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Aviation Weather Surveillance Systems: Advanced radar and surface sensors for flight safety and air traffic management [Kõva köide]

(Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India), Contributions by (US National Severe Storms Laboratory, USA), Contributions by (US National Severe Storms Laboratory, USA), Contributions by (US National Severe Storms Laboratory, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 479 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm
  • Sari: Radar, Sonar and Navigation
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Dec-1998
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 0852969376
  • ISBN-13: 9780852969373
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  • Lisa soovinimekirja
  • Formaat: Hardback, 479 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm
  • Sari: Radar, Sonar and Navigation
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Dec-1998
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 0852969376
  • ISBN-13: 9780852969373
Teised raamatud teemal:
The need to enhance the safety and efficiency of aviation systems has escalated with increasing aviation activity and competitiveness around the world. Weather, which is one of the principal factors affecting aviation performance, is acquiring ever more importance as aviation is poised to shift to futuristic paradigms such as free flight. Advanced systems and approaches to the surveillance of weather and the resultant generation of highly processed, detailed, accurate and reliable weather data, are becoming integral parts of support systems for navigation and air traffic management.



This accessible multidisciplinary book touches on all of the important scientific and technological aspects of the aviation weather surveillance problem. The emphasis is balanced between physical and system concepts, as well as description of state-of-the art and future devices and software.



Among the subjects covered are:







wind shear and atmospheric turbulence surveillance system requirements Doppler weather radar polarimetric weather radars wind profilers radiometric satellite observation automated surveillance systems integrated aviation weather systems



Aviation weather surveillance systems should be of interest not only to personnel directly handling aviation meteorological functions, but also to pilots, air traffic controllers, airline managers, civil aviation system planners and regulators, accident investigators and indeed anyone with a serious interest in aviation.

Arvustused

'Aviation Weather Surveillance Systems is an impressive achievement and is an important part of the armamentarium of not only personnel directly handling aviation meteorological functions, but also of pilots, air traffic controllers, airline managers, civil aviation system planners and regulators, accident investigators and indeed anyone with a serious interest in aviation. Beautifully printed and illustrated with figures, tables and graphs and colour plates, the material provided by the author will ensure that those needing information on all of the important scientific and technological aspects of the aviation weather surveillance problems, will readily locate it in this volume.' * Current Engineering Practice *

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Abbreviations xvii
Symbols xxi
Introduction
1(10)
Aviation and electronics: a symbiotic relationship
1(1)
Phases in evolution of aircraft navigation
2(2)
Modern aviation weather surveillance
4(1)
Scope and organisation of the book
5(4)
References
9(2)
Basic background of aviation
11(26)
Goal of aviation systems
11(1)
Phases of aircraft flight
11(3)
Terminal area operations
12(2)
En route operations
14(1)
Mechanics of aircraft flight
14(7)
Aircraft navigation systems
21(5)
En route navigation: dead-reckoning systems
23(1)
En route navigation: position fixing systems
24(1)
Aircraft landing guidance systems
25(1)
Air traffic control and air traffic services
26(3)
Radars in aircraft navigation and air traffic control
29(3)
Aeronautical communication systems
32(2)
Summary
34(1)
References
35(2)
Atmospheric effects on aviation
37(42)
Weather as a factor in aviation
37(1)
Overall effects of weather on aviation
37(5)
Safety
37(1)
Comfort
38(1)
Schedule-keeping
39(1)
Efficiency
40(1)
Economy
40(1)
Combination of factors
41(1)
Atmospheric phenomena involving air motion
42(15)
Wind shear
43(7)
Turbulence
50(7)
Hydrometeorological phenomena
57(4)
Rain
59(1)
Snow
60(1)
Hail
61(1)
Aircraft icing
61(6)
Low visibility
67(2)
Atmospheric electrical phenomena
69(3)
Need for improved aviation weather information
72(2)
Summary
74(1)
References
75(4)
Origins of harmful atmospheric effects on aircraft
79(42)
General
79(1)
Structure of atmosphere
79(2)
Thunderstorms: nature, initiation and evolution
81(4)
Thunderstorm parameters
85(1)
Phenomena associated with thunderstorms
86(12)
Divergence and convergence
87(2)
Turbulence
89(2)
Downburst
91(1)
Cyclonic motion and tornadoes
91(2)
Rain
93(1)
Hail
93(2)
Lightning, electric fields and atmospherics
95(2)
Icing
97(1)
Poor visibility
97(1)
Overall thunderstorm scenario
98(1)
Gust fronts and related phenomena
98(7)
Characteristics
99(2)
Outflow-induced waves and bores
101(4)
Macrobursts and microbursts
105(6)
Microburst types
106(2)
Characteristics
108(3)
Asymmetry
111(1)
Other sources of atmospheric hazard
111(4)
Summary
115(1)
References
115(6)
Requirements of systems for aviation weather surveillance
121(22)
General
121(1)
Types of weather surveillance systems for aviation
122(3)
In situ and remote sensing
122(2)
Ground-based, airborne and spaceborne sensors
124(1)
Spatial coverage
125(4)
Data update rates
129(1)
Spatial resolution
130(2)
Data processing and display systems
132(5)
Stages in data processing
132(2)
Display of aviation weather data
134(1)
Requirements of data processing and display systems
135(2)
Automated operation
137(1)
Selection of primary sensors
138(2)
Atmospheric parameters monitored for aviation
138(1)
Primary sensors for modern aviation weather surveillance
139(1)
Summary
140(1)
References
141(2)
Doppler weather radar as a primary aviation weather sensor
143(72)
General
143(1)
Basic aspects
144(20)
Weather radar resolution
145(5)
Mapping of weather fields
150(4)
Scattering by raindrops and radar reflectivity of weather
154(3)
Radar echoes from clear air
157(1)
Weather attenuation of radar signals
158(4)
Operating frequencies of weather radars
162(2)
Conventional weather radar
164(16)
Reflectivity measurement: radar range equation
165(7)
Estimation of rain rates
172(6)
WSR-57 radar
178(2)
Motivation for developing modern weather sensors
180(1)
Doppler weather radar: basics
181(4)
Basic principle and limitation
182(1)
Atmospheric wind tracers
183(2)
Doppler weather radar: primary data products
185(23)
Spectral moments of weather echo signals
186(4)
Doppler weather radar system features and architecture
190(4)
Computation of basic data products
194(1)
Reflectivity
195(2)
Mean radial velocity
197(2)
Doppler velocity spectrum width
199(1)
Some general aspects of Doppler moment estimation
200(1)
Display of basic products
201(3)
Derivation of vector wind fields
204(4)
Summary
208(4)
References
212(3)
Colour plates 215(230)
Modern Doppler weather radars for aviation
245(44)
General
245(1)
WSR-88D system
246(6)
Architecture
246(1)
Parameters
247(1)
System features
247(3)
Data products
250(1)
Performance
251(1)
Range and velocity ambiguities
252(12)
Nature of problem
252(5)
Minimisation of range overlays
257(1)
Low elevation angles
257(1)
Middle elevation angles
257(1)
High elevation angles
258(1)
Velocity dealiasing
258(1)
Advanced ambiguity resolution methods
258(2)
Potential and futuristic methods
260(1)
Spectral decomposition
260(1)
Triple-PRF radar observation
261(1)
Staggered PRT scheme
262(1)
Random phase transmission
263(1)
Systematic discrete phase coding
263(1)
Single-pulse Doppler estimation
264(1)
Other special considerations
264(11)
Coverage
265(1)
Siting for terminal area surveillance
266(1)
Resolution
266(1)
Range coverage
266(1)
Low-altitude coverage
267(1)
Zone of blindness
267(1)
Range ambiguity and overlaid echoes
268(1)
Airport configuration
268(1)
Comparison of siting alternatives
269(1)
Scanning strategies and modes
270(4)
Data lag
274(1)
Comparison with air route surveillance radar
274(1)
Terminal Doppler weather radar (TDWR)
275(6)
Airport surveillance radar with weather channel
281(3)
Summary
284(1)
References
285(4)
Other sensors and systems for aviation weather
289(48)
General
289(1)
Wind profilers
290(12)
Conventional wind profiling
290(1)
Radar wind profilers
291(11)
Radio-acoustic sounding systems (RASS)
302(3)
Basic system
302(2)
RASS augmentation for sensing aircraft icing conditions
304(1)
Low-level wind shear alert system (LLWAS)
305(4)
Concept and basic configuration
306(1)
Enhanced system
307(2)
Airborne wind shear detection
309(7)
In situ sensing
310(1)
Forward-looking remote sensing
311(5)
Airborne turbulence measurement
316(1)
Automated weather observing systems
317(3)
Radiometric satellite observation
320(5)
Airport visibility measurement
325(5)
Summary
330(2)
References
332(5)
Integrated system approaches
337(14)
General
337(1)
Integrated terminal weather system
338(4)
Data integration
339(1)
Automated operation and fully processed output
340(1)
Performance enhancement, versatility and adaptability
341(1)
Predictive capability
341(1)
Aviation gridded forecast system
342(1)
Aviation weather products generator
343(5)
Summary
348(1)
References
349(2)
Automatic detection and tracking of hazardous weather features
351(24)
General
351(1)
Basis of automated weather feature detection
352(1)
Thunderstorm cells
353(3)
Mesocyclones
356(7)
Gust fronts
363(6)
Storm outflows and microbursts
369(3)
Summary
372(1)
References
373(2)
SPECIAL TOPICS IN AVIATION WEATHER SURVEILLANCE
Atmospheric turbulence and its detection by radar
375(32)
General
375(1)
Wind shear and turbulence in meteorological events
376(4)
Thunderstorms
377(1)
Thermal plumes
378(1)
K-H waves
379(1)
Detection of turbulence with Doppler radar
380(4)
Statistical theory of turbulence
384(12)
Correlation and spectral functions in the inertial subrange
388(3)
Filtering by the radar's weighting function
391(4)
Variance of point and average velocities
395(1)
Doppler spectrum width and eddy dissipation rate
396(2)
Eddy dissipation rates in thunderstorms
398(2)
Avoiding turbulence
400(3)
Summary
403(1)
References
404(3)
Lightning and aviation
407(22)
General
407(1)
Lightning, electric fields and atmospherics
407(4)
Lightning-aircraft interaction
411(7)
Weather conditions and lightning strikes to aircraft
418(5)
Detection and surveillance of lightning phenomena
423(2)
Lightning threats to aircraft: what else do we need to know?
425(1)
Summary
425(1)
References
426(3)
Polarisation diversity radars
429(16)
General
429(1)
Description
429(2)
Basic definitions
431(1)
Propagation effects
432(2)
Rainfall measurement
434(4)
Hail detection
438(1)
Automatic classification and quantification of precipitation
439(2)
Status and prospects for aviation use
441(1)
Summary
441(1)
References
442(3)
Index 445
Pravas R. Mahapatra is a professor at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He has an ME in aeronautical engineering and a PhD in radar systems. His research is focused on topics in aerospace and electronic systems. His experience includes significant periods of post-doctoral research in the US at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), California Institute of Technology and the University of Oklahoma. He has authored or coauthored over 100 papers, and was the recipient of the 1993 IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize.