmE by advanced German learners |
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109 | (132) |
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6.1 Rhoticity and linking <r> |
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109 | (34) |
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110 | (1) |
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6.1.1.1 Quantitative distribution of rhoticity by-target variety, region, proficiency and time spent abroad |
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110 | (14) |
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6.1.1.2 Summary and Rbrul analysis |
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124 | (5) |
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129 | (1) |
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6.1.2.1 Quantitative distribution of linking <r> by target variety, region, proficiency and time spent abroad |
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129 | (10) |
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6.1.2.2 Summary and Rbrul analysis |
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139 | (4) |
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143 | (19) |
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6.2.1 Quantitative distribution of t-voicing by target variety, region, proficiency and time spent abroad |
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143 | (2) |
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6.2.1.1 Extra-linguistic independent variables L1 accent region, proficiency and time spent abroad |
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145 | (3) |
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6.2.1.2 Intra-linguistic independent variables position and word class |
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148 | (10) |
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6.2.2 Summary and Rbrul analysis |
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158 | (4) |
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6.3 The bath vowel and the Lot / Thought distinction |
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162 | (79) |
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164 | (1) |
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6.3.1.1 Native bath in comparison to German vowel space |
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164 | (7) |
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6.3.1.2 Bath by region, proficiency and time spent abroad |
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171 | (3) |
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6.3.1.3 Bath in comparison to trap and palm, native bath, and German Baten, Katzchen, Betten, Baten and Hatten |
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174 | (24) |
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6.3.2 The Lot / Thought distinction |
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198 | (1) |
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6.3.2.1 Native lot and thought in comparison to German vowel space |
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198 | (8) |
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6.3.2.2 Lot and thought by region, proficiency and time spent abroad |
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206 | (5) |
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6.3.2.3 Lot and thought in comparison to native lot and thought and German Boten, Socken, Baten and Hatten |
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211 | (30) |
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241 | (24) |
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241 | (14) |
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241 | (3) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (5) |
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7.2 The influence of extra-linguistic variables on the degree of approximation to the self-chose target accent |
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255 | (6) |
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7.2.1 The self-chosen target accent |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (3) |
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7.3 Transfer and ultimate attainment |
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261 | (4) |
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265 | (6) |
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271 | |