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Avian Immunology 3rd edition [Pehme köide]

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Edited by (Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA), Edited by (Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, Germany), Edited by (University of Munich), Edited by
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 626 pages, kõrgus x laius: 276x216 mm, kaal: 1880 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Dec-2021
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128187085
  • ISBN-13: 9780128187081
Teised raamatud teemal:
Avian Immunology 3rd editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 626 pages, kõrgus x laius: 276x216 mm, kaal: 1880 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Dec-2021
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128187085
  • ISBN-13: 9780128187081
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780128187081.html
Märksõnad:

Avian Immunology, Third Edition contains a detailed description of the avian innate immune system, encompassing the mucosal, enteric, respiratory and reproductive systems. The diseases and disorders it covers, include immunodepressive diseases and immune evasion, autoimmune diseases, and tumors of the immune system. Practical aspects of vaccination are examined as well. Extensive appendices summarize resources for scientists including cell lines, inbred chicken lines, cytokines, chemokines, and monoclonal antibodies.

With contributions from the foremost international experts in the field, Avian Immunology 3rd, provides the most up-to-date crucial information not only for poultry health professionals and avian biologists, but also for comparative and veterinary immunologists, graduate students and veterinary students with an interest in avian immunology.

Avian Immunology, Third Edition, is a fascinating and growing field and surely provides new and exciting insights for mainstream immunology in the future.

  • Reflects significant advances in the field since the second edition, particularly the explosion of knowledge on genomics including work on the chicken, turkey and zebra finch genomes
  • Provides a single source reference ranging from the basic science to cutting edge research
  • Provides practical information for veterinarians particularly those specialised in poultry or companion bird medicine
  • New chapters on the impact of the microbiome on the immune system, defence mechanisms in the egg and embryo and emerging transgene technologies

Arvustused

"This book is an excellent introduction to avian immunology, but also includes a vast amount of information for researchers and veterinarians more versed in immunology." --© Doodys Review Service, 2022, Keith W  Jarosinski, PhD, reviewer, expert opinion

List of contributors xvii
Foreword xix
Acknowledgments xxi
1 The importance of the avian immune system and its unique features 1(10)
Fred Davison
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 The contribution from avian lymphocytes
1(1)
1.3 Contribution of the bursa of Fabricius
2(3)
1.3.1 Gene conversion and the bursa
4(1)
1.4 The contribution of the chicken MHC
5(1)
1.5 Contributions to vaccinology
6(2)
1.5.1 Embryonic (in ovo) vaccination
7(1)
1.6 Conclusion
8(1)
References
8(3)
2 Structure of the avian lymphoid system 11(34)
Nandor Nagy
Imre Olah
Lonneke Vervelde
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 The thymus
12(3)
2.2.1 Anatomy and histological organization
12(1)
2.2.2 Thymic cortex
13(1)
2.2.3 Thymic medulla
13(2)
2.3 The bursa of Fabricius
15(7)
2.3.1 Anatomy and histology
15(1)
2.3.2 Bursal surface epithelium
16(1)
2.3.3 Bursa! follicle
17(1)
2.3.4 Medulla
18(1)
2.3.5 Bursal medullary epithelial cells
18(1)
2.3.6 Bursal secretory dendritic cells
19(1)
2.3.7 Bursal macrophages
19(2)
2.3.8 Bursa! lymphocytes
21(1)
2.3.9 Cortex
21(1)
2.3.10 Peripheral lymphoid tissue of the bursa of Fabricius
21(1)
2.3.11 Germinal center of the peripheral lymphoid organs
21(1)
2.4 The spleen
22(6)
2.4.1 Origin and anatomy
22(3)
2.4.2 Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
25(1)
2.4.3 Ellipsoids and periellipsoid white pulp
25(2)
2.4.4 The marginal-zone equivalent and antigen handling
27(1)
2.5 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
28(5)
2.5.1 Follicle-associated epithelium or lymphoepithelium
30(1)
2.5.2 Esophageal and pyloric tonsils
30(1)
2.5.3 Peyer's patches
31(1)
2.5.4 Meckel's diverticulum
31(1)
2.5.5 Cecal tonsils
32(1)
2.6 Harderian gland
33(1)
2.7 Mural lymph node
34(2)
2.8 Ectopic lymphatic tissue and pineal gland
36(1)
2.9 Bone marrow
37(1)
2.10 Blood
38(1)
References
39(6)
3 Development of the avian hematopoietic and immune systems 45(26)
Laurent Yvemogeau
Nandor Nagy
Dominique Dunon
Catherine Robin
Thierry Jaffredo
3.1 Introduction
45(1)
3.2 Origins and migration routes of hematopoietic cells using quail/chicken complementary chimeras
45(1)
3.2.1 Looking for the source of hematopoeietic cells during development
45(1)
3.2.2 Macrophage production by the yolk sac
46(1)
3.2.3 The aortic region produces HSCs
46(1)
3.3 Aortic clusters as the intraembryonic source of definitive hematopoiesis
46(2)
3.3.1 Cellular and molecular identification of the clusters
46(1)
3.3.2 The paraaortic foci
46(1)
3.3.3 Tracing the origins and fates of the aortic clusters
46(2)
3.4 Formation of the aorta: a dorsal angioblastic lineage and a ventral hemangioblasts lineage
48(2)
3.4.1 Two endothelial lineages form the vascular network of the embryo
48(1)
3.4.2 Chimeric origin of the aortic endothelial cells
48(2)
3.5 Developing an in vitro model of hemogenic endothelium commitment and endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition
50(2)
3.6 Spatiotemporal emergence and organization of the chicken IAHCs
52(2)
3.7 Ecs of the late fetus/young adult bone marrow harbor hemogenic potential and generate multilineage hematopoiesis
54(1)
3.8 Spatial transcriptomics in the chicken embryo reveals regulators of hematopoiesis
55(2)
3.9 The avian thymus and T-cell development
57(1)
3.9.1 Thymic development
57(1)
3.9.2 Colonization of the thymus
57(1)
3.9.3 T-cell differentiation
57(1)
3.9.4 TCR rearrangement
58(1)
3.10 The bursa of Fabricius, B-cell ontogeny, and immunoglobulins
58(5)
3.10.1 Bursa! development
58(1)
3.10.2 Formation of the bursa! epithelial anlage
58(2)
3.10.3 Hematopoietic colonization of the bursal rudiment and follicle bud formation
60(2)
3.10.4 Development of the follicle-associated epithelium and the follicular cortex
62(1)
3.10.5 Immunoglobulins
63(1)
3.11 Lymphocyte-differentiating hormones
63(1)
3.12 Development of the immune responses
64(1)
3.12.1 Early immune responses
64(1)
3.12.2 Antibody isotype switching and hypersensitivity reaction
64(1)
3.12.3 Allograft rejection
64(1)
3.13 Conclusion
64(1)
Acknowledgments
65(1)
References
65(6)
4 B cells, the bursa of Fabricius, and the generation of antibody repertoires 71(30)
Michael J.H. Ratcliffe
Sonja Hartle
4.1 Introduction
71(1)
4.2 The generation of avian antibody repertoires
71(6)
4.2.1 Immunoglobulin light chains
71(1)
4.2.2 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
72(2)
4.2.3 Generation of Ig molecules by V(D)J recombination
74(1)
4.2.4 Generation of Ig diversity by somatic gene conversion
75(2)
4.2.5 Implications of gene conversion for allelic exclusion
77(1)
4.3 The development of avian B cells
77(16)
4.3.1 Prebursal B cell development
77(1)
4.3.2 Colonization of the bursa by B cell progenitors
78(1)
4.3.3 Colonization of lymphoid follicles in the bursa
79(3)
4.3.4 Growth of bursa! B cells in bursal follicles
82(1)
4.3.5 Development of the bursa after hatch
83(2)
4.3.6 Role of cell adhesion molecules and chemokines in bursal cell development
85(2)
4.3.7 Development of peripheral B cell populations
87(2)
4.3.8 Activation of peripheral B cells
89(1)
4.3.9 Plasma cell development
90(1)
4.3.10 Cytokines in chicken B cell development and activation
91(1)
4.3.11 Application of B cell cultures
92(1)
References
93(8)
5 Structure and evolution of avian immunoglobulins 101(20)
Sonja Hartle
Katharine E. Magor
Thomas W. Gabel
Fred Davison
Bernd Kaspers
5.1 The basic structure of immunoglobulins
101(1)
5.2 Avian immunoglobulins
102(5)
5.2.1 Avian IgM
102(1)
5.2.2 Avian IgY (IgG)
103(1)
5.2.3 Avian IgA
104(1)
5.2.4 Avian homologues of IgD and IgE
105(1)
5.2.5 L chains
105(1)
5.2.6 Genomic organization of the IgH and IgL locus
105(2)
5.3 Ig half-life
107(1)
5.4 Natural antibodies
107(1)
5.5 Maternal antibodies
108(1)
5.6 Fc receptors
109(1)
5.6.1 Chicken polymeric Ig receptor
109(1)
5.6.2 Chicken FcRn homologue
110(1)
5.6.3 Chicken Fc receptor cluster
110(1)
5.6.4 ggFcR
110(1)
5.6.5 CHIR-AB1
110(1)
5.7 Avian antibody responses
110(2)
5.8 The chicken egg as a source of antibodies
112(1)
5.8.1 Avian antibodies as tools for research
112(1)
References
113(8)
6 Avian T cells: Antigen Recognition and Lineages 121(14)
Adrian L. Smith
Thomas W. Gabel
6.1 Introduction
121(1)
6.2 T cell receptor structure and lineages
121(4)
6.2.1 Somatic DNA recombination
121(2)
6.2.2 Organization of the T cell receptor clusters
123(2)
6.3 CD3 signaling complex
125(2)
6.3.1 Mammalian CD3
125(1)
6.3.2 Chicken CD3γ/δ and CD3epsilon
126(1)
6.3.3 ζζ homodimer
126(1)
6.3.4 T cell receptor complex-structural models
126(1)
6.3.5 T cell receptor signal transduction
127(1)
6.4 CD4 and CD8
127(1)
6.5 Costimulatory molecules
128(1)
6.6 T cell lineages
129(1)
6.7 Methods to study T cell function
130(1)
6.8 Perspectives
130(1)
References
131(4)
7 The avian major histocompatibility complex 135(28)
Jim Kaufman
7.1 Introduction
135(1)
7.2 The biology of the major histocompatibility complex
135(1)
7.3 The major histocompatibility complex: a genomic region or a biological unit?
136(1)
7.4 The chicken major histocompatibility complex and the major histocompatibility complex syntenic region
137(2)
7.5 Classical and nonclassical major histocompatibility complex molecules
139(1)
7.6 Chicken classical major histocompatibility complex molecules
140(2)
7.7 Gene coevolution in the chicken major histocompatibility complex
142(2)
7.8 Other chicken genes important for the major histocompatibility complex
144(1)
7.9 Polymorphism and typing chicken major histocompatibility complex genes
145(1)
7.10 Avian major histocompatibility complexes
146(2)
7.11 Immunity, disease resistance, and the major histocompatibility complex in wild birds
148(1)
7.12 Sexual selection and the major histocompatibility complex in wild birds
149(1)
7.13 Origin and evolution of the immune system
150(1)
Acknowledgments
151(1)
References
151(12)
8 Introduction to the avian innate immune system; properties, effects, and integration with other parts of the immune system 163(86)
Thomas W. Gobel
Adrian L. Smith
8.1 Macrophages and dendritic cells
167(30)
Kate Sutton
Adam Balic
Bernd Kaspers
Lonneke Vervelde
8.1.1 Introduction
167(1)
8.1.1.1 Antigen presentation
167(1)
8.1.1.2 Dendritic cells
168(1)
8.1.1.3 Macrophages
169(1)
8.1.1.4 Development of myeloid cells
171(1)
8.1.1.5 Sources of avian macrophages and dendritic cells
172(1)
8.1.1.6 Avian myeloid cell lines
175(1)
8.1.1.7 Cell surface markers for avian myeloid cells
175(1)
8.1.1.8 Characterization of macrophages and DC in tissue sections
178(1)
8.1.1.9 Functional properties of chicken macrophages
178(1)
8.1.1.10 Macrophage migration
178(1)
8.1.1.11 Phagocytosis
179(1)
8.1.1.12 Respiratory burst activity
180(1)
8.1.1.13 Nitric oxide production: a readout system for avian macrophage activation
180(1)
8.1.1.14 Cytokine response of avian macrophages
182(1)
8.1.2 Functional properties of chicken antigen-presenting cells
183(1)
8.1.2.1 Maturation from antigen sampling to antigen presenting
183(1)
8.1.2.2 Migration
184(1)
8.1.2.3 Other nonmyeloid antigen-presenting cells
185(1)
8.1.3 Concluding remarks
185(1)
References
186(11)
8.2 Avian granulocytes
197(8)
Michael H. Kogut
8.2.1 Functional activities of heterophils
197(1)
8.2.2 Receptors
198(1)
8.2.3 Other innate immune receptors
199(1)
8.2.4 Genetic effects on heterophil genotype and phenotype
200(1)
8.2.5 Heterophil isolation
201(1)
References
201(2)
Further reading
203(2)
8.3 Thrombocyte functions in the avian immune system
205(8)
Jake Astill
R. Darren Wood
Shayan Sharif
8.3.1 Introduction
205(1)
8.3.2 Avian thrombocyte structure
205(1)
8.3.2.1 Physical characteristics
205(1)
8.3.2.2 Surface protein expression
206(2)
8.3.3 Avian thrombocytes and immune responses
208(1)
8.3.3.1 Innate responses
208(1)
8.3.3.2 Adaptive immune responses
209(1)
8.3.4 Infection of thrombocytes
210(1)
8.3.5 Conclusion
210(1)
References
210(3)
8.4 Natural killer cells
213(4)
Thomas W. Gabel
8.4.1 Potential natural killer cell receptor families
213(1)
8.4.2 Phenotype of chicken natural killer cells
214(1)
8.4.3 Natural killer cell function
214(1)
References
215(2)
8.5 Soluble components and acute-phase proteins
217(14)
Edwin J.A. Veldhuizen
Tina Sorensen Dalgaard
8.5.1 Soluble components
217(1)
8.5.1.1 Host defense peptides
217(1)
8.5.1.2 Collagenous lectins
219(1)
8.5.1.3 Surfactant protein A and cLL
219(1)
8.5.1.4 Mannose-binding lectin
220(1)
8.5.1.5 Collectin 10, -11, and -12
220(1)
8.5.1.6 Complement
221(1)
8.5.1.7 Components of the classical pathway
222(1)
8.5.1.8 Components of the lectin pathway
222(1)
8.5.1.9 Components of the alternative pathway
222(1)
8.5.1.10 Downstream components of complement
223(1)
8.5.2 The acute-phase response
223(1)
8.5.2.1 C-reactive protein
223(1)
8.5.2.2 Serum amyloid A
224(1)
8.5.2.3 α1-acid glycoprotein
224(1)
8.5.2.4 (Ovo)transferrin
224(1)
8.5.2.5 PIT54
225(1)
8.5.2.6 Hemopexin
225(1)
8.5.2.7 Ceruloplasmin
225(1)
8.5.2.8 Fibrinogen
225(1)
8.5.2.9 Other potential chicken APPS
225(1)
References
226(5)
8.6 Pattern recognition receptors
231(18)
Adrian L. Smith
Steven R. Fiddaman
8.6.1 Introduction
231(1)
8.6.2 Tissue fluid and secreted pattern recognition receptors
232(1)
8.6.2.1 C-reactive protein
232(1)
8.6.2.2 Collectins
232(1)
8.6.2.3 Mannose-binding lectin
232(1)
8.6.2.4 Ficolins
233(1)
8.6.2.5 Surfactants: surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D
233(1)
8.6.2.6 Other collectins
233(1)
8.6.2.7 Chicken mannose (or mannan)-binding lectin-associated serine protease proteins, linking soluble pattern recognition receptor to complement activation
234(1)
8.6.3 Cell-associated pattern recognition receptors
234(1)
8.6.3.1 Avian Toll-like receptors
234(1)
8.6.3.2 TLR1/6/10-related molecules
235(1)
8.6.3.3 TLR2
235(1)
8.6.3.4 TLR3
235(1)
8.6.3.5 TLR4
236(1)
8.6.3.6 TLR5
236(1)
8.6.3.7 TLR7 and TLR8
236(1)
8.6.3.8 The absence of TLR9
237(1)
8.6.3.9 Avian Toll-like receptor without mammalian orthologues: chTLR15 and chTLR21
237(1)
8.6.3.10 Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in chickens
238(1)
8.6.3.11 Genetic diversity and evidence of selection in avian Toll-like receptors
238(1)
8.6.3.12 Other transmembrane pattern recognition receptor
239(1)
8.6.4 Cytosolic pattern recognition receptor
240(1)
8.6.4.1 Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors
240(1)
8.6.4.2 Retinoic acid-inducible gene-like receptors
240(1)
8.6.5 Closing comments: general considerations in pattern recognition
241(1)
Acknowledgments
241(1)
References
242(7)
9 Avian cytokines and their receptors 249(28)
Andrew G.D. Bean
John W. Lowenthal
9.1 Introduction
249(1)
9.2 Avian cytokine and chemokine families
250(1)
9.3 The interleukins
250(7)
9.3.1 The interleukin-1 family
250(1)
9.3.2 T-cell proliferative interleukins
251(1)
9.3.3 T-helper interleukins
252(2)
9.3.4 Th1 interleukins
254(1)
9.3.5 Th2 interleukins
254(1)
9.3.6 Th1 -Th2 paradigm
255(1)
9.3.7 Other Th subsets
255(2)
9.4 Other interleukins
257(2)
9.4.1 The interleukin-10 family
257(1)
9.4.2 The interleukin-6 family
258(1)
9.4.3 Other interleukins
259(1)
9.5 The interferons
259(1)
9.5.1 Type I interferon
260(1)
9.5.2 Type II interferon
260(1)
9.5.3 Type III interferon
260(1)
9.6 Other factors
260(3)
9.6.1 The transforming growth factor-β family
260(1)
9.6.2 The tumor necrosis factor superfamily
261(1)
9.6.3 Colony-stimulating factors
261(1)
9.6.4 Cytokines and factors in other birds
261(2)
9.7 Chemokines
263(2)
9.7.1 XC and CX3C chemokines
264(1)
9.7.2 CC Chemokines
264(1)
9.7.3 CXC chemokines
265(1)
9.8 Cytokine and chemokine receptors
265(2)
9.8.1 Type I receptors
266(1)
9.8.2 Type II receptors
266(1)
9.8.3 Transforming growth factor-3 family receptors
267(1)
9.8.4 Tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptors
267(1)
9.8.5 Chemokine receptors
267(1)
9.8.6 Interleukin-1 family receptors
267(1)
9.9 The importance of regulation of cytokine responses
267(1)
9.10 Therapeutic potential of chicken cytokines
268(2)
9.10.1 Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters
268(1)
9.10.2 Potential use of cytokines as vaccine adjuvants
269(1)
9.11 Conclusion
270(1)
References
270(7)
10 Immunogenetics and the mapping of immunological functions 277(22)
Susan J. Lamont
Jack C.M. Dekkers
Anna Wolc
Huaijun Zhou
10.1 Introduction
277(1)
10.2 Genetics and immunological traits in the chicken
277(2)
10.3 Key gene loci for immunological traits
279(1)
10.4 Detecting quantitative trait loci
280(3)
10.4.1 Linkage disequilibrium
281(1)
10.4.2 Experimental designs to detect quantitative trait loci
281(2)
10.5 Statistical procedures for quantitative trait loci detection
283(2)
10.6 Strategies to use molecular data in genetic selection
285(1)
10.6.1 Marker-assisted selection
285(1)
10.6.2 Whole-genome prediction
285(1)
10.7 Systems biology
286(2)
10.8 Transgenic animals
288(1)
10.9 Future directions for systems biology in avian immunology
289(1)
Acknowledgments
290(1)
References
290(9)
11 The mucosal immune system 299(54)
Bernd Kaspers
Karel A. Schat
References
300(3)
11.1 The avian enteric immune system in health and disease
303(24)
Adrian L. Smith
Claire Powers
Richard Beal
11.1.1 General considerations
303(1)
11.1.2 Gut structure and immune compartments
304(1)
11.1.2.1 Chicken gut-associated lymphoid tissue structures
305(1)
11.1.2.2 Cellular composition of the avian gut-associated lymphoid tissues
306(1)
11.1.2.3 The enterocyte as part of an integrated gut immune system
306(1)
11.1.3 Development of the enteric immune system
307(1)
11.1.3.1 Development of immune responses to model antigens
309(1)
11.1.3.2 Immunity to enteric pathogens
309(1)
11.1.3.3 Development of immunity to enteric pathogens
309(1)
11.1.3.4 Maternal antibody and protection of the young chick
310(1)
11.1.4 Viral infections of the gut
310(1)
11.1.5 Bacterial infections of the gut
311(1)
11.1.5.1 Salmonella
311(1)
11.1.5.2 Campylobacter
313(1)
11.1.5.3 Necrotic enteritis
314(1)
11.1.6 Parasitic infections of the gut
314(1)
11.1.6.1 Eimeria spp
315(1)
11.1.6.2 Other parasitic infections
316(1)
11.1.7 Concluding remarks
317(1)
Acknowledgments
317(1)
References
317(10)
11.2 The avian respiratory immune system
327(16)
Sonja Hartle
Lonneke Vervelde
Bernd Kaspers
11.2.1 Introduction
327(1)
11.2.2 Anatomy of the respiratory tract
327(2)
11.2.3 The paraocular lymphoid tissue
329(1)
11.2.4 Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue
330(1)
11.2.5 The contribution of the trachea to respiratory tract immune responses
331(1)
11.2.6 The bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
331(2)
11.2.7 The immune system in the parabronchi
333(1)
11.2.8 The phagocytic system of the respiratory tract
334(1)
11.2.9 Handling of particles in the respiratory tract
335(1)
11.2.10 The secretory IgA system in the respiratory tract
335(1)
11.2.11 Gene expression analysis as a tool to investigate host-pathogen interaction
336(1)
References
337(6)
11.3 The avian reproductive immune system
343(10)
Paul Wigley
Paul Barrow
Karel A. Schat
11.3.1 introduction
343(1)
11.3.2 The structure and function of the avian reproductive tract
343(1)
11.3.3 Structure and development of the reproductive tract-associated immune system in the chicken
344(1)
11.3.3.1 Organization of lymphocytes in the reproductive tract
344(1)
11.3.3.2 Distribution of macrophages and other cells
344(1)
11.3.4 Local and systemic changes to the immune system at the onset of sexual maturity in hens
344(2)
11.3.5 The innate immune system and the reproductive tract
346(1)
11.3.6 The reproductive tract immune system in infection
346(1)
11.3.6.1 Bacterial infections of the reproductive tract
346(1)
11.3.6.2 The immune response to Salmonella infection of the reproductive tract
346(1)
11.3.6.3 Responses to vaccination in the reproductive tract
348(1)
11.3.6.4 The chicken as a model-understanding immunity in ovarian cancer
349(1)
11.3.6.5 What do we need to know-directions for future research?
349(1)
11.3.6.6 What are the functions and phenotypes of the cells in the reproductive tract?
349(1)
11.3.6.7 How does the immune tissue of the reproductive tract integrate with the rest of the immune system?
349(1)
References
349(4)
12 Impact of the gut microbiota on the immune system 353(12)
Michael H. Kogut
12.1 Introduction to the microbiota and avian immune system
353(1)
12.2 Microbiota, metagenome, and microbiome
354(1)
12.3 GI tract and immune system of poultry
354(1)
12.3.1 Intestinal barrier system
354(1)
12.4 Influence of the microbiota in immunity
355(1)
12.4.1 Germ-free chickens
355(1)
12.4.2 Antibiotic-treated chickens
356(1)
12.4.3 Fecal microbial transplants
356(1)
12.4.4 Layer-type chickens versus broiler chickens
356(1)
12.5 Gut microbiota-immune system communication
356(2)
12.5.1 Components of the microbiota
357(1)
12.5.2 Microbial metabolites
357(1)
12.5.3 Microbial epigenetic modifications
357(1)
12.6 Gut microbiota: immune homeostasis
358(1)
12.7 Gut microbiota: immune dysfunction: dysbiosis and inflammation
358(1)
12.8 Managing the microbiome for immune modulation
359(1)
References
359(6)
13 Innate defenses of the avian egg 365(22)
Sophie Rehault-Godbert
Maxwell Hincke
Rodrigo Guabiraba
Nicolas Guyot
Joel Gautron
13.1 Introduction
365(1)
13.2 Egg basic structures and their role in innate defense
365(8)
13.2.1 Physicochemical barriers
366(5)
13.2.2 Antimicrobial molecules
371(2)
13.3 Modification of egg structures during embryonic development
373(1)
13.4 Embryonic immunity
374(2)
13.4.1 Toll-like receptors
374(1)
13.4.2 Macrophages
374(1)
13.4.3 Heterophils
374(1)
13.4.4 Dendritic cells
375(1)
13.4.5 T lymphocytes
375(1)
13.4.6 Natural Killer cells
376(1)
13.4.7 Cytokines and chemokines
376(1)
13.5 Extraembryonic structures and innate immunity
376(4)
13.5.1 Amniotic sac
377(1)
13.5.2 Yolk sac
378(1)
13.5.3 The allantoic sac
379(1)
13.6 Concluding remarks
380(1)
References
380(7)
14 Avian immunosuppressive diseases and immune evasion 387(32)
Karel A. Schat
Michael A. Skinner
14.1 Introduction
387(1)
14.2 Immunosuppression
387(12)
14.2.1 Introduction
387(1)
14.2.2 Stress-induced immunosuppression
388(1)
14.2.3 Mycotoxin-induced immunosuppression
389(1)
14.2.4 Coccidia-induced immunosuppression
390(1)
14.2.5 Virus-induced immunosuppression
390(9)
14.3 Mechanisms of immunosuppression
399(2)
14.3.1 Corticosteroids and stress-induced immunosuppression
399(1)
14.3.2 Apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis
399(1)
14.3.3 Virus-induced changes in the regulation of immune responses
400(1)
14.4 Immunoevasion
401(5)
14.4.1 Introduction
401(1)
14.4.2 Immunoevasion by viral proteases
401(1)
14.4.3 Immunoevasion mechanisms of avian coronaviruses
402(1)
14.4.4 Immunoevasion mechanisms of the avian herpesviruses
402(1)
14.4.5 Immunoevasion mechanism of the avian poxviruses
402(2)
14.4.6 Immunoevasion mechanism of the avian orthomyxoviruses
404(1)
14.4.7 Immunoevasion mechanism of the avian paramyxoviruses
405(1)
14.4.8 Immunoevasion mechanism of the avian reoviruses
405(1)
14.4.9 Immunoevasion mechanism of the avian birnaviruses
406(1)
14.5 Conclusions
406(1)
References
406(13)
15 Factors modulating the avian immune system 419(18)
Tina Sorensen Dalgaard
Johanna M.J. Rebel
Cristiano Bortoluzzi
Michael H. Kogut
15.1 Endocrine regulation of immunity
419(4)
15.1.1 Stress hormones: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and glucosteroids
419(1)
15.1.2 Sex hormones
420(2)
15.1.3 Metabolic hormones: thyroid hormone, growth hormone, and leptin
422(1)
15.1.4 Environmentally responsive hormones: melatonin
422(1)
15.2 Physiological states
423(1)
15.2.1 Temperature and housing as immune modulators
423(1)
15.3 Dietary effects on immunity
424(4)
15.3.1 Contribution of the microbiome
425(1)
15.3.2 Immunomodulatory nutrients and feed additives
425(2)
15.3.3 Immunometabolism
427(1)
15.4 Assessment of immunocompetence
428(1)
15.4.1 Functional activity of the immune response
428(1)
References
429(8)
16 Autoimmune diseases of poultry 437(20)
Gisela F. Erf
16.1 General characteristics of autoimmune diseases
437(3)
16.2 Autoimmune vitiligo in Smyth-line chickens
440(6)
16.2.1 Introduction
440(1)
16.2.2 The Smyth line chicken model for autoimmune vitiligo
440(1)
16.2.3 Characteristics of the Smyth-line chicken
441(1)
16.2.4 Pigmentation and normal melanocyte function
442(1)
16.2.5 Target cell defects
442(1)
16.2.6 Immunological mechanisms
443(2)
16.2.7 Environmental factors
445(1)
16.2.8 Summary
446(1)
16.3 Spontaneous autoimmune (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis in obese-strain chickens
446(3)
16.3.1 Introduction
446(1)
16.3.2 Development and characteristics of OS chickens
447(1)
16.3.3 Immunological mechanisms
447(1)
16.3.4 Target cell/organ defects
448(1)
16.3.5 Summary
449(1)
16.4 Scleroderma in UCD 200/206 chickens
449(3)
16.4.1 Introduction
449(1)
16.4.2 Development and characteristics of the UCD 200/206 lines
450(1)
16.4.3 Immunological mechanisms
450(2)
16.4.4 Summary
452(1)
Acknowledgments
452(1)
References
452(5)
17 Tumors of the avian immune system 457(12)
Venugopal Nair
17.1 Introduction
457(1)
17.2 Tumors of the immune system
457(3)
17.2.1 Marek's disease
457(2)
17.2.2 Avian leukosis
459(1)
17.2.3 Reticuloendotheliosis
460(1)
17.3 Oncogenic mechanisms of tumor viruses
460(1)
17.3.1 Oncogenic mechanisms of retroviruses
461(1)
17.3.2 Oncogenic mechanisms of DNA tumor viruses
461(1)
17.4 Immune responses to oncogenic viruses
461(2)
17.4.1 Immune responses to leukosis/sarcoma viruses
462(1)
17.4.2 Immune responses to reticuloendotheliosis virus
462(1)
17.4.3 Immune responses to Marek's disease virus
462(1)
17.5 Antitumor responses
463(1)
17.6 Conclusion
464(1)
References
464(5)
18 Practical aspects of poultry vaccination 469(20)
J.J. Sjaak de Wit
Enrique Montiel
18.1 Introduction
469(1)
18.2 Vaccine types
469(2)
18.2.1 Live vaccines
469(1)
18.2.2 Inactivated vaccines
470(1)
18.2.3 Poultry vaccine adjuvants
471(1)
18.3 Vaccine application
471(3)
18.3.1 Mass application
471(1)
18.3.2 Individual applications
472(2)
18.4 Factors influencing vaccine responses
474(3)
18.4.1 Status of the immune system at the time of vaccination
474(1)
18.4.2 Maternally derived antibodies
474(1)
18.4.3 Vaccine storage, preparation, and administration
475(1)
18.4.4 Age at vaccination
476(1)
18.4.5 Duration of immunity
476(1)
18.4.6 Interference between vaccines
476(1)
18.4.7 Time intervals between vaccinations
477(1)
18.5 Immunosuppression
477(2)
18.5.1 Stress and immunosuppression
477(1)
18.5.2 Mycotoxins
478(1)
18.5.3 Immunosuppression by vaccines
478(1)
18.5.4 Influence of immunosuppression on vaccination
478(1)
18.6 Quality control of response to vaccination
479(1)
18.6.1 Serology
479(1)
18.6.2 PCR/culture
480(1)
Acknowledgments
480(1)
References
480(9)
19 Comparative immunology of agricultural birds 489(30)
Ursula Schultz
Katharine E. Magor
19.1 Introduction
489(1)
19.2 Innate immunity
490(2)
19.2.1 Toll-like receptors
490(1)
19.2.2 Retinoic acid induced gene-I (R)-like receptors
491(1)
19.2.3 Antimicrobial peptides
492(1)
19.3 Cytokines
492(7)
19.3.1 Interferons
492(1)
19.3.2 Interleukins
493(5)
19.3.3 Tumor necrosis factor family
498(1)
19.3.4 Th2 cytokines
499(1)
19.4 Chemokines
499(1)
19.4.1 CXC chemokines
499(1)
19.4.2 CC chemokines
500(1)
19.5 CCR7
500(1)
19.6 Cell surface antigens
500(7)
19.6.1 Anti-chicken monoclonal antibodies cross-reacting with turkey, quail, and duck leukocytes
500(3)
19.6.2 Evidence for T and B cell populations in ducks
503(1)
19.6.3 Antigens expressed on duck lymphocyte subsets
503(3)
19.6.4 C-type lectin immune receptors
506(1)
19.6.5 Surface immunoglobulin
506(1)
19.6.6 Major histocompatibility complex
506(1)
19.7 Secreted antibodies
507(1)
19.8 Cell lines
508(1)
Acknowledgments
509(1)
References
509(10)
20 Evolutionary and ecological immunology 519(40)
Michal Vinkler
James S. Adelman
Daniel R. Ardia
20.1 Introduction
519(1)
20.2 Assessing immune function in free-living birds
520(4)
20.2.1 Single-time-point assays
520(2)
20.2.2 Multiple-time-point assays
522(2)
20.3 Development of the immune system in free-living birds
524(2)
20.3.1 Ontogeny
524(1)
20.3.2 Parental transmission of antibodies
525(1)
20.4 Factors causing variation in immune responses
526(6)
20.4.1 Age-related variation
526(1)
20.4.2 Social environment
527(1)
20.4.3 Condition, nutrition and individual quality
528(2)
20.4.4 Seasonality/annual cycles
530(1)
20.4.5 Parasite exposure
531(1)
20.4.6 Other factors with immunomodulating effects
531(1)
20.5 Molecular variation and evolution in immune genes
532(4)
20.5.1 The major histocompatibility complex
532(3)
20.5.2 Innate immune genes
535(1)
20.6 Immune function as an evolving life history trait
536(8)
20.6.1 Costs of mounting immune responses
536(3)
20.6.2 Parasite-mediated natural selection and immune function
539(3)
20.6.3 Links with male secondary characters
542(2)
20.7 Priorities for future research
544(1)
Acknowledgment
545(1)
References
545(14)
21 Advances in genetic engineering of the avian genome 559(14)
Benjamin Schusser
Timothy Doran
21.1 Methods to manipulate the avian genome
559(4)
21.1.1 Viral vectors
559(1)
21.1.2 Transposons
560(1)
21.1.3 Direct in vivo transfection
561(1)
21.1.4 Sperm transfection-assisted gene editing
561(1)
21.1.5 Primordial germ cells
562(1)
21.2 Genetically modified chickens
563(5)
21.2.1 Chicken models for immunological research
564(3)
21.2.2 Disease-resistant chickens
567(1)
21.2.3 Genetically engineered chickens for basic research and agriculture
567(1)
21.3 Genetically modified quails
568(1)
References
569(4)
Appendix 1: Genetic stocks for immunological research 573(10)
Abbreviations 583(6)
Index 589
Bernd Kaspers graduated as a veterinarian in 1986 at the University of Munich and completed his doctoral thesis (Doctor of Veterinary Medicine) in 1989. He subsequently worked as a post-doc at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Livestock and Poultry Sciences Institute, Beltsville, MD, USA and returned to the University of Munich in 1992 where he became a full Professor for Animal Physiology in 1997.Since his dissertation he has focused on avian immuno-physiology investigating B-lymphocyte biology, cytokines and the mucosal immune system in chickens. This work included studies on a range of infection models such as avian coccidiosis, avian influenza, Mareks Disease and Salmonella infections. His research is documented in more than 85 publications in peer-reviewed journals, several reviews and book chapters.His work is funded by grants from the German Research Foundation, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the European Union and through several co-operations with the poultry and vaccine industry.Bernd Kaspers is member of the German Society for Immunology and as such has been speaker of the Veterinary Immunology Study Group of the society for the last 6 years. In 2004 he hosted together with Thomas Goebel the 8th Avian Immunology Research Group Meeting in Munich with more than 120 participants. Professor Emeritus K.A. (Ton) Schat received his veterinary degree from the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands in 1970 and his PhD degree in Virology from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY in 1978. He joined the faculty at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University in 1978, where he remained until his retirement in 2011. His research focused on the immunology and pathogenesis of viral diseases of poultry, especially Mareks disease and chicken infectious anemia. He has published over 165 papers in peer-reviewed journals and more than 30 book chapters. His contributions to avian disease research were recognized with the Upjohn Achievement Award of the AAAP in1986, the Dr. Bart Rispens Research Award of the WVPA in 1987, the Pfizer Award for Excellence in Poultry Research of the AVMA in 1999, and the Merck Award for Achievement in Poultry Science of the PSA in 2005. In 2010 he was recognized by his peers with a special award for outstanding research in the field of Mareks disease. He is a founding member of the Hall of Honour of the World Veterinary Poultry Association. Associate Professor of Immunology. Professor Göbel studied Immunology at the Basil University. Was a Research scientist at the LMU Munich at the Institute of Animal Physiology and is currently Professor for Immunology and Dean of Student affairs at the Veterinary Faculty. Dr. Vervelde gained a BSc and MSc in Biology (Immunology Parasitology and Ethology) at the Wageningen University, the Netherlands, followed by a PhD on the immune responses in chicken to Eimeria tenella performed at the Central Veterinary Institute in Lelystad. She then went to the Institute for Animal Health in Compton to continue her work on immune responses to avian diseases, in particular infectious bursal disease virus. Currently she leads research projects investigating host-pathogen interactions within the mucosal immune system aiming to define the mechanisms whereby natural immunity is achieved and how protective immunity is induced by vaccination. The research focusses on antigen presenting cells and their interaction with other cells of the innate and adaptive immune system with the overall aim to modulate these cells to improve immune mediated resistance and to understand their contribution to pathogenesis.