Preface to the Sixth Edition |
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xxvii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xxxi | |
List of Abbreviations |
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xxxiii | |
Chapter 1 Amplifiers and The Audio Signal |
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1 | (24) |
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The Economic Importance of Power Amplifiers |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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The Study of Amplifier Design |
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3 | (1) |
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The Characteristics of the Audio Signal |
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4 | (1) |
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Amplitude Distribution with Time |
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4 | (1) |
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Amplitude Distribution with Frequency |
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5 | (1) |
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The Performance Requirements for Amplifiers |
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5 | (7) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (3) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (4) |
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The Subjectivist Position |
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13 | (1) |
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A Short History of Subjectivism |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (2) |
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The Limits of Hearing: Phase Perception |
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16 | (1) |
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Articles of Faith: The Tenets of Subjectivism |
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17 | (6) |
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The Length of the Audio Chain |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
Chapter 2 The Basics of Distortion |
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25 | (28) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Cubic + Linear Distortion |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (4) |
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Hard-clipping Distortion: Symmetrical |
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35 | (1) |
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Hard-clipping Distortion: Asymmetrical |
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36 | (1) |
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Crossover Distortion Modelling |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Choosing a Distortion Model |
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38 | (1) |
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SPICE Models for Passive Components |
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38 | (1) |
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First-order Voltage-coefficient Distortion Model |
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39 | (4) |
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Second-order Voltage-coefficient Distortion Model |
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43 | (1) |
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Other Voltage Coefficient Distortion Models |
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44 | (1) |
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Measuring Resistor Distortion |
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45 | (5) |
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Metal Film, Metal Foil, and Wirewound Resistors |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (3) |
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Carbon Film Resistor Usage |
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48 | (1) |
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Carbon Composition Resistors |
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48 | (2) |
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Resistors in the Feedback Network |
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50 | (1) |
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Modelling Distortion from other Passive Components |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
Chapter 3 Negative Feedback |
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53 | (20) |
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Negative Feedback in Amplifiers |
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54 | (2) |
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Common Misconceptions about Negative Feedback |
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56 | (1) |
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Negative Feedback and Amplifier Stability |
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57 | (7) |
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Feedback Intermodulation Distortion |
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64 | (4) |
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Maximising the Amount of Negative Feedback |
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68 | (1) |
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Overall Feedback Versus Local Feedback |
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69 | (2) |
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Maximising Linearity before Feedback |
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71 | (1) |
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Positive Feedback in Amplifiers |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
Chapter 4 Amplifier Architecture, Classes, and Variations |
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73 | (40) |
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75 | (1) |
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The Three-stage Amplifier Architecture |
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75 | (1) |
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The Two-stage Amplifier Architecture |
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76 | (1) |
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The Four-stage Amplifier Architecture |
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76 | (3) |
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The Five-stage Amplifier Architecture |
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79 | (1) |
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Power Amplifier Operating Classes |
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79 | (1) |
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Combinations of Amplifier Classes |
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80 | (6) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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The Limits of Classification |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (16) |
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Error-correcting Amplifiers |
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86 | (4) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (9) |
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100 | (1) |
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Ribbon Loudspeaker Amplifiers |
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101 | (1) |
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Power Amplifiers Combined with Tone-controls |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (4) |
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103 | (2) |
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Eliminating the Bridging Inverter |
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105 | (1) |
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Increasing Bridging Reliability |
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106 | (1) |
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AC- and DC-coupled Amplifiers |
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106 | (3) |
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The Advantages of AC-coupling f |
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106 | (1) |
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The Advantages of DC-coupling |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (2) |
Chapter 5 General Principles and Distortion Mechanisms |
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113 | (12) |
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Gain and Feedback in the Three-stage Amplifier |
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114 | (2) |
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The Advantages of the Conventional |
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116 | (1) |
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The Distortion Mechanisms |
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117 | (2) |
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Distortion One: Input Stage Distortion |
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117 | (1) |
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Distortion Two: VAS Distortion |
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117 | (1) |
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Distortion Three: Output Stage Distortion |
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117 | (1) |
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Distortion Four: VAS Loading Distortion |
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118 | (1) |
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Distortion Five: Rail Decoupling Distortion |
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118 | (1) |
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Distortion Six: Induction Distortion |
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118 | (1) |
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Distortion Seven: NFB Takeoff Distortion |
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118 | (1) |
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Distortion Eight: Capacitor Distortion |
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119 | (1) |
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Distortion Nine: Magnetic Distortion |
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119 | (1) |
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Distortion Ten: Input Current Distortion |
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119 | (1) |
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Distortion Eleven: Premature Overload Protection Distortion |
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119 | (1) |
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Non-existent or Negligible Distortions |
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119 | (1) |
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The Performance of a Standard Amplifier |
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120 | (1) |
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Open-loop Linearity and How to Determine It |
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121 | (1) |
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Direct Open-loop Gain Measurement |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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The Concept of the Blameless Amplifier |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
Chapter 6 The Input Stage |
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125 | (36) |
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The Role of the Input Stage |
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126 | (1) |
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Distortion from the Input Stage |
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126 | (1) |
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BJTs vs FETs for the Input Stage |
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127 | (1) |
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Advantages of the FET Input Stage |
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128 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of the FET Input Stage |
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128 | (1) |
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Singleton Input Stage Versus Differential Pair |
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128 | (1) |
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The Input Stage Distortion in Isolation |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (3) |
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The Joy of Current-mirrors |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Improving Input Stage Linearity |
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134 | (1) |
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Further Improving Input-Stage Linearity |
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135 | (3) |
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Increasing the Output Capability |
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138 | (1) |
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Input Stage Cascode Configurations : |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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Input Stage Common-mode Distortion |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (8) |
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150 | (7) |
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Noise Sources in Power Amplifiers |
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150 | (3) |
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Noise in Bipolar Transistors |
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153 | (3) |
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Reducing Input Transistor Noise |
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156 | (1) |
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Offset and Match: The DC Precision Issue |
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157 | (1) |
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The Input Stage and the Slew-rate |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (3) |
Chapter 7 The Voltage Amplifier Stage |
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161 | (40) |
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The Voltage-Amplifier Stage (VAS) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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The Basic Single-ended VAS |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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VAS Operation and Open-loop Gain |
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165 | (2) |
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The Simple VAS in a Model Amplifier |
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167 | (2) |
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The Mechanisms of VAS Distortion |
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169 | (11) |
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HF Distortion from the VAS Transistor Cbc |
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171 | (1) |
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Changing the Amplifier Operating Point |
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171 | (1) |
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Changing the Supply Rails |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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VAS Distortion from Clamp Diodes |
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173 | (1) |
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The History of Non-linear Cbc Distortion |
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173 | (1) |
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LF Distortion Due to VAS Transistor Early Effect |
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174 | (1) |
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Early Effect in the Simple VAS |
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175 | (2) |
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The Simulation of Simple VAS Early Effect Distortion |
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177 | (3) |
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Methods for The Reduction of VAS Distortion |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (5) |
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181 | (2) |
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A Brief History of the EF-VAS |
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183 | (1) |
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Clamp Diodes and the EF-VAS |
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184 | (1) |
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The Benefits of the EF-VAS |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (4) |
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How the Cascode VAS Works |
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187 | (1) |
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A Brief History of the Cascode VAS a |
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188 | (1) |
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The Benefits of the Cascode VAS |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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VAS Distortion Due to Output Stage Loading |
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191 | (3) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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The Class-AB VAS and Further Developments |
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197 | (1) |
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Manipulating Open-loop Bandwidth |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
Chapter 8 The Push pull Voltage-Amplifier Stage |
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201 | (30) |
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202 | (1) |
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Single Input Stages with a Push-pull VAS |
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202 | (1) |
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The Hitachi Push-pull VAS |
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202 | (3) |
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The Hitachi Push-pull VAS: Heating and Drift |
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205 | (1) |
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The Hitachi Circuit: AC Gain |
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205 | (1) |
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The Hitachi push-pull VAS: distortion |
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206 | (1) |
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The Hitachi Push-pull VAS: Asymmetrical Clipping |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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The Lender Push-pull VAS: Heating and Drift |
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209 | (1) |
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Single Input Stages with a One-input Push-pull VAS |
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210 | (3) |
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The Series Input Stage Push-pull VAS |
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213 | (2) |
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Single-input Push-pull VAS Circuits: Conclusions |
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215 | (1) |
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The Double Input Stage Push-pull Simple VAS |
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216 | (1) |
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The Double Input Stage Push-pull Simple VAS: Open-loop Gain |
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217 | (2) |
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The Double Input Stage Push-pull Simple VAS: Distortion |
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219 | (2) |
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The Double Input Stage Push-pull Simple VAS: Noise |
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221 | (1) |
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The Double Input Stage Push-pull Simple VAS: PSRR |
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221 | (1) |
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A Brief History of the Double Input Stage Push-pull VAS |
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221 | (1) |
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The Double Input Stage Push-pull EF-VAS |
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222 | (1) |
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The Double Input Stage Push-pull EF-VAS: Open-loop Gain |
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223 | (1) |
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The Double Input Stage Push-pull EF-VAS: Distortion |
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223 | (1) |
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The Double Input Stage Push-pull EF-VAS: Slew-rate |
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224 | (1) |
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The Double Input Stage with Mirrors and Push-pull Simple VAS |
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224 | (2) |
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The Double Input Stage Push-pull VAS: Conclusions |
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226 | (1) |
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A More Advanced Push-pull VAS |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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The Push-pull VAS: Final Conclusions |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
Chapter 9 The Output Stage |
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231 | (24) |
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232 | (2) |
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The Distortions of the Output |
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234 | (1) |
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Harmonic Generation by Crossover Distortion |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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The Emitter-follower Output |
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235 | (2) |
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Multiple Output Devices: EF Output |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (4) |
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Multiple Output Devices: CFP Output |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (2) |
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Quasi-complementary Outputs |
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243 | (2) |
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Triple-based Output Configurations |
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245 | (5) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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Selecting an Output Stage |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
Chapter 10 Output Stage Distortions |
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255 | (32) |
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Output Stage Distortions and their Mechanisms |
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256 | (1) |
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Large-signal Distortion (Distortion 3a) |
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256 | (13) |
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The Load-Invariant Concept |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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LSN with Doubled Output Devices |
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260 | (1) |
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LSN with Better Output Devices |
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260 | (2) |
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LSN with Feedforward Diodes |
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262 | (1) |
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LSN with Triple Output Stages |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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A Practical Load-Invariant Design |
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264 | (2) |
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More on Multiple Output Devices |
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266 | (3) |
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269 | (1) |
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Crossover Distortion (Distortion 3b) |
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269 | (11) |
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Output Stage Quiescent Conditions |
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275 | (2) |
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An Experiment on Crossover Distortion |
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277 | (2) |
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Vq as the Critical Quiescent Parameter |
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279 | (1) |
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Switching Distortion (Distortion 3c) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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Thermal Distortion in a Power Amp IC |
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282 | (1) |
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Closing the Loop: Distortion in Complete Amplifiers |
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283 | (3) |
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286 | (1) |
Chapter 11 More Distortion Mechanisms |
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287 | (22) |
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Distortion Four: VAS Loading Distortion |
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288 | (1) |
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Distortion Five: Rail Decoupling Distortion |
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288 | (2) |
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Distortion Six: Induction Distortion |
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290 | (5) |
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Distortion Seven: NFB Takeoff Point Distortion |
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295 | (2) |
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Distortion Eight: Capacitor Distortion |
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297 | (3) |
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Distortion Nine: Magnetic Distortion |
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300 | (2) |
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Distortion Ten: Input Current Distortion |
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302 | (1) |
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Distortion Eleven: Premature Overload Protection |
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302 | (1) |
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Design Example: a 50 W Class-B Amplifier |
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302 | (6) |
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308 | (1) |
Chapter 12 Closely Observed Amplifiers: Design Examples |
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309 | (18) |
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Amplifier Design Examples |
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310 | (1) |
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Amplifier 1: EF-VAS, CFP Output Stage, Miller Compensation |
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310 | (6) |
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Amplifier 2: Simple VAS, CFP Output Stage, Miller Compensation |
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316 | (3) |
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Amplifier 3: EF-VAS, CFP Output Stage, Inclusive Compensation |
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319 | (4) |
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Amplifier 4: EF-VAS, CFP Output Stage, Miller Compensation |
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323 | (1) |
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Amplifier 5: EF-VAS, CFP Output Stage, Inclusive Compensation |
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323 | (3) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
Chapter 13 Compensation and Stability |
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327 | (28) |
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Compensation and Stability |
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328 | (1) |
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Dominant Pole Compensation |
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329 | (1) |
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Maximal Negative Feedback |
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329 | (2) |
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Dominant Pole Miller Compensation |
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331 | (1) |
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Dominant Pole Miller Compensation at High Gains |
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331 | (2) |
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Dominant Pole Shunt Compensation |
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333 | (1) |
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Output-inclusive Compensation |
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334 | (7) |
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The Problems of Output Inclusion |
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334 | (1) |
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Input-inclusive Compensation |
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334 | (2) |
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Stable Output-inclusive Compensation: The History |
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336 | (1) |
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Stable Output-inclusive Compensation: Implementation |
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336 | (4) |
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Experimenting with Output-inclusive Compensation |
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340 | (1) |
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Ultra-low Distortion Performance Comparisons |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (8) |
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Factors Affecting the Two-pole Loop-gain Response |
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343 | (2) |
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Effect of Two-pole Compensation on the Closed-loop Gain |
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345 | (2) |
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Eliminating the Two-pole Midband Loop-gain Peak |
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347 | (1) |
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Two-pole Compensation and PSRR |
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348 | (1) |
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Two-pole Compensation: Summary |
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348 | (1) |
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Combining Two-pole and Output-inclusive Compensation |
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348 | (1) |
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Other Forms of Compensation |
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349 | (1) |
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Stability and VAS-collector-to-ground Capacitance |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (2) |
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Nested Differentiating Feedback Loops |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (2) |
Chapter 14 Output Networks and Load Effects |
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355 | (32) |
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356 | (1) |
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Amplifier Output Impedance |
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356 | (1) |
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Minimising Amplifier Output Impedance |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (6) |
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Designing the Output Inductor: Single-layer Coils |
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364 | (2) |
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Designing the Output Inductor: Multi-layer Coils |
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366 | (1) |
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Crosstalk in Amplifier Output Inductors |
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367 | (3) |
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Coil Crosstalk Conclusions |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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Reactive Loads and Speaker Simulation |
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371 | (4) |
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373 | (1) |
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Modelling Real Loudspeaker Loading |
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373 | (2) |
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Loudspeaker Loads and Output Stages |
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375 | (5) |
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377 | (3) |
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380 | (1) |
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Enhanced Loudspeaker Currents |
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380 | (3) |
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383 | (2) |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (2) |
Chapter 15 Speed and Slew-rate |
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387 | (10) |
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Speed and Slew-rate in Audio Amplifiers |
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388 | (1) |
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The Basics of Amplifier Slew-limiting |
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388 | (2) |
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Slew-rate Measurement Techniques |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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Slewing Limitations in Real Life |
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392 | (1) |
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Some Additional Complications |
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|
393 | (2) |
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On Asymmetrical Slew-rates |
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395 | (1) |
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Further Improvements and other Configurations |
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|
395 | (1) |
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|
395 | (2) |
Chapter 16 Power Dissipation in Amplifiers |
|
397 | (26) |
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398 | (1) |
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The Mathematical Approach |
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|
398 | (1) |
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Dissipation by Simulation |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (10) |
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Class-B: CFP and EF Power Partition |
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|
399 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Class XD Power Partition: Constant-current and Push-pull |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Class-B EF with Reactive Loads |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
Conclusions on Reactive Loads |
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
The Peak-to-Mean Ratio of Music |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
The Probability Density Function (PDF) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
The Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
Deriving the Actual Power Dissipation |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Actual Power Dissipation for Class-B CFP |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Actual Power Dissipation for Class-AB |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Actual Power Dissipation for Class-A Push-pull |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Actual Power Dissipation for Class-G |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Actual Power Dissipation with Reactive Loads |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
A Power Amplifier Design Procedure |
|
|
416 | (4) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (2) |
Chapter 17 Class-A Power Amplifiers |
|
423 | (26) |
|
An Introduction to Class-A |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Class-A Configurations and Efficiency |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
|
426 | (3) |
|
Quiescent Current Control Systems |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
A Novel Quiescent Current Controller |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
Load Impedance and Operating Mode |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (3) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
|
440 | (3) |
|
The Mode-switching System |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
A Complete Trimodal Amplifier Circuit |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
447 | (2) |
Chapter 18 Class XD: Crossover Displacement |
|
449 | (14) |
|
The Crossover Displacement Principle |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
Crossover Displacement Realisation |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
Circuit Techniques for Crossover Displacement |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
A Complete Crossover Displacement Power Amplifier Circuit |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
The Effect of Loading Changes |
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
The Efficiency of Crossover Displacement |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Other Methods of Push-pull Displacement Control |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Summary: Advantages and Disadvantages |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
Chapter 19 Class-G Power Amplifiers |
|
463 | (22) |
|
The Principles of Class-G |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Introducing Series Class-G |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
The Linearity Issues of Series Class-G |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Controlling Small-Signal Distortion |
|
|
471 | (3) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Deriving a New Kind of Amplifier: Class-A + C |
|
|
474 | (4) |
|
Class-G with Two-pole Compensation |
|
|
478 | (3) |
|
Class-G with Output-inclusive Compensation |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
Further Variations on Class-G |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
483 | (2) |
Chapter 20 Class-D Power Amplifiers |
|
485 | (10) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Negative Feedback in Class-D |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Alternative Modulation Systems |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
493 | (2) |
Chapter 21 FET Output Stages |
|
495 | (10) |
|
The Characteristics of Power FETS |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
FET versus BJT Output Stages |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
497 | (3) |
|
Power FETs and Bipolars: the Linearity Competition |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
|
503 | (2) |
Chapter 22 Thermal Compensation and Thermal Dynamics |
|
505 | (38) |
|
Why Quiescent Conditions are Critical |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Accuracy Required of Thermal Compensation |
|
|
506 | (3) |
|
Basic Thermal Compensation |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Assessing the Bias Errors |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Modelling the EF Output Stage |
|
|
511 | (7) |
|
Modelling the CFP Output Stage |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
The Integrated Absolute Error Criterion |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
Improved Thermal Compensation: the Emitter-follower Stage |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
Improved Compensation for the CFP Output Stage |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
A Junction-temperature Estimator |
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
A Junction Estimator with Dynamics |
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
Conclusions about the Simulations |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
Power Transistors with Integral Temperature Sensors |
|
|
527 | (3) |
|
Variable-tempco Bias Generators |
|
|
530 | (5) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Ambient Temperature Changes |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Early Effect in Output Stages |
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
Thermal Dynamics by Experiment |
|
|
535 | (3) |
|
Crossover Distortion Against Time: Some Results |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
More Measurements: Conventional and ThermalTrak |
|
|
538 | (4) |
|
|
542 | (1) |
Chapter 23 The Design of DC Servos |
|
543 | (10) |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
DC Offset Control by Servo-loop |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Basic Servo Configurations |
|
|
545 | (2) |
|
Noise, Component Values, and the Roll-off |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Non-inverting Integrators |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Design of LF Roll-off Point |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
Chapter 24 Amplifier and Loudspeaker Protection |
|
553 | (40) |
|
Categories of Amplifier Protection |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Semiconductor Failure Modes |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (12) |
|
Overload Protection by Fuses |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Electronic Overload Protection |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Plotting the Protection Locus |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
Time-dependent VI Limiting |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Alternative VI-limiter Implementations |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
VI Limiting and Temperature Effects |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Simulating Overload Protection Systems |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Testing the Overload Protection |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Speaker Short-circuit Detection |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
568 | (13) |
|
DC-offset Protection by Fuses |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Relay DC-offset Protection and Muting Control |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Filtering for DC Protection |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
The Second-order Active Filter |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
Bidirectional DC Detection |
|
|
573 | (3) |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Distortion from Output Relays |
|
|
577 | (3) |
|
Output Crowbar DC Protection |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Protection by Power-supply Shutdown |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Testing DC-offset protection |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
581 | (4) |
|
Output Transient Suppression |
|
|
585 | (4) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Clip Detection by Rail-approach Sensing |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Clip Detection by Input-output Comparison |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Amplifier Protection Patents |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Powering Auxiliary Circuitry |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
591 | (2) |
Chapter 25 Layout, Grounding, and Cooling |
|
593 | (26) |
|
Audio Amplifier PCB Design |
|
|
594 | (8) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Rail Induction Distortion |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
The Mounting of Output Devices |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Single and Double-sided PCBs |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
PCB Track Resistance and How to Reduce it |
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Power Amplifier PCB Layout Details |
|
|
599 | (2) |
|
The Audio PCB Layout Sequence |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Ground Loops: How they Work and How to Deal with them |
|
|
602 | (5) |
|
Hum Injection by Mains Grounding Currents |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
Hum Injection by Transformer Stray Magnetic Fields |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Hum Injection by Transformer Stray Capacitance |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Ground Currents Inside Equipment |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
608 | (6) |
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
|
610 | (4) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Mechanical Layout and Design Considerations |
|
|
614 | (3) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Semiconductor Installation |
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
|
617 | (2) |
Chapter 26 Power Supplies and PSRR |
|
619 | (28) |
|
Power Supply Technologies |
|
|
620 | (2) |
|
Simple Unregulated Power Supplies |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
Linear Regulated Power Supplies |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
Switch-mode Power Supplies |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
A Devious Alternative to Regulated Power Supplies |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Design Considerations for Power Supplies |
|
|
623 | (12) |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
624 | (5) |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
RF Emissions from Bridge Rectifiers |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Power Supply-rail Rejection in Amplifiers |
|
|
635 | (11) |
|
A Design Philosophy for Supply-rail Rejection |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Positive Supply-rail Rejection |
|
|
637 | (2) |
|
Negative Supply-rail Rejection |
|
|
639 | (7) |
|
|
646 | (1) |
Chapter 27 Power Amplifier Input Systems |
|
647 | (26) |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
649 | (2) |
|
Balanced Interconnections |
|
|
651 | (2) |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Balanced Inputs: Electronic vs Transformer |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
Balanced Inputs and their Common-Mode Rejection Ratio |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Practical Common-Mode Rejection |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
The Practical Balanced Input |
|
|
656 | (2) |
|
Combined Unbalanced and Balanced Inputs |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Variable-gain Balanced Inputs |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
The Instrumentation Amplifier |
|
|
660 | (3) |
|
Transformer Balanced Inputs |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
Input Overvoltage Protection |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
Noise and the Input System |
|
|
664 | (3) |
|
Low-noise Balanced Inputs |
|
|
667 | (3) |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
Using an Internal Balanced Power Amplifier Interface |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
|
672 | (1) |
Chapter 28 Input Processing and Auxiliary Systems |
|
673 | (12) |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
Subsonic Filtering: High-pass |
|
|
674 | (2) |
|
Ultrasonic Filtering: Low-pass |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Digital Signal Processing |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Signal-present Indication |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
679 | (3) |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
Other Amplifier Facilities |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (2) |
Chapter 29 Testing and Safety |
|
685 | (10) |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Testing and Fault-finding |
|
|
686 | (2) |
|
Powering up for the First Time |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
Power Supplies for Testing |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
Safety when Working on Equipment |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
|
690 | (2) |
|
Shocks from the Mains Plug |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
Equipment Temperature and Safety |
|
|
692 | (2) |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
|
694 | (1) |
Chapter 30 A Brief History of Solid-state Power Amplifiers |
|
695 | (12) |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Transformer-coupled Transistor Power Amplifiers: 1960's |
|
|
696 | (2) |
|
The Lin 6 W Amplifier: 1956 |
|
|
698 | (3) |
|
The Tobey & Dinsdale Amplifier: 1961 |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
The Bailey 30 W Amplifier: 1968 |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Hardcastle & Lane 15 W Amplifier: 1969 |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
The History of VAS Improvements |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
The History of other Technical Features |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Dead Ends of Amplifier Technology 1: Ultrasonic Biasing |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Dead Ends of Amplifier Technology 2: Sliding-bias Amplifiers |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
705 | (2) |
Index |
|
707 | (10) |
The Signal Transfer Company |
|
717 | |